The adolescent growth spurt

263 Pages·2015·11.94 MB·English

by  Myrtati Dyah Artaria

\o.1'
THE UNIVERSITY
OF ADELAIDE
AUSTBALIA
CRUCE
The adolescent growth spurt: A study of the growth of Javanese
and Gape Goloured 6-18 year olds and several populations from
published literature
Myrtati Dyah Artaria
May 2003
This thesis was undertaken within the Department of Anatomical Sciences at
The University of Adelaide in fulfilment of the requirement of the
Degree of PhD
CONTENTS
Page
CONTENTS I
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES xil
ABSTRACT XIV
Candidate's declaration XVI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................
cHAPTERt ..............
TNTRODUCTTON ..........
l. Background, literature review, material and methods...................'.
1.1.
Background of the study
1.2.
Literature review........
1.2.1.
Growth in the light of evolution
1.2.2.
Growth of humans compared to other animals
1.2.3. The period of growth....
1.2.4. Factors affecting growth
1.2.4.1. Genetics
1.2.4.1.1. Hormones as an expression of genetic regulation
1.2.4.2. Environment .................
1.2.4.2.1. Nutrition
1.2.4.2.2. Emotion
1.2.4.2.3. Activity
1.2.4.2.4. Disease and parasites ................
1.2.4.2.5. Socioeconomic status
1.2.5. Velocity of growth
1.2.5.1 . Definition....
1.2.5.2. How to measure velocity
1.2.5.3. The velocity of various parts of the body.....
1.2.5.4. The timing and take-off of peak velocity....... 18
1.2.5.5. The variation of peak velocity....... 19
1.2.5.6. The amount of peak growth velocity....... 19
1.2.5.7. The difference between males and females in growth velocity.'.. 20
1.2.5.8. Factors correlated with the velocity of growth 20
1.2.5.8.1. Height and weight status......... 21
1.2.5.8.2. Catch-up growth........ 22
1.2.5.9. Adult height in relation to velocity... 22
1.2.5.10. Adolescent growth velocities in various human populations....'. 22
1.2.6. Menarche... 23
1.2.7. The catastrophe model for regulation of human growth 25
1.2.8. Methods used in growth studies....... 26
1.2.8.1 . Cross-sectional studY 26
1.2.8,2. Longitudinal study......... 27
1.2.8.3. Mixed-longitudinal study.......... 27
1.2.9. The problems of measuring growth velocity.'..... 27
1.2.9.1 . Errors in anthropometry............. 28
1.3. Aims of the study 28
1.4. Null hypotheses............. 32
1.5. Materials and methods................. 33
1.5.1. Javaneseschoolchildren............... 33
1.5.2. CapeColouredschoolchildren.......... 35
1.5.3. Measurements.............. 37
1.5.4. 38
Statistics
1.5.5. Calculation of error and determining the significant peak '."......' 40
cHAPTERil .............. 42
Descriptions and background of the people.. 42
ll. Malang, Cape Town and Klein Karoo 42
11.1. Malang: the land, the culture and the people 42
11.2. Cape Town, Klein Karoo and Cape Coloured people 44
cHAPTER ilr .............. 48
Cross-sectional data and international references............. 48
lll. Javanese schoolchildren in Malang, and Cape Coloured schoolchildren in Cape
Town and Klein Karoo 48
lll.1. Javanese children compared to national and international references'..'.......... 49
lll.2. Javanese children compared to South African Cape Coloured children 5B
111.2.1. Time of differentiation between Javanese and urban Cape Coloured boys 66
111.2.2. Time of differentiation between Javanese and urban Cape Coloured girls 67
111.2.3. Time of coincidence between Javanese and Cape Coloured schoolchildren ..'........ 67
lll.3. 77
Discussion
cHAPTER rV .............. B1
Mixed-longitudinal data: Javanese and Cape Coloured schoolchildren B1
lV. lncrements of urban and rural Cape Coloured and Javanese schoolchildren.............' B1
¡V.1. General comparison of increments for urban and rural Cape Coloured and Javanese
children 82
|V.1.1. Males 82
|V.1.2. Females 83
|V.2. Height (B*.v) increments of males.....' 85
1V.3. Height (8.--+v) increments of females 88
1V.4. Weight increments of males 91
ll
1V.5. females
Weight increments of ........... 94
1V.6. Upper limb length (a.-da) increments of males..... .................97
1V.7. Upper limb length (a.'da)increments of females.. ................'100
lV.B. Trunk length (sst.-sy)increments of males..... ...................... 103
1V.9. Trunk length (sst.-sy) increments of females.. ...................... '106
1V.10. Lower limb length (B*sy)increments of males..... ............... 109
lv.l1. Lower limb length (B++sy) increments of females.. ...............112
|V.12. Humerus biepicondylar breadth increments of males..... ......115
1V.13. Humerus biepicondylar breadth increments of females.. ...... 118
1V.14. Shoulder breadth (a.*a) increments of males .......................121
1V.15. Shoulder breadth (a.*a) increments of females ....................123
1V.16. Chest circumference increments of males ......... 126
1V.17. fema|es.................
