The Addiction-Prone Personality

324 Pages·2000·3.14 MB·English

by  Gordon E. Barnes

The Addiction-Prone
Personality
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH IN THE
SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
An Interdisciplinary Series
Series Editors:
HowardB.Kaplan,TexasA&MUniversity, College Station, Texas
Adele Eskeles Gottfried,California State University, Northridge, California
AllenW.Gottfried,California State University, Fullerton, California
THE ADDICTION-PRONEPERSONALITY
Gordon E. Barnes, Robert P.Murray, David Patton,Peter M. Bentler,
and Robert E. Anderson
DRUG USE AND ETHNICITY IN EARLY ADOLESCENCE
William A. Vega, Andres G.Gil, and Associates
DRUGS, CRIME, AND OTHER DEVIANT ADAPTATIONS
Longitudinal Studies
Edited by Howard B. Kaplan
PREMARITAL PREDICTION OFMARITAL QUALITY OR BREAKUP
Research, Theory, and Practice
Thomas B. Holman and Associates
RESILIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT
PositiveLife Adaptations
Edited by Meyer D. Glantz and Jeannette L. Johnson
AContinuationOrderPlanisavailableforthisseries.Acontinuationorderwillbringdeliveryofeach
newvolumeimmediatelyuponpublication. Volumesarebilledonlyuponactualshipment.Forfurther
information pleasecontact the publisher.
The Addiction-Prone
Personality
Gordon E. Barnes
UniversityofVictoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Robert P. Murray David Patton
and
UniversityofManitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Peter M. Bentler
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,California
and
Robert E. Anderson
Universityof NewMexico,Albuquerque,New Mexico
Kluwer Academic Publishers
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Preface
Theproduction ofthisbookrepresents aculminationformeofsome 25 yearsof
interest in thefield of personality and substanceuse and abuse. In choosingthe
fieldofsubstanceuseandabuseforthefocusofourresearch, alloftheinvestiga-
torscollaborating inthis research havebeen sustainedby the awareness that the
workwearedoinghas animportantpurpose. Substanceabuse continuestohave
enormousimpactsonindividuals andfamilies,andprevention andtreatment ap-
proachesdevelopedtodatehavenotalwaysbeenassuccessfulas wewouldhope
to see. New advances in our fundamental understanding of the causal mecha-
nismsinvolvedinthedevelopmentofaddictionmaybenecessarytoadvanceour
success in developing new forms of prevention and treatment for alcohol and
drug abuse.
The work in this book builds on the work of numerous previous investiga-
tors who have been drawn to investigate this topic. As you will notice in the
extensive reference list, there have been hundreds of articles published on this
topic. Although each ofthese references has added a small piece to our under-
standingof therelationship betweenpersonality and alcohol abuse,themajority
ofthesestudieshavebeendoneonclinicalsamplesandofteninvolvednocontrol
groupsorpoorly matched control groups. Severalimportantprevious longitudi-
nal investigationshavebeen conducted,buttheseinvestigationshaveusually not
includedgeneralpopulation samplesorcomprehensivepersonality testbatteries.
Thecurrentinvestigationis also uniqueinthataclinical sample is alsoincluded
and compared with the general population sample, and an adoption study was
conductedtoexaminetheenvironmentalfactorsassociatedwiththedevelopment
oftheAddiction-PronePersonality.
Theconceptual andmethodological focusforthisbookhasbeeninfluenced
by many mentors. My interest in the areas of personality, substanceabuse, and
V
vi Preface
structural equation modeling were nurtured while studying with Paul Kohn at
YorkUniversity. An interest and appreciation forthe importance ofconducting
research inthegeneral population wasdeveloped while taking acourseonpsy-
chiatric epidemiology withAlexanderLeighton.An appreciation forthe impor-
tanceofthelifespanapproachtoresearch,andtheimportanceofparentinginthe
developmentoftheindividualwasdevelopedwhileIwasteachingintheFamily
Studies DepartmentattheUniversity ofManitoba.
