The adult knee

1579 Pages·2003·157.72 MB·English

by  John J. Callaghan MD

The Adult Knee

1st Edition
2003

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Philadelphia
530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106 USA

978-0-7817-3247-5

0-7817-3247-6

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© 2003 by LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The adult knee / editors, John J. Callaghan … [et al.]. p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-7817-3247-6

1. Knee-Surgery. 2. Arthroplasty. I. Callaghan, John J.

[DNLM: 1. Joint Diseases—surgery. 2. Knee Joint—surgery. 3. Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee—methods. 4. Knee Injuries—
surgery. 5. Knee Joint-physiology. WE 870 A244 2003]

RD561 .A35 2003

617.5′82059-dc21

2002030014

Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices.
However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from
application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency,
completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this information in a particular situation remains
the professional responsibility of the practitioner.

The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text
are in accordance with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing
research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug
reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for
added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently
employed drug.

Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited
use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of health care providers to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or
device planned for use in their clinical practice.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedication
To my wife, Kim, and our children. Patrick and Katie, for providing a balanced perspective on life and for their unconditional love,
friendship, and never-ending support
J. J. C.
To my wife, Iris, without whose support my work would not be possible, and to our children, AJ, Jessica. Becca, and Cody, who
serve as a constant source of inspiration and joy; to my patients, whose faith in me has sustained my practice, and my teachers,
whose example focused my energy; and to my parents, Murray and Beverly, whose efforts set me on the path
A. G. R.
To my wife, Kimberly. for her love, support, and never-ending friendship; to my wonderful children, Kristin, Bradley, and Steven,
for their strength, enthusiasm, and complexities; to Dr. Jim Herndon for asking me to move to the Massachusetts General Hospital in
Boston; and to Dr. Bill Harris for his years of mentoring
H. E. R.
To my wife. Patricia; our children. Lauren and Taylor; and my parents. Gary and Elaine
P. T. S.
To my wife, Catherine. and children, Philip and Laura, without whose support such endeavors would be impossible
T. L. W.
Editors
John J. Callaghan M.D.
Lawrence and Marilyn Dorr Chair and Professor
Department of Orthopaedics and Bioengineering
University of Iowa College of Medicine
Iowa City, Iowa
Aaron G. Rosenberg M.D.
Professor of Surgery
Rush Medical College of Rush University
Chicago, Illinois
Harry E. Rubash M.D.
Edith M. Ashley Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Harvard Medical School
Chief
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Peter T. Simonian M.D.
Clinical Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine,
Fresno, California
Thomas L. Wickiewicz M.D.
Professor of Clinical Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Orthopaedics
Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Attending Orthopedic Surgeon and Chief
Department of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service
Hospital for Special Surgery
New York, New York
P.xv

Contributing Authors Gene R. Barrett M.D.
Mississippi Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center
Jackson, Mississippi
Amy E. Abbot M.D., M.S.
Postdoctoral Residency Fellow
Richard A. Berger M.D.
Orthopaedic Research Laboratory
Midwest Orthopedics
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
Chicago, Illinois
New York Orthopaedic Hospital
New York, New York
John A. Bergfeld M.D.
Director
Steven P. Arnoczky D.V.M.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Director and Professor
Cleveland Clinic Sports Health
Laboratory for Comparative Orthopaedic Research
The Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Michigan State University
Cleveland, Ohio
East Lansing, Michigan
Daniel J. Berry M.D.
Karen Atkinson M.D., M.P.H.
Professor of Orthopedics
Instructor in Medicine
Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Department of Medicine/Rheumatology
Mayo Clinic
Massachusetts General Hospital
Rochester, Minnesota
Boston, Massachusetts
Robert E. Booth Jr. M.D.
David C. Ayers M.D.
Clinical Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Director of Joint Replacement Surgery
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
State University of New York Upstate Medical University
Mathias P. G. Bostrom M.D.
Syracuse, New York
Associate Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Bernard R. Bach Jr. M.D.
Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Professor of Orthopedic Surgery
New York, New York
Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Rush Medical College of Rush University
Gino Bradica B.S.
Director, Sports Medicine Section
Doctoral Candidate in Biomedical Engineering
Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Robert
Wood Johnson Medical School
Janet Baker M.D.
Piscataway, New Jersey
Assistant Professor
Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation
Barry D. Brause M.D.
University of Miami School of Medicine
Clinical Professor of Medicine
Miami, Florida
Weill Medical College of Cornell University
New York Presbyterian Hospital
Robert L. Barrack M.D.
Hospital for Special Surgery
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
New York, New York
Tulane University School of Medicine
New Orleans, Louisiana
P.xvi

