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The Active Female: Health Issues Throughout the Lifespan PDF

597 Pages·2014·8.26 MB·English
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Jacalyn J. Robert-McComb Reid L. Norman Mimi Zumwalt Editors The Active Female Health Issues Throughout the Lifespan Second Edition 123 The Active Female Jacalyn J. Robert-McComb Reid L. Norman (cid:129) Mimi Zumwalt Editors The Active Female Health Issues Throughout the Lifespan Second Edition Editors Jacalyn J. Robert-McComb, Ph.D., Reid L. Norman, Ph.D. F.A.C.S.M., A.C.S.M., P.D. Professor and Chair Professor of Exercise Physiology Pharmacology and Neuroscience Department of Health, Exercise Texas Tech University Health Sciences and Sport Sciences Center School of Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences Lubbock , TX , USA Center School of Medicine Lubbock , TX , USA Mimi Zumwalt, M.D. Associate Professor Head of Sports Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine Lubbock , TX , USA ISBN 978-1-4614-8883-5 ISBN 978-1-4614-8884-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-8884-2 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013953599 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) I would like to dedicate this book to all the signifi cant females in my life: my grandmother who helped to raise me but now has passed, my mother who fought to bring me here from Vietnam, and especially my daughter who provides me with more joy than words can express. I dearly love and appreciate them all! Mimi Zumwalt, M.D. We would like to dedicate this book to female athletes and active girls and women of all ages. Jacalyn J. Robert-McComb Reid L. Norman Pref ace M edical practitioners and health care providers/educators must continue to be vigilant of the growing and ever-changing health issues relating to females who lead an active lifestyle by participating in sports and exercise. There have been recent landmark legislations changing the social perception that girls and women not only can but should be physically active. With any change in the social milieu, there are always evolving health issues associated with the journey. Continuing medical education for physicians, nurses, allied health professionals, wellness educators, and certifi ed professionals in sports medicine is vital to the economic and public health care system. Education has been recognized as the most important tool that we can utilize to prevent illness and disease throughout our lifetime. In 1972, Congress passed Title IX of the Educational Amendments Act assuring that all females would have the equal opportunity to participate in interscholastic and intercollegiate sports. The effect has been a tremendous increase in the participation of girls and women in interscholastic sports from approximately 300,000 to greater than 2.2 million in the late 1990s [1]. Participation in recreational exercise for health and fi tness, from young girls to elderly women, has substantially increased in the last four decades and has become a prominent part of public life more so than ever before [2]. Physical activity has been recognized as a therapeutic means to decrease ill- ness and increase health/well-being for females of all ages and racial groups. In the US Public Health Services release “Healthy People 2000,” one of the recommendations was to increase the physical fi tness of all women in an effort to reduce the health disparities between males and females, and also among different ethnic and racial groups [3]. W hat makes female health issues unique? Girls and women are different from boys and men, not only physically and physiologically but also psycho- logically. Body image issues are more prominent in young girls than young boys and body dissatisfaction seems to start very early in life. Collins et al. [4] reported that 42 % of a sample of 6–7-year-old girls indicated a prefer- ence for different body fi gures which are thinner than theirs. Similarly, Thompson et al. [5] found that 49 % of fourth-graders indicated that their ideal body would be thinner than their current fi gure. Anatomically, young girls’ bodies begin changing at puberty. This may become a hindrance to sport performance. Internal and external pressures placed on females to achieve or maintain unrealistically low body weight may affect their normal vii viii Preface life cycle. Monthly menstrual cycles, childbearing and menopause are experiences in the female life cycle that are unique to girls and women. The lack of menses caused by extreme energy defi ciency may even seem desirable to young females, yet there are long-term health consequences that initially are not so obvious to the poorly informed. I n 1992, The Female Athlete Triad was the focus of a consensus confer- ence called by the Task Force on Women’s Issues of the American College of Sports Medicine [6]. The three components of the triad are: disordered eat- ing, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. However, these are not disorders confi ned to elite athletes, nor are they limited to females competing in sports. These disorders are also found in young girls and elderly women who have never participated in collegiate or intercollegiate teams. These disorders represent a growing health concern for females of all ages and physical skill levels. A lmost a decade ago, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), recog- nizing the lack of inclusion of women in health research and realizing that many health issues are unique to and/or affect women differently from men, established the Offi ce for Research in Women’s Health with the goal to improve women’s health status across the lifespan [7]. A couple of years earlier, the Female Athlete Triad Coalition was formed in 2002 as a group of national and international organizations dedicated to address unhealthy eating behaviors, hormonal irregularities, and bone health among female athletes and active women. The Female Athlete Triad Coalition represents key medical, nursing, athletic, health educators, and sports medicine groups, as well as concerned individuals who have come together to pro- mote optimal health and well-being for active women and female athletes ( w ww.femaleathletetriad.org ) . The importance of physical activity to health and well-being continues to grow nationwide. The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans released in 2008 is the fi rst-ever publication of national guidelines for physical activity [8]. The position stand on the Female Athlete Triad was updated in 1997 [9], and now it refl ects our current understanding of the issues unique to girls and women: the interrelationships among energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density. Healthy People 2010 and 2020 [10, 11] refl ect the strong state of the science supporting the health benefi ts of moderate and vigorous physical activities and muscle-strengthening activities for girls and women. Lubbock , TX, USA Jacalyn J. Robert- McComb Reid L. Norman Mimi Zumwalt References 1. Bunker LK. Psycho-physiological contributions of physical activity and sports for girls. Phys Activity Fitness Res Digest. 1998;3:1–8. 2. Garrett W, Lester G, McGowan J, Kirkendall D. Women’s health in sports and exercise. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2001. Preface ix 3 . P ublic Health Service. Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. Full Report, With Commentary. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1990 (DHHS publication (PHS) 91-50212). 4. Collins LR, Lapp W, Helder L, Saltzberg J. Cognitive restraint and impulsive eating: insights from the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. Psychol Addict Behav 1992;6:47–53. 5 . T hompson SH, Corwin S, Sargent RG. Ideal body size beliefs and weight concerns of fourth-grade children. Int J Eat Disord. 1992;21:279–284. 6. Yeager K, Agostini K, Natttiv A, Drinkwater B. The female athlete triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25:775–777. 7. Klimis-Zacas D, Wolinsky I. Nutritional concerns of women. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2004. 8. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2008. h ttp:// www.health.gov/paguidelines . 9. Nattiv A, Loucks AB, Manore M, Sanborn C, Sundgot-Borgen J, Warren M. The female athlete triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;39:1867–1882. doi: 10.1249/ mss.0b013e318149f111 . 1 0. U nited States Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010. h ttp://www.healthypeople.gov/2010/Document/tableofcontents.htm#under . 1 1. U nited States Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. http://healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx .

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The purpose of the The Active Female: Health Issues Throughout the Lifespan, 2nd Edition is twofold: (1) to increase the awareness of wellness and fitness issues for active females and their family members; and (2) to provide an avenue for medical practitioners, allied health professionals, health e
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