The ABCs of IP Addressing

212 Pages·2002·3.96 MB·English

by  Gilbert Held

The ABCs
of
IP Addressing
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The ABCs
of
IP Addressing
GILBERT HELD
AUERBACH PUBLICATIONS
A CRC Press Company
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
AU1144_ FM*_fm Page iv Thursday, October 11, 2001 1:19 PM
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Held, Gilbert, 1943-
The ABCs of IP addressing / Gilbert Held.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-8493-1144-6 (alk. paper)
1. TCP/IP (Computer network protocol) 2. Internet addresses. 3. Directory services
(Computer network technology) I. Title.
TK105.585 H44694 2001
004.6'2—dc21 2001046273
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted
with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the
validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
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without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
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Visit the Auerbach Web site at www.auerbach-publications.com
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
Auerbach is an imprint of CRC Press LLC
No claim to original U.S. Government works
International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1144-6
Library of Congress Card Number 2001046273
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper
AU1144_ FM*_fm Page v Thursday, October 11, 2001 1:19 PM
Dedication
Teaching represents a learning process for the instructor. For this opportunity,
which has been provided to me over the past decade, I would be remiss if
I did not acknowledge the students of Georgia College and State University
who provide a learning laboratory for the presentation of technical information.
I also thank Dr. Harry Glover for providing me with the opportunity to teach
graduate school at Georgia College and State University.
v
AU1144_ FM*_fm Page vi Thursday, October 11, 2001 1:19 PM
AU1144_ FM*_fm Page vii Thursday, October 11, 2001 1:19 PM
Contents
1 Introduction.....................................................................................1
Rationale.............................................................................................1
Router Operations..........................................................................2
Use of IP Addresses.......................................................................2
Address Space Availability.............................................................3
Internet Operations........................................................................4
IPv4 versus IPv6.............................................................................6
Book Preview.....................................................................................7
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite............................................................7
IPv4 Addressing Basics and the DNS...........................................7
The Role of Special IP Addresses.................................................8
Subnetting.......................................................................................8
CIDR and Multicasting...................................................................8
NAT and Naming Services.............................................................8
Working With IPv6.........................................................................9
Network Utility Tools.....................................................................9
2 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite...........................................................11
The OSI Reference Model...............................................................11
OSI Reference Model Layers.......................................................12
Layer 1: The Physical Layer....................................................12
Layer 2: The Data Link Layer..................................................13
Layer 3: The Network Layer....................................................13
Layer 4: The Transport Layer..................................................14
Layer 5: The Session Layer......................................................14
Layer 6: The Presentation Layer .............................................15
Layer 7: The Application Layer...............................................15
Data Flow..................................................................................15
Overview of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite.........................................16
vii
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viii The ABCs of IP Addressing
The Network Layer......................................................................16
IP................................................................................................17
ARP............................................................................................17
ICMP..........................................................................................17
The Transport Layer.................................................................18
TCP............................................................................................18
UDP...........................................................................................18
Application Layer......................................................................19
Data Flow..................................................................................19
The Internet Protocol and Related Protocols................................20
The Internet Protocol...................................................................20
Datagrams and Segments.........................................................20
Datagrams and Datagram Transmissions................................20
Routing......................................................................................21
The IP Header..............................................................................22
Bytes versus Octets..................................................................22
Vers Field..................................................................................23
Hlen Field.................................................................................23
Service Type Field....................................................................24
Total Length Field....................................................................25
Identification and Fragment Offset Fields..............................25
Flag Field .................................................................................27
Time to Live Field....................................................................27
Protocol Field ..........................................................................27
Header Checksum Field...........................................................31
Source and Destination Address Fields..................................31
Multiple Interface Addresses...................................................31
Address Resolution.......................................................................32
Ethernet and Token-Ring Frame Formats..............................33
LAN Delivery.............................................................................33
Address Resolution Operation.................................................34
ARP Packet Fields.....................................................................34
Locating the Required Address...............................................35
Gratuitous ARP.........................................................................35
Proxy ARP.................................................................................36
RARP..........................................................................................36
ICMP..............................................................................................36
Overview...................................................................................37
The ICMP Type Field...............................................................37
The ICMP Code Field..............................................................40
Evolution...................................................................................40
The Transport Layer.........................................................................40
TCP................................................................................................42
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ix
The TCP Header.......................................................................42
Source and Destination Port Fields........................................42
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing............................................43
Port Numbers............................................................................43
Sequence and Acknowledgment Number Fields...................46
Hlen Field ................................................................................47
Code Bits Field.........................................................................47
Window Field ..........................................................................48
Checksum Field........................................................................48
Urgent Pointer Field.................................................................48
Options Field............................................................................48
Padding Field............................................................................49
Connection Establishment........................................................49
Connection Function Calls.......................................................49
The Three-Way Handshake.....................................................51
Operation..................................................................................51
The TCP Window.....................................................................53
Avoiding Congestion................................................................54
TCP Slow Start..........................................................................54
The Slow Start Threshold........................................................55
TCP Retransmissions................................................................56
Session Termination.................................................................56
UDP...............................................................................................56
The UDP Header......................................................................57
Operation..................................................................................58
Applications..................................................................................58
3 IPv4 Addressing Basics and the DNS........................................61
IPv4 Addressing................................................................................61
Working with Binary and Hexadecimal
Numbering Systems..........................................................62
IPv4 Addressing............................................................................64
Address Classes............................................................................66
Class A.......................................................................................66
Class B.......................................................................................67
Class C.......................................................................................68
Class D......................................................................................68
Class E.......................................................................................69
Dotted-Decimal Notation.............................................................69
Reserved Addresses......................................................................70
Networking Basics............................................................................71
Host Restrictions...........................................................................72
The Domain Name System.............................................................73
Overview.......................................................................................73