Calvin R. Brown Jr. M.D. Thomas R. Carter M.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine Head of Orthopedic Surgery
Section of Rheumatology Arizona State University Medical Center
Rush Medical College of Rush University Tempe, Arizona
Chicago, Illinois
John T. Cavanaugh M.Ed., P.T., A.T.C.
Charles H. Brown Jr. M.D. Senior Physical Therapist
Clinical Instructor of Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Rehabilitation
Harvard Medical School Sports Medicine Center
Brigham and Women's Hospital Hospital for Special Surgery
Boston, Massachusetts New York, New York
Joseph A. Buckwalter M.S., M.D. William G. Clancy Jr. M.D.
Professor of Orthopaedics Orthopaedic Surgeon
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Alabama Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center
University of Iowa Hospitals Fellowship Director
Iowa City, Iowa American Sports Medicine Institute
Birmingham, Alabama
Frederick F. Buechel M.D.
Clinical Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Mark Clatworthy F.R.A.C.S.
Department of Orthopaedics Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
New Jersey Medical School Department of Orthopaedics
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Middlemore Hospital
Newark, New Jersey Auckland, New Zealand
Bennett S. Burns M.D. Brian J. Cole M.D., M.B.A.
Private Practice Associate Professor of Orthopedic Surgery
New England Orthopaedic Surgeons Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Springfield, Massachusetts Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center
Chicago, Illinois
E. Lyle Cain Jr. M.D.
Clinical Instructor Struan H. Coleman M.D., Ph.D.
American Sports Medicine Institute Assistant Attending of Orthopedic Surgery
Birmingham, Alabama Department of Orthopedics
Hospital for Special Surgery
John J. Callaghan M.D. New York, New York
Lawrence and Marilyn Dorr Chair and Professor
Department of Orthopaedics and Bioengineering William W. Colman M.D.
University of Iowa College of Medicine Attending Physician
Iowa City, Iowa Department of Orthopedics
California Pacific Medical Center
Arnold I. Caplan Ph.D. San Francisco, California
Professor of Biology
Case Western Reserve University T.V. Derek Cooke M.A., M.B., B.Chir., F.R.C.S.(C.)
Cleveland, Ohio Professor of Surgery and Rehabilitation
Queen's University Faculty of Medicine
Creg A. Carpenter M.D. Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Major Department of Orthopedics
Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Centre
United States Air Force Medical Corps Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Wilford Hall Medical Center
Lackland AFB, Texas Daniel E. Cooper M.D.
Department of Orthopaedics
Eric W. Carson M.D. W. B. Carrell Memorial Clinic
Clinical Instructor Dallas, Texas
Emory University School of Medicine
Atlanta, Georgia
P.xvii