Chestcircumference increments of ........129
1V.18. Arm circumference increments of ma1es......... ...132
1V.19. Arm circumference increments of females.. .......135
1V.20. Skinfold thickness increments of males ............. 138
lV.21. Skinfold thickness increments of females ..........146
1V.22. males
Grip strength increments of ...................... 154
1V.23. females ...................
Grip strength increments of ...................157
|V.24. Comparison of relative growth rates of urban and rural Cape Coloured and Javanese
schoolchildren...............
....................160
1V.25. Discussion ..................... 170
CHAPTER V .............. .....174
Longitudinal data .......... ....174
The characteristics of height increments: Data from Cape Coloured
schoolchlldren (South Africa)
cHAPTER Vl ..............
Height averages from published literature
Vl. Height increments considering year and location factors .....
V|.1.
America
V|.1.1. The United States of America
V1.2.
4sia............
V1.2.1. Japanese
V1.3.
Europe
V|.3.1.
Germany....
V|.3.2.
France
V1.3.3.
Poland........
V|.3.4.
TheNetherlands..........
V|.4.
4frica..........
V1.5.
Australia.....
llt
Vl.5.1.
AustralianAborigines 204
V|.6.
Discussion 206
cHAPTER Vil .............. 211
General discussion and summary...... 211
BtBL|OGRAPHY........... 226
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1 The stages of life (Bogin and Smith 2000). PIA= Pan and Australopithecus
afarensls, Aa = Australopithecus africanus, Hh = Homo habilis, He1 = early
Homo erectus, He2= late Homo erectus, Hs= Homo saprens (Copyright Wiley-
Liss lnc.). 2
Figure 2. The complexity of factors affecting child growth 10
Figure 3. The human growth catastrophe model. Source: Bogin 1980 cit. Bogin 1988:215.