The completion of the project has involved the cooperation of numerous
collaborators, someofwhomareincludedascoauthorsofthebook. BobMurray
andIhavesharedaninterestinsubstanceabuseepidemiologyforsome20years,
andBobhasaddedexpertiseinconducting surveyresearchtotheresearchteam.
Iwas first introduced toPeterBentlerwhile attending aworkshop on structural
equationmodelingattheInternationalCongressofPsychologyinAcapulco.Sub-
sequently, I spent some time studying with Peter at UCLA while on sabbatical
and fortunately was able to persuade him tojoin our research team to provide
methodological expertise in structural equation modeling and longitudinal re-
search.DavidPattonis a formergraduatestudentandhasplayedanactivepartin
allphases oftheresearch starting withthedatacollectioninManitobaandcon-
tinuing through to the completion ofthe data analysis. RobAnderson is also a
former student whohasplayed alargeroleinanalyzingthedataforthis project
andcompletingthechaptersontheclinicalstudy.
The three studies described in this book and the completion ofthis book
were supportedbyfundingfromavarietyofsources. TheWinnipeg Health and
DrinkingSurveywasfundedbytheNationalHealthResearchandDevelopment
Program of Health Canada as part of the National Alcohol and Drug Strategy. The
clinicalstudydescribedinthisbookwasconductedwiththesupportoftheAlco-
holism Foundation of Manitoba and was funded by the Manitoba Health Re-
searchCouncil.TheVancouverFamily Survey wasfundedbytheNationalHealth
ResearchandDevelopmentProgram.PeterBentler’sparticipationinthisproject
wasfacilitatedbygrantDA01070fromtheNationalInstituteonDrugAbuse. Rob
Anderson’sparticipationinthisresearchwasmadepossiblebythefinancialsupport
hereceivedfromtheAlcoholandDrugProgramsDivisionoftheBritishColum-
biaMinistryofHealthand theBritishColumbiaHealthResearchFoundation.
TheanalysisanddisseminationoftheresultsfromtheWinnipegHealthand
DrinkingSurveydescribedinthisbookhavebeen greatlyenhancedbythelarge
numberofgraduatestudentswhohaveparticipatedintheresearch,includingLen
Greenwood, Reena Sommer, Shaila Khan, LanaFeinstein, Maureen Rodrique,
Carole Beaudoin, and Christine Kreklewetz. Data collection fortheVancouver
FamilySurveywasaccomplishedthroughtheassistanceoftheHealthPromotion
Centre at the University ofBritish Columbia, under the direction ofLawrence
Green. Anne George provided the project management for this study, and her
goodnatureandcompetenceinmanagingthisdifficulttaskismuchappreciated.
Preface vii
The completion of this book required a considerable amount of effort by
secretarialandothersupportstaff.ThebulkofthisworkwascompletedbyCaroline
GreenandKatherineWoodhouse.Throughoutthecompletionofallthreeofthese
studies,Terry Perkins has been involved asaninterviewer and dataanalyst,and
in drawing the structural equation models.Terry’sagreeableness and conscien-
tiousness in completing all of these tasks has been very much appreciated.The
assistance ofElizabethHouckinediting andproofreading wasvery helpful.
RobAndersonwouldliketothankallofthosewhogavehimencouragement
and inspiration along the way. This includes the other authors of the book; his
lovingparentsandsister;andthegrowingnumberofpeoplewithaddiction-prone
personalities who, afterhaving directly experienced the isolation and degrada-
tionofactiveaddiction,nowoffereachotherongoingsupportinrecoveryfellow-
shipslikeNarcoticsAnonymousandAlcoholicsAnonymous.
The completion ofthe three studies described in this book placed a large
burdenonalloftheparticipants inthisresearch.Twoofthestudieswerelongitu-
dinal innature,and the otherstudyrequired participation by threefamily mem-
bers. All ofthe studies involved completing questionnaires and interviews that
werelengthyandcomplex.Wewouldliketoexpressoursincerestthankstoallof
therespondentswhomadethis workpossiblebytakingthetimetoparticipatein
thisresearch.
