The ABCs of Environmental Regulation PDF
Preview The ABCs of Environmental Regulation
The ABCs of Environmental T h Regulation, 2nd Edition e A B The newly updated and revised ABCs of Environmental Regulation, 2nd Edition from C GovernmentInstitutestakesapracticalandbasicapproachtoexplainingthescopeofenvi- s ronmental regulations and providing concise yet comprehensive discussions of 38 federal environmental acts. o f Writteninnon-technicallanguage,thispopularhandbookofferseasy-to-readexplanations E to benefit a variety of readers,including non-environmental professionals,new and expe- n rienced environmental professionals, and students.This new edition covers more federal v acts—many of which are not well known and are rarely discussed in other environmental i r lawbooks—thanthepreviousedition.Italsoreflectsthechangesthathaveoccurredinthe o federal environmental regulations,including shifts in Superfund cleanups,chemical safety n provisions, site security, medical waste restrictions, wetlands protection provisions, and m contaminated site restorations. e n Each chapter summarizes one key subject area of federal regulation, enabling readers to t use this book both as a quick-reference guide for understanding the scope, issues, and a focus of the federal programs and as a concise macro-picture of the federal environmen- l talregulations.Summariesincludehistory,requirements,permits,technology,enforcement R measures,locations of species of particular concern,special programs,related regulations, e and compliance pertaining to each regulation.A unique timeline of federal environmental g regulation is also included. u l a Programs covered include air, water, waste and storage tanks, safety, contaminant release t response,and nature and natural resources.Acts covered include the CleanAirAct,Noise i o Control Act, Clean Water Act, Oil Pollution Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, n OccupationalSafetyandHealthAct,ToxicSubstancesControlAct,EmergencyPlanningand Community Right-to-Know Act, Superfund, Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act, and Endangered SpeciesAct. 2 n New areas covered in this edition include Prevention of Pollution from Ships, Shore d Protection Act, National Coastal Zone Monitoring Act, Estuary Restoration Act, Organotin E d Antifouling Paint ControlAct,and international environmental and quality standards (ISO). i t i About the Author: Joel B. Goldsteen is a nationally certified city and regional planner, an o n architect, and a professor in the School of Urban and Public Affairs at the University of Texas atArlington.Dr.Goldsteen is the author of Texas Environmental Regulations Manual,also published by Government Institutes. G o l d s For orders and information please contact the publisher t e Government Institutes,an imprint ofThe Scarecrow Press,Inc. e A wholly owned subsidiary of n The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group,Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard,Suite 200 ISBN 978-0-86587-949-2 Lanham,Maryland 20706 1-800-462-6420 fax 717-794-3803 http://govinst.scarecrowpress.com The ABCs of Environmental Regulation 2ndE dition Joel B. Goldsteen PhD, AICP, NCARB, AIA Government Institutes An imprint of The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanharn, Maryland Toronto Oxford 2005 Government Institutes Published in the United States of America by Government Institutes, an imprint of The Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://govinst.scarecrowpress.com PO Box 3 17 Oxford, OX2 9RU, UK Copyright O 2003 by Government Institutes All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. The reader should not rely on this publication to address specific questions that apply to a particular set of facts. The author and the publisher make no representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the completeness, correctness, or utility of the information in this publication. In addition, the author and the publisher assume no liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from the use of or reliance upon the contents of this book. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Goldsteen, Joel B. The ABCs of environmental regulation: understanding the federal programs1Joel B. Goldsteen.-2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographic references and index. ISBN: 0-86587-949-4 1. Environmental law-United States. I. Title. KF3775.G65 2002 344.73'046--dc21 2002033911 he paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSIINISO 239.48-1 992. Manufactured in the United States of America. Section One: The Framework Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................ Understanding Programs and Agencies 3 Chapter 2: Summary Perspectives .................................................................... Overview of Programs 9 Chapter 3: National Policy ....................................... National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 19 Chapter 4: Federal Agency Requirements ............................. Environmental Quality Improvement Act (EQIA) 25 Chapter 5: Preventing Pollution ....................................................... Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) 27 Section Two: Air Chapter 6: Air Pollution ..................................................................... Clean Air Act (CAA) 33 Chapter 7: Sound ............................. . ............................... Noise Control Act (NCA) 59 Chapter 8: Aircraft Sound .............................................. Airport Noise Abatement Act (ANAA) 63 Section Three: Water Chapter 9: Water Pollution .......................... ... ............................. Clean Water Act (CWA) 69 Chapter 10: Drinking Water ............................................... Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 91 iv The ABCs of Environmental Regulation +:+ Chapter 11: Oil Spills into Water ............................................................. Oil Pollution Act (OPA) 107 Chapter 12: Ocean Dumping ........... Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) 113 Chapter 13: Ocean Dumping and Ships .............................. . ..... Prevention of Pollution from Ships (PPS) 119 Chapter 14: Ocean and Paints ........................... Organotin Antifouling Paint Control Act (OAPCA) 123 Chapter 15: Shore Protection Public Vessel Medical Waste Antidumping Act ...................... (PVMWADA) and the Shore Protection Act (SPA) 125 Section Four: Waste and Tanks Chapter 16: Solid Waste ...................................... ... ..... Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA) 129 Chapter 17: Hazardous Waste .......................... Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 139 Chapter 18: Storage Tanks .......................... Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 151 Chapter 19: Federal Compliance ............................. . ........ Federal Facility Compliance Act (FFCA) 165 Section Five: Safety Chapter 20: Workplace ............ ................ Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH) 171 Chapter 21: Chemicals ....................................................... Toxic Substances Control Act 179 Chapter 22: Pesticides ........... Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 189 Chapter 23: Land ................... Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) 195 Contents 9 v Chapter 24: Nuclear Safety ............................................................ Atomic Energy Act (AEA) 203 Section Six: Responding to Contaminant Releases Chapter 25: Public Notice and Spill Planning ... Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) 211 Chapter 26: Hazardous Waste Spill Cleanup Comprehensive Response, Compensation, ..................................... and Liability Act (CERCLA)/Superfund 217 Chapter 27: Asbestos in Buildings ..................... Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) 233 Section Seven: Nature and Natural Resources Chapter 28: Extinction ........................................ Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) 241 Chapter 29: Shoreline ........................................ Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) 245 Chapter 30: Coastal Ecosystem ............................. National Coastal Zone Monitoring Act (NCZMA) 251 Chapter 3 1: Estuaries ............................. . .................... Estuary Restoration Act (ERA) 253 Chapter 32: Species Protection ................................................ Endangered Species Act (ESA) 257 Chapter 33: Forests and Ranges Forest and Rangeland Renewable ........................................... Resources Planning Act (FRRRPA) 261 Chapter 34: Soil and Water .................... Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act (SWRCA) 265 Chapter 35 : Ecosystem ................................................. Antarctic Protection Act (AAPA) 267 vi *:* The ABCs of Environmental Regulation Chapter 36: Wetlands Coastal Wetlands Planning. Protection. ........................................ and Restoration Act (CWPPRA) 269 Chapter 37: Non-native Species Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance ..................................... Prevention and Control Act (NANPCA) 273 Chapter 38: Land ........................ Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) 277 Chapter 39: Offshore .................................. Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) 281 Chapter 40: Undeveloped Land ................................................................... Wilderness Act (WA) 285 ..... Appendix 1: Chronology: 55 Years of Environmental Regulation 287 ............................ Appendix 2: IS0 14001 and Federal Regulation 295 ...... Appendix 3: Number System for Federal Laws and Regulations 299 .................................................................................. Acronyms 305 ...................... ............ ............................................ Endnotes 313 ........................................................................................ Index 329 ............................................................................................... Preface xxi Section One: The Framework Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................... Understanding Programs and Agencies 3 Overview .............................................................................................................3. Scope of Protection ......................................................................................... 3 Office Locations of the EPA and States in Each Region ................................. 5 Programs. Laws. Acts. and Regulations .......................................................... 6 Air programs ........................................................................................................6 Water programs .................................................................................................. 7 Waste programs .................................................................................................... 7 Other programs ..................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2: Summary Perspectives ............................................................................. Overview of Programs 9 Overview .............................................................................................................. 9 Environmental Content Areas and Scope of Protection ................................ 9 List of Acts ..................................................................................................... 10 Air programs .....................................................................................................1. 1 Water programs ..................................................................................................1 2 Waste programs .................................................................................................. 13 Federal facilitg compliance programs ................................................................... 14 7bxic substance programs .................................................................................... 14 Responding to contaminant release programs .......................................................1 5 Chapter 3: National Policy ............................................... National Environmental Policy Ad (NEPA) 19 Overview ............................................................................................................1 9 National Environmental Policy Act Acronyms ........................................ 19 NEPA. Need and Background ....................................................................... 19 Structure and Public Policies ........................................................................ 20 Interdepartmental environmental protection ......................................................... 21 Federal Domestic and Foreign Policy ........................................................... 22 Good Science and Innovative 'Ethnology Promoted ................................... 22 Chronology of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ............................... 23 vii viii *:* The ABCs of Environmental Regulation Chapter 4: Federal Agency Requirements ..................................... Environmental Quality Improvement Act (EQIA) 25 Overview .................... . .................................................................................. 25 Environmental Quality Improvement Act Acronyms .................................. 25 Agency Compliance Is Mandated ................................................................ 25 Reports and funding ............................................................................................ 26 Chronology of the Environmental Quality Improvement Act (EQIA) ...................... 26 Chapter 5: Preventing Pollution .................................... ... ....................... Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) 27 Overview ........................................................................................................2..7 Pollution Prevention Acronyms ................................................................... 27 Preventing Pollution ..................................................................................... 28 Requirements ......................................................................................................2 8 EPA Support to Owners. Operators. and States ..................................................... 29 Source reduction reporting ................................................................................... 29 CSI. XL. and NEPPS programs ............................................................................2 9 Chronology of Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) ........................................................ 30 Section Two: Air Chapter 6: Air Pollution ............................................................................ Clean Air Act (CAA) 33 Overview ............................................................................................................3 3 Clean Air Act Acronyms ............................................................................... 34 Regulating Air ............................................................................................... 34 Sources of Air Contaminants ........................................................................ 35 Maximum Achievable Emissions Limitations and Other Protection Programs .............................................................. 37 Prevention of significant deterioration program ............................................. 38 Risk identification program .................................................................................. 38 Accidental release controls ................................................................................... 39 Acid rain controls ................................................................................................3 9 Visibility protection and air quality ...................................................................... 39 Fuels. Additives. and Mobile Sources of Emissions ..................................... 40 Acid in the air ....................................................................................................4. 2 Ozone ........................................................................................................... 43 Lower atmospheric ozone .................................................................................... 45 Stratospheric ozone protection ..............................................................................4 5 Air Emission Standards ................................................................................ 46 Meeting the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) ............................ 47 Nonattainment areas ..........................................................................................4. 7 State Implementation Plans ......................................................................... 49
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