Copyright Cambridge University Press ......... 26
Figure 4. The names and location of the schools visited for anthropometric measurements
in the city of Malang (Copyright Seksi Penerbitan 50 Tahun Kotapradia Malang) ... 34
Figure 5. lllustrations of the anthropometric measurements used in this study 37
Figure 6. Palpating the points for measuring the breadth of elbow (humerus biepicondylar
breadth). Source: personal collection.... 37
Figure 7. Javanese schoolchildren waìting to be measured. Source: personal collection....... 38
Figure 8. Map of lndonesia and the location of Malang in East Java. Modified from source:
lnformation Technology Associates (lTA),
www.theodora.com/maps/new/l ndonesia_maps. htm1.............. 42
Figure 9. The location of South Africa. Source: Omer-Cooper 1987 45
Figure 10. The distribution of Cape Coloured among other groups in South Africa. Source:
Nurse et al. 1985 46
Figure 11. Topography of South Africa. Source: Nurse et al. 1985. Notice the location of
Swartberg. Klein Karoo is located to the south of Swartberg................. 47
Figure 12. Height of Javanese males compared to 5'h, sOth, and gSthNHANES reference ........ 51
Figure 13. Height of Javanese females compared to 5th, 50'h, and gSthNHANES reference ..... 51
Figure 14. Weight of Javanese males compared to sth, 50th, and gSthNHANES reference ....... 52
Figure 15. Weight of Javanese females compared to sth, 50th, and gsthNHANES reference .... 52
Figure 16. lndividual's plots of weight-for-height. Javanese males compared to sth, soth, and
gsthNHANES reference 53
Figure 17 lndividual's plots of weight-for-height. Javanese females compared to sth, 50'h,
and gsthNHANES reference ............... 53
Figure 18. lndividual's plots of weight-for-height. Javanese males compared to 3'd, 5oth, and
97th KMS (lndonesian growth reference) 54
Figure 19 lndividual's plots of weight-for-height . Javanese females compared to 3'd, 50th,
and 97th KMS (lndonesian growth referer ce) ............. 54
Figure 20. Triceps skinfold thickness averages of Javanese males compared to sth, 50th, and
95th NHANES reference 56
Figure 21 Triceps skinfold thickness averages of Javanese females compared to 5'h, 50th,
and 95th NHANES reference 56
Figure22. Subscapular skinfold thickness averages of Javanese males compared to 5th,
50th, and g5th NHANES reference 58
Figure 23. Subscapular skinfold thickness averages of Javanese females compared to Srh,
50th, and 95th NHANES reference 5B
Figure 24. Height averages of Javanese males compared to South African Cape Coloured
males 60
Figure 25. Height averages of Javanese females compared to South African Cape Coloured
females 60
Figure 26 Weight averages of Javanese males compared to South African Cape Coloured
males ... 61
Figure 27. Weight averages of Javanese females compared to South African Cape
Coloured females ...61
Figure 28 Trunk length averages of Javanese males compared to South African Cape
Coloured males ... 63
Figure 29 Trunk length averages of Javanese females compared to South African Cape
Coloured females ... oJ
Figure 30. Upper limb length averages of Javanese males compared to South African Cape
Coloured males ...64
Figure 31. Upper limb length averages of Javanese females compared to South African
Cape Coloured females ...65
Figure 32. Lower limb length averages of Javanese males compared to South African Cape
Coloured males ...66
Figure 33. Lower limb length averages of Javanese females compared to South African
Cape Coloured females ...66
Figure 34. Humerus biepicondylar breadth averages of Javanese males compared to South
African Cape Coloured males ... 68
Figure 35. Humerus biepicondylar breadth averages of Javanese females compared to
South African Cape Coloured females ...69
Figure 36. Shoulder breadth averages of Javanese males compared to South African Cape
Coloured males ...70
Figure 37. Shoulder breadth averages of Javanese females compared to South African
Cape Coloured females ...7 1
Figure 38. Chest circumference averages of Javanese males compared to South African
Cape Coloured males... ...72
Figure 39. Chest circumference averages of Javanese females compared to South African
Cape Coloured females ...72
Figure 40. Arm circumference averages of Javanese males compared to South African
Cape Coloured males... ...73
Figure 41. Arm circumference averages of Javanese females compared to South African
Cape Coloured females ...73
Figure 42. Triceps skinfold thickness averages of Javanese males compared to South
African Cape Coloured males ...73
Figure 43. Triceps skinfold thickness averages of Javanese females compared to South
African Cape Coloured females ...73
Figure 44. Subscapular skinfold thickness averages of Javanese males compared to South