James A. Cooper Jr. M.S. Director of Knee Research
Graduate Fellow Anderson Orthopaedic Research Institute
Department of Chemical Engineering Inova Health Systems
Drexel University Alexandria, Virginia
Philadelphia, Pennyslvania
Jill A. Erickson B.S., PA-C
Henry R. Cowell M.D., Ph.D. Physician Assistant
Lecturer Department of Orthopedics
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Utah Medical Center
Harvard Medical School Salt Lake City, Utah
Boston, Massachusetts
John David Evanich M.D.
Fred D. Cushner M.D. Total Joint Fellow
Assistant Clinical Professor Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Department of Surgery University of Utah
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery Salt Lake City, Utah
Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University
Beth Israel Medical Center Deborah A. Faryniarz B.S.
New York, New York Previous Sports and Shoulder Fellow
Department of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service
Craig J. Della Valle M.D. Hospital for Special Surgery
Assistant Professor New York, New York
Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center Stephen Fealy M.D.
Chicago, Illinois Assistant Attending Orthopedic Surgeon
Department of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service
Douglas A. Dennis M.D. Hospital for Special Surgery
Director of Clinical Research New York, New York
Rocky Mountain Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory
Denver, Colorado Anthony B. Fiorillo M.D.
Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine
Regina F. Doherty M.S., O.T.R./L. Department of Internal Medicine
Clinical Specialist University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Department of Occupational Therapy Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts Rebecca Fishbein P.T., O.C.S.
Outpatient Clinical Service Coordinator
Lawrence D. Dorr M.D. Massachusetts General Hospital Physical Therapy Services
Arthritis Institute Massachusetts General Hospital
Centinela Hospital Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts
Inglewood, California
Andrew A. Freiberg M.D.
Mark C. Drakos B.A. Arthroplasty Service Chief
Department of Sports Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Hospital for Special Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital
New York, New York Boston, Massachusetts
Clive P. Duncan M.D., F.R.C.S.C. Jorge O. Galante M.D., D.M.Sc.
Professor and Chairman Professor of Orthopedic Surgery
Department of Orthopaedics Rush Medical College of Rush University
University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine Chicago, Illinois
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Timothy M. Ganey Ph.D.
Gerard A. Engh M.D. Tampa, Florida
P.xviii

Donald S. Garbuz M.D., M.H.Sc., F.R.C.S.C. Allan E. Gross M.D., F.R.C.S.C.
Assistant Professor Professor of Surgery
Department of Orthopaedics Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Mount Sinai Hospital
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Kevin L. Garvin M.D.
Professor and Chair Brian D. Haas M.D.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Director of Clinical Research
University of Nebraska Medical Center Rocky Mountain Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory
Omaha, Nebraska Denver, Colorado
J. Robert Giffin M.D., F.R.C.S.C. Scott A. Hacker M.S., M.D.
Assistant Professor Orthopaedic Fellow
Department of Surgery Steadman Hawkins Clinic
Fowler Kennedy Sports Medicine Clinic Vail, Colorado
London Health Sciences Centre
University of Western Ontario Nadim James Hallab Ph.D., M.S.
University Hospital Assistant Professor
London, Ontario, Canada Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center
Thomas J. Gill M.D. Chicago, Illinois
Assistant Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Timothy S. Hamby M.D.
Harvard Medical School Fellow, Sports Medicine
Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Boston, Massachusetts Atlanta Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center
Atlanta, Georgia
Scott D. Gillogly M.D.
Atlanta Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center Arlen D. Hanssen M.D.
Atlanta, Georgia Professor of Orthopedics
Mayo Clinic
Victor M. Goldberg M.D. Mayo Foundation
Professor Rochester, Minnesota
Department of Orthopaedics
Case Western Reserve University Christopher D. Harner M.D.
University Hospital Professor
Cleveland, Ohio Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Center for Sports Medicine
Nelson V. Greidanus M.D., M.P.H., F.R.C.S.C. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Assistant Professor Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine John H. Healey M.D.
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Ronald P. Grelsamer M.D. Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Chief of Hip and Knee Surgery Chief of Orthopedic Surgery
Orthopaedic Surgery Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Maimonides Medical Center New York, New York
Staff Orthopaedic Surgeon
Hospital for Joint Disease
New York, New York
P.xix

