The ACE programmer's guide: practical design patterns for network and systems programming

537 Pages·2009·3.466 MB·English

by  Johnson, James CE;Syyid, Umar;Huston, Stephen D

The ACE Programmer’s Guide
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The ACE Programmer’s Guide
Practical Design Patterns for Network and
Systems Programming
Stephen D. Huston
James CE Johnson
Umar Syyid
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Figures 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, and 8.1 originally published in Schmidt/Huston, C++ Network Programming, Volume 2: Systematic Reuse
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Huston, Stephen D.
The ACE programmer’s guide : practical design patterns for network and systems
programming / Stephen D. Huston, James CE Johnson and Umar Syyid.
p. cm.
ISBN 0-201-69971-0 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Computer software—Development. 2. Object-oriented programming (Computer science)
3. Software patterns. I. Johnson, James C. E. II. Syyid, Umar. III. Title.
QA76.76.D47H89 2003
005.1’17—dc21 2003014046
Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher. Printed in
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ISBN13:978-0-201-69975-5
ISBN 0-201-69971-0
Text printed in the United States at Offset Paperback Manufacturers in Laflin, Pennsylvania.
6th Printing March 2010
Contents
Illustrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xv
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Part I: ACE Basics 1
1. Introduction to ACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
1.1 A History of ACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
1.2 ACE’s Benefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
1.3 ACE’s Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
1.4 Patterns, Class Libraries, and Frameworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
1.5 Porting Your Code to Multiple Operating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
1.6 Smoothing the Differences among C++ Compilers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.7 Using Both Narrow and Wide Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
1.8 Where to Find More Information and Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
1.9 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
2. How to Build and Use ACE in Your Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
2.1 A Note about ACE Versions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
2.2 Guide to the ACE Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
v
vi Contents
2.3 How to Build ACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
2.4 How to Include ACE in Your Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
2.5 How to Build Your Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
2.6 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3. Using the ACE Logging Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
3.1 Basic Logging and Tracing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
3.2 Enabling and Disabling Logging Severities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
3.3 Customizing the ACE Logging Macros. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
3.4 Redirecting Logging Output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
3.5 Using Callbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
3.6 The Logging Client and Server Daemons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
3.7 The LogManager Class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
3.8 Runtime Configuration with the ACE Logging Strategy. . . . . . . . . . .73
3.9 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
4. Collecting Runtime Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
4.1 Command Line Arguments and ACE_Get_Opt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
4.2 Accessing Configuration Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
4.3 Building Argument Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
4.4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
5. ACE Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
5.1 Container Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
5.2 Sequence Containers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
5.3 Associative Containers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
5.4 Allocators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
5.5 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Part II: Interprocess Communication 121
6. Basic TCP/IP Socket Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
6.1 A Simple Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
6.2 Adding Robustness to a Client. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
6.3 Building a Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
6.4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
7. Handling Events and Multiple I/O Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
7.1 Overview of the Reactor Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
7.2 Handling Multiple I/O Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
Contents vii
7.3 Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
7.4 Notifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
7.5 Timers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
7.6 Using the Acceptor-Connector Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
7.7 Reactor Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
7.8 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
8. Asynchronous I/O and the ACE Proactor Framework. . . . . . . . .187
8.1 Why Use Asynchronous I/O?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
8.2 How to Send and Receive Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
8.3 Establishing Connections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
8.4 The ACE_Proactor Completion Demultiplexer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
8.5 Using Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
8.6 Other I/O Factory Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
8.7 Combining the Reactor and Proactor Frameworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
8.8 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
9. Other IPC Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
9.1 Interhost IPC with UDP/IP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
9.2 Intrahost Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213
9.3 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
Part III: Process and Thread Management 217
10. Process Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219
10.1 Spawning a New Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219
10.2 Using the ACE_Process_Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
10.3 Synchronization Using ACE_Process_Mutex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
10.4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234
11. Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235
11.1 Using Wrappers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
11.2 Event Handlers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239
11.3 Guarding Critical Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246
11.4 Signal Management with the Reactor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247
11.5 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248
12. Basic Multithreaded Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249
12.1 Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
12.2 Basic Thread Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
viii Contents
12.3 Intertask Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
12.4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266
13. Thread Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
13.1 Types of Threads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
13.2 Priorities and Scheduling Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
13.3 Thread Pools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275
13.4 Thread Management Using ACE_Thread_Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
13.5 Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279
13.6 Thread Start-Up Hooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
13.7 Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
13.8 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288
14. Thread Safety and Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
14.1 Protection Primitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
14.2 Thread Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301
14.3 Thread-Specific Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309
14.4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
15. Active Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313
15.1 The Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314
15.2 Using the Pattern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
15.3 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324
16. Thread Pools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
16.1 Understanding Thread Pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
16.2 Half-Sync/Half-Async Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326
16.3 Leader/Followers Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338
16.4 Thread Pools and the Reactor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343
16.5 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
Part IV: Advanced ACE 347
17. Shared Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
17.1 ACE_Malloc and ACE_Allocator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350
17.2 Persistence with ACE_Malloc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352
17.3 Position-Independent Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
17.4 ACE_Malloc for Containers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359
17.5 Wrappers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374
17.6 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376
Contents ix
18. ACE Streams Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
18.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
18.2 Using a One-Way Stream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378
18.3 A Bidirectional Stream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397
18.4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417
19. ACE Service Configurator Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419
19.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420
19.2 Configuring Static Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420
19.3 Setting Up Dynamic Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427
19.4 Setting Up Streams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430
19.5 Reconfiguring Services During Execution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431
19.6 Using XML to Configure Services and Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433
19.7 Configuring Services without svc.conf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434
19.8 Singletons and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434
19.9 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435
20. Timers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437
20.1 Timer Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437
20.2 Timer Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
20.3 Prebuilt Dispatchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447
20.4 Managing Event Handlers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450
20.5 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455
21. ACE Naming Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457
21.1 The ACE_Naming_Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457
21.2 A Single-Process Naming Context: PROC_LOCAL. . . . . . . . . . . . .459
21.3 Sharing a Naming Context on One Node: NODE_LOCAL. . . . . . . .468
21.4 Sharing a Naming Context across the Network: NET_LOCAL . . . .476
21.5 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481