African Cape Coloured males ...74
Figure 45. Subscapular skinfold thickness averages of Javanese females compared to
South African Cape Coloured females ...74
Figure 46. Abdominal skinfold thickness averages of Javanese males compared to South
African Cape Coloured males ...74
Figure 47. Abdominal skinfold thickness averages of Javanese females compared to South
African Cape Coloured females .74
Figure 48. Grip strength averages of Javanese males compared to South African Cape
Coloured males 77
vl
Figure 49 Grip strength averages of Javanese females compared to South African Cape
Coloured females .......77
Figure 50. Absolute height increments of males ....... 86
Figure 51. Relative height increments of males ....... 86
Figure 52. Cumulative height increments of males .......88
Figure 53. Absolute height increments of females ....... 89
Figure 54. Relative height increments of females .......90
Figure 55. Cumulative height increments of females .......91
Figure 56. Absolute weight increments of males..... .......92
Figure 57. Relative weight increments of males..... .......93
Figure 58. Cumulative weight increments of males..... .......94
Figure 59. Absolute weight increments of females.. .......95
Figure 60. Relative weight increments of females.. .......96
Figure 61. Cumulative weight increments of females.. .......97
Figure 62. Absolute upper limb length increments of males .......98
Figure 63. Relative upper limb length increments of males .......99
Figure 64. Cumulative upper limb length increments of males ..... 100
Figure 65. Absolute upper limb length increments of females ..... 101
Figure 66. Relative upper limb length increments of females .....102
Figure 67. Cumulative upper limb length increments of females .....102
Figure 68. Absolute trunk length increments of males .....104
Figure 69. Relative trunk length increments of males ..... 105
Figure 70. Cumulative trunk length increments of males ..... 105
Figure 71. Absolute trunk length increments of females ..... 106
Figure72. Relative trunk length increments of females ..... 108
Figure 73. Cumulative trunk length increments of females ..... 108
Figure 74. Absolute lower limb length increments of males ..... 1 10
Figure 75. Relative lower limb length increments of males ,.....111
Figure 76. Cumulative lower limb length increments of males..... ......112
Figure 77. Absolute lower limb length increments of females.. ......112
Figure 78. Relative lower limb length increments of females ,.....113
Figure 79. Cumulative lower limb length increments of females ......114
Figure 80. Absolute humerus biepicondylar breadth increments of males ......116
Figure 81. Relative humerus biepicondylar breadth increments of males ......117
Figure 82. Cumulative humerus biepicondylar breadth increments of males ......117
Figure 83. Absolute humerus biepicondylar breadth increments of females ...... '118
Figure 84. Relative humerus biepicondylar breadth increments of females ......120
Figure 85. Cumulative humerus biepicondylar breadth increments of females ......120
Figure 86. Absolute shoulder breadth increments of males..',. ......122
vlt
Figure 87. Relative shoulder breadth increments of males..... ...122
Figure 88. Cumulative shoulder breadth increments of males ...123
Figure 89. Absolute shoulder breadth increments of females.. ...124
Figure 90. Relative shoulder breadth increments of females.. ...125
Figure 91. Cumulative shoulder breadth increments of females.. ...126
Figure 92. Absolute chest circumference increments of males..... ...127
Figure 93. Relative chest circumference increments of males..... ...128
Figure 94. Cumulative chest circumference increments of males..... ...129
Figure 95. Absolute chest circumference increments of females.. ... 130
Figure 96. Relative chest circumference increments of females.. ... 131
Figure 97. Cumulative chest circumference increments of females.. ...132
Figure 98. Absolute arm circumference increments of males ... 133
Figure 99. Relative arm circumference increments of males ...134
Figure 100, Cumulative arm circumference increments of males ... 135
Figure 101. Absolute arm circumference increments of females ... 136
Figure 102. Relative arm circumference increments of females ....137
Figure 103. Cumulative arm circumference increments of females ,... 138
Figure 104. Absolute triceps skinfold thickness increments of males ....141
Figure 105. Absolute subscapular skinfold thickness increments of males ....141
Figure 106. Absolute abdominal skinfold thickness increments of males ....142
Figure 107. Relative triceps skinfold thickness increments of males ....143
Figure 108. Relative subscapular skinfold thickness increments of males ....144