William L. Healy M.D. Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Boston University School of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts Richard Iorio M.D.
Chairman Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Boston University School of Medicine
Lahey Clinic Boston, Massachusetts
Burlington, Massachusetts Lahey Clinic Medical Center
Burlington, Massachusetts
Kevin T. Heaton D.O.
Orthopedic Surgeon Douglas W. Jackson M.D.
Merle West Medical Center Orthopaedic Research Institute
Klamath Falls, Oregon Memorial Medical Center
Southern California Center for Sports Medicine
Diane M. Heislein P.T., M.S., O.C.S. Long Beach, California
Clinical Specialist
Department of Physical Therapy Joshua J. Jacobs M.D.
Massachusetts General Hospital Crown Family Professor
Boston, Massachusetts Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Rush Medical College at Rush University
Laurence D. Higgins M.D. Chicago, Illinois
Assistant Professor of Surgery
Department of Surgery Amir A. Jamali M.D.
Division of Orthopaedics Attending Surgeon
Duke University Medical Center Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Durham, North Carolina Palo Alto Veterans Administration Hospital
Palo Alto, California
Daniel P. Hoeffel M.D.
Orthopedic Surgeon Sanjiv Jari B.Sc., M.B.Ch.B., F.R.C.S.(Eng.), F.R.C.S.(Tr.
Summit Orthopedics, Ltd. and Orth.)
St. Paul, Minnesota Consultant Lower Limb
Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Surgeon
Aaron A. Hofmann M.D. Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery
Professor of Orthopedic Surgery University of Manchester
University of Utah School of Medicine Hope Hospital
Salt Lake City, Utah Manchester, England, United Kingdom
Douglas S. Holden M.D. Don H. Johnson M.D., F.R.C.S.(C.)
Fellow, Adult Reconstruction, 2001 Clinical Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Lenox Hill Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
New York, New York University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Timothy R. Hooper M.D.
Radiology Fellow Brian M. Katt M.D.
Department of Radiology and Imaging Orthopaedic Resident
Hospital for Special Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
New York, New York University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Robert
Wood Johnson Medical School
William J. Hozack M.D. New Brunswick, New Jersey
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Director of the Adult Reconstruction Service Edward Michael Keating M.D.
Director of Clinical Research Orthopaedic Surgeon
Department of Orthopaedics Center for Hip and Knee Surgery
Rothman Institute St. Francis-Mooresville Hospital
Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University Mooresville, Indiana
P.xx

Michael A. Kelly M.D. Cato T. Laurencin M.D., Ph.D.
Director Clinical Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Helen I. Moorehead Distinguished Professor of Orthopaedic
Insall Scott Kelly Institute for Orthopaedics and Sports Surgery
Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Chemical
Singer Division Engineering
Beth Israel Hospital Drexel University College of Medicine
New York, New York Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
J. G. Kennedy M.D. Michael A. Lehmicke B.S.M.E.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Student
New York, New York Department of Biochemical Engineering
Drexel University
Axel R. W. Kentsch M.D. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Facharzt Orthopaedie, Consultant
Department of Orthopaedics Seth S. Leopold M.D.
Praxisklinik 2000 Associate Professor
Freiburg, Germany Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine
University of Washington Medical Center
Imran A. Khan M.D. Seattle, Washington
Resident in Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Orthopaedics William N. Levine M.D.
McLaren Regional Medical Center Assistant Professor
Flint, Michigan Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
Masashi Kobayashi M.D. New York, New York
Orthopaedic Surgeon
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery David G. Lewallen M.D.
Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Professor of Orthopedic Surgery
Kyoto, Japan Mayo Medical School
Chair, Division of Adult Reconstructive Surgery
Richard D. Komistek Ph.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery
President and Executive Director Mayo Clinic
Rocky Mountain Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory Rochester, Minnesota
Denver, Colorado
Guoan Li Ph.D.
Paul F. Lachiewicz M.D. Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery and
Professor of Orthopaedics Bioengineering
Department of Orthopaedics Harvard Medical School
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Massachusetts General Hospital
Chapel Hill, North Carolina Boston, Massachusetts
Roger V. Larson M.D. Jay R. Lieberman M.D.
Associate Professor of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Orthopaedics University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA School of
University of Washington School of Medicine Medicine
Seattle, Washington Los Angeles, California
Richard S. Laskin M.D. Jianhao Lin M.D.
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Weill Medical College of Cornell University Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Hospital for Special Surgery People's Hospital, Peking University
New York, New York Beijing, People's Republic of China