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THE AFRICAN POOR AFRICAN STUDIES SERIES 58 GENERAL EDITOR J. M. Lonsdale, Lecturer in History and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ADVISORY EDITORS J. D. Y. Peel, Charles Booth Professor of Sociology, University of Liverpool John Sender, Faculty of Economics and Fellow of Wolf son College, Cambridge Published in collaboration with THE AFRICAN STUDIES CENTRE, CAMBRIDGE OTHER BOOKS IN THE SERIES 6 Labour in the South African Gold Mines, 1911-1969 Francis Wilson 14 Culture, Tradition and Society in the West African Novel Emmanuel Obiechina 18 Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-century Africa B. G. Martin 20 Liberia and Sierra Leone: An Essay in Comparative Politics Christopher Clapham 23 West African States: Failure and Promise: A Study in Comparative Politics John Dunn 24 Afrikaners of the Kalahari: White Minority in a Black State Margo and Martin Russell 25 A Modern History of Tanganyika Johnlliffe 26 A History of African Christianity 1950-1975 Adrian Hastings 28 The Hidden Hippopotamus: Reappraisal in African History: The Early Colonial Experience in Western Zambia Gwyn Prins 29 Families Divided: The Impact of Migrant Labour in Lesotho Colin Murray 30 Slavery, Colonialism and Economic Growth in Dahomey 1640-1960 Patrick Manning 31 Kings, Commoners and Concessionaires: The Evolution and Dissolution of the Nineteenth- century Swazi State Philip Bonner 32 Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism: The Case of Say y id Muhammad 'Abdille Hasan SaidS. Samatar 33 The Political Economy of Pondoland 1860—1930: Production, Labour, Migrancy and Chiefs in Rural South Africa William Beinart 34 Volkskapitalisme: Class, Capital and Ideology in the Development of Afrikaner Nationalism 1934-1948 DanO'Meara 35 The Settler Economies: Studies in the Economic History of Kenya and Southern Rhodesia 1900-1963 PaulMosley 36 Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa Paul E. Lovejoy 37 Amilcar Cabral: Revolutionary Leadership and People's War Patrick Chabal 38 Essays on the Political Economy of Rural Africa Robert H. Bates 39 Ijeshas and Nigerians: The Incorporation of a Yoruba Kingdom, 1890s-1970s J.D.Y.Peel 40 Black People and the South African War 1899-1902 Peter Warwick 41 A History of Niger 1850-1960 Finn Fuglestad 42 Industrialisation and Trade Union Organisation in South Africa 1924-55 Jon Lewis 43 The Rising of the Red Shawls: A Revolt in Madagascar 1895-1899 Stephen Ellis 44 Slavery in Dutch South Africa Nigel Worden 45 Law, Custom and Social Order: The Colonial Experience in Malawi and Zambia Martin Chanock 46 Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of Salt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan Paul E. Lovejoy 47 Marrying Well: Status and Social Change among the Educated Elite in Colonial Lagos Kristin Mann 48 Language and Colonial Power: The Appropriation ofSwahili in the Former Belgian Congo 1880-1938 Johannes Fabian 49 The Shell Money of the Slave Trade Jan Hogendorn and Marion Johnson 50 Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power edited by Patrick Chabal 51 The Southern Marches of Imperial Ethiopia: Essays in History and Social Anthropology edited by Donald Donham and Wendy James 52 Islam and Urban Labor in Northern Nigeria: The Making of a Muslim Working Class PaulM.Lubeck 53 Horn and Crescent: Cultural Change and Traditional Islam on the East African Coast, 500-1900 Randall J. Pouwels 54 Capital and Labour on the Kimberley Diamond Fields 1871-1890 Robert Vicat Turrell 55 National and Class Conflict in the Horn of Africa John Markakis 56 Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria: The Rise and Fall of the Second Republic Richard A. Joseph 57 Entrepreneurs and Parasites: The Struggle for Indigenous Capitalism in Zaire Janet MacGaffey THE AFRICAN POOR A history JOHN ILIFFE Reader in African History, University of Cambridge, and Fellow of St John's College The right of the University of Cambridge to print and sell all manner of books was granted by Henry VIII in 1534. The University has printed and published continuously since 1584. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE NEW YORK NEW ROCHELLE MELBOURNE SYDNEY Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP 32 East 57th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia © Cambridge University Press 1987 First published 1987 British Library cataloguing in publication data Iliffe, John, 1939- The African poor: a history. - (African studies series; 58). 1. Poor - Africa - History I. Title II. Series 305.5'69'096 HC800.Z9P6 Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data Iliffe, John. The African poor. (African studies series) Bibliography. Includes index. 1. Poor - Africa - History. I. Title. II. Series. HC800.Z9P625 1987 305.5'62'096 87-14622 ISBN 0 521 34415 8 hard covers ISBN 0 521 34877 3 paperback Transferred to digital printing 2003 RB In memory of my mother, Violet Evelyn Iliffe Contents Preface page ix 1 The comparative history of the poor 1 2 Christian Ethiopia 9 3 The Islamic tradition 30 4 Poverty and power 48 5 Poverty and pastoralism 65 6 Yoruba and Igbo 82 7 Early European initiatives 95 8 Poverty in South Africa, 1886-1948 114 9 Rural poverty in colonial Africa 143 10 Urban poverty in tropical Africa 164 11 The care of the poor in colonial Africa 193 12 Leprosy 214 13 The growth of poverty in independent Africa 230 14 The transformation of poverty in southern Africa 260 Notes 278 Bibliography 356 Index 371 vn Preface This book draws largely on the magnificent resources of the University of Cambridge Library. The Managers of the African Studies Centre, Cambridge, and its Librarian, Dr Janet Seeley, were also especially helpful in obtaining materials. I am indebted to archivists and librarians at many institutions: Archives Nationales (Section Outre-Mer), Paris; Bayero University Library, Kano; University of Birmingham Library; British Library; British Newspaper Library; Chancellor College Library, Zomba; Church Missionary Society Archives, London; University of Edinburgh Library; Institute of Development Studies, Nairobi; Malawi National Archives; National Library of Scotland; Rhodes House, Oxford; School of Oriental and African Studies, London; Seeley Historical Library, Cambridge; Tanganyika African National Union; Tanzania National Archives; University Library, Dar es Salaam; and Zimbabwe National Archives. The British Council financed a visit to Malawi. David Beach, Ms Alison Izzett, Steven Kaplan, Paul Richards, Robert Ross, Megan Vaughan, Dr Jean-Luc Vellut, and Nigel Worden supplied unpublished material. Books by Dr Polly Hill and Professor Olwen Hufton provided many ideas. Seminars at Birmingham, Cambridge, London, and Zomba made suggestions. Peter Kinyanjui, Lome Larson, and John McCracken helped with travel in Africa. Tony Hopkins, Gilbert Lewis, and Michael Twaddle gave advice. Jack Goody provided the stimulus. John Lonsdale and the Cambridge University Press showed me their habitual kindness. I am grateful to all those who have helped me. St John's College, Cambridge JOHN ILIFFE October 1986 IX

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the poor which need to be asked in Africa: their identity, numbers, charac- teristics military empire zakat appears to have been simply a 10 per cent tax, while Mecca and immediately gave away anything he received as alms.
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