Figure 109. Relative abdominal skinfold thickness increments of males ....144
Figure 110. Cumulative triceps skinfold thickness increments of males ....145
Figure 111. Cumulative subscapular skinfold thickness increments of males ......... ....145
Figure 112. Cumulative abdominal skinfold thickness increments of males ....146
Figure I 13. Absolute triceps skinfold thickness increments of females ....149
Figure 114. Absolute subscapular skinfold thickness increments of females .... 150
Figure 115. Absolute abdominal skinfold thickness increments of females .... 150
Figure 116. Relative triceps skinfold thickness increments of females ....152
Figure 1 17. Relative subscapular skinfold thickness increments of females ....152
Figure 118. Relative abdominal skinfold thickness increments of females ....152
Figure 1 19. Cumulative triceps skinfold thickness increments of females .... 154
Figure 120. Cumulative subscapular skinfold thickness increments of females...... ....154
Figure 121 . Cumulative abdominal skinfold thickness increments of females......... ....154
Figure 122. Absolute grip strength increments of males .... 155
Figure 123. Relative grip strength increments of males .... 156
Figure 124. Cumulative grip strength increments of males ....157
Figure 125. Absolute grip strength increments of females .... 158
vlU
Figure 126. Relative grip strength increments of females ... 159
Figure 127. Cumulative grip strength increments of females ... 159
Figure 128. Comparisons of skinfold thicknesses, weight, length, breadth and circumference
measurements in Javanese and urban and rural Cape Coloured males 162
Figure 129. Comparisons of skinfold thicknesses, weight, length, breadth and circumference
measurements in Javanese and urban and rural Cape Coloured females 163
Figure 130. Comparisons of weight, length, breadth and circumference measurements in
Javanese and urban and rural Cape Coloured males 164
Figure 131. Comparisons of weight, length, breadth and circumference measurements in
Javanese and urban and rural Cape Coloured females 165
Figure 132. Comparisons of length, breadth and circumference measurements in Javanese
and urban and rural Cape Coloured males ...'166
Figure 133. Comparisons of length, breadth and circumference measurements in Javanese
and urban and rural Cape Coloured females 167
Figure 134. Comparisons of length and breadth measurements in Javanese and urban and
rural Cape Coloured males .. 168
Figure 135. Comparisons of length and breadth measurements in Javanese and urban and
rural Cape Coloured females 169
Figure 136. Height increments of urban Cape Coloured males derived from longitudinal data
Zero (0) is the year when the peak of height velocities occurred 175
Figure 137. Height increments of rural Cape Coloured males derived from longitudinal data.
Zero (0) is the year when the peak of height velocities occurred 176
Figure 138. Height increments of urban Cape Coloured females derived from longitudinal
data. Zero (0) is the year when the peak of height velocities occurred ...177
Figure 139. Height increments of rural Cape Coloured females derived from longitudinal data.
Zero (0) is the year when the peak of height velocities occurred 177
Figure 140. The averages of height increments of urban and rural Cape Coloured males.
Zero (0) is the year when the peak of height velocities occurred ..178
Figure 141. The averages of height increments of urban and rural Cape Coloured females.
Zero (0) is the year when the peak of height velocities occurred 178
Figure 142. The averages of increments of Cape Coloured males who had a significant peak,
and who did not have a significant peak. Zero (0) is the year when the peak of
height velocities occurred ................ 181
Figure 143. The averages of increments of Cape Coloured females who had a significant
peak, and who did not have a significant peak. Zero (0) is the year when the
peak of height velocities occurred 181
Figure144. Heightaveragesof USmales. Sources: (1)Boasl896cit.Martin 1928,(2)
Simmons and Todd 1938; (3) Frisancho 1990........... 186
Figure 145. Height increments of US males. Sources: adapted from (1) Boas 1896 cit. Martin
lgZe; (2) Simmons and Todd tg38; (3) Frisancho 1990........... 186
Figure 146, Height averages of US females. Sources: (1 ) Simmons and Todd 1938; (2)
Frisancho 1 990........... 187
Figure 147 Height increments of US females. Sources: adapted from (1) Boas 1896 cit.
Martin 1928; (2) Simmons and Todd t gg8; (3) Frisancho 1990 ........... ..187
Figure 148. Height averages of Japanese males. Source: Ali et al. 2000 .......... .. 189
Figure 149. Height increments of Japanese males. Source: adapted from Ali et al. 2000 .. 189
IX