Although the completion of the three research studies—and production of
this book—has been a lengthy and difficult task, it has been aprocess that pro-
ducedmanyenjoyablemomentsalongtheway.Whetherthesemomentsincluded
working on proposals late at night, analyzing data in various locationsranging
from theUniversity of ManitobatotheUniversity ofVictoria and UCLA,or at-
tending conferences to present our findings all over the world, the process has
been enhancedby thewarmrelationships enjoyedwith colleaguesand students
whohave worked onthisproject.
Gordon E.Barnes
Contents
PARTI. INTRODUCTION
.......................................................
1. Introduction 3
...................................
2. PersonalityandAlcoholAbuse 17
1.Extraversion-Introversion....................................... 17
1.1. Clinical Alcoholic PersonalityReasearch.................... 17
1.1.1. Trait Measures.................. ................... 17
1.1.2. StateMeasures.................................. 24
1.1.3. AlcoholEffects.................................. . 26
1.2. Prealcoholic Personality.................................. 27
1.2.1. LongitudinalStudies................................ 27
1.2.2. High-Risk Studies................................. 28
. .
2. Psychoticism.............................................. 30
2.1. ClinicalAlcoholicPersonalityResearch.......... ............ 31
2.1.1. Trait Measures ................................ 31
2.1.2. ClinicalDiagnoses.................................. 34
2.1.3. Antisocial Behaviors............................... 35
2.1.4. Cognitive Functioning.............................. 36
2.2. Prealcoholic Personality. .................................. 37
2.2.1. LongitudinalResearch................ ............... 37
2.2.2. High R-isk Studies ................................ 40
3. Neuroticism ................................................. 42
3.1. Clinical Alcoholic Personality Research .................... 44
3.1.1. Trait Measures ................................... 44
ix
X Contents
3.1.2. ClinicalDiagnoses ................................ 48
3.1.3. StateMeasures ................................... 52
3.2. Prealcoholic Personality .................................. 53
3.2.1. Longitudinal Studies ............................... 53
3.2.2. High-Risk Studies .................................. 54
3.2.3. Cross-Sectional StudiesofYoungHeavyDrinkers......... 56
4. EgoStrength............................................... 57
4.1. ClinicalAlcoholic Personality Research ...................... 58
4.1.1. TraitMeasures. ...................................... 58
4.1.2. ClinicalDiagnoses ....................................... 60
4.1.3. AlcoholEffectson Self-Concept ...................... 61
4.2. Prealcoholic Personality.................................. 61
4.2.1. Longitudinal Studies ................................ 6 1
4.2.2. High-Risk Studies ................................. 62
5. Field Dedpendence-Independence............................. 64
5.1. ClinicalAlcoholPersonality Research......................... 64
5.2. Prealcoholic Personality.................................. 66
5.2.1. High-Risk Studies.................................... 66
6. Summary .................................................. 67
PARTII. THEWINNIPEG HEALTHANDDRINKINGSURVEY
..........................................................
3. Methodology 71
1. Objectives .................................................. 71
2. Wave 1 ............................................... 71
2.1. Eligibility............................................. 71
2.2 Finding the Sample....................................... 72
2.2.1. ResponseRates ................................. 72
2.2.2. RefusalRatesbyEachoftheSixAge/Gender Cel.ls ...... 73
2.3. SampleDescription....................................... 74
2.3.1. Age ............................................. 74
2.3.2. Gender .......................................... 74
2.3.3. Marital Status.................................... 76
2.3.4. Ethnicity andRacialOrigins ......................... 77
2.3.5. Language ......................................... 77
2.3.6. Religion ........................................... 77
2.3.7. Education ........................................ 78
2.4. Measures ................................................ 78
2.4.1. Personality ...................................... 78
2.4.2. Alcohol UseMeasures............................... 80