The A to Z of skeletal muscles PDF
Preview The A to Z of skeletal muscles
A-Z Skeletal Muscles14:A to Z Book 7/05/10 11:01 AM Page A TThhee AA ttoo ZZ ooff SSkkeelleettaall MMuusscclleess Dr A. L. Neill BSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBS [email protected] A-Z Skeletal Muscles14:A to Z Book 7/05/10 11:01 AM Page C l l i e N a d a n a m A r D © A-Z Skeletal Muscles14:A to Z Book 7/05/10 11:01 AM Page 1 The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles Introduction l This is the fourth revision of the first A to Z book, and many thlings have changed. The clinical aspects of muscle grouping and itesting has been expanded, due to strong feedback, but the listinge of the muscles and their illustration are largely unchanged. There are now 7 in the A to Z series of pocket-sized medical reference N books (see the back of the book for details) - 2 considering organs of the body, and also 2 posters on medical education on with supportive website, where all the A to Z material can be accessed as well as additional material: www.aspenpharma.com.au/atlas/student.htm a Any corrections b/n reprints are placed on this site so that the latest version and comments re any of the A to Z books may be viewed as soon as possible. d As usual the A to Zs get better if there is feedback – please send us your comments and suggestions. a Acknowledgement n Thank you ASPENpharmacare Australia for your support & assistance in this valuable project, particularly Mr. Greg Lan CEO of Aspenpharmacare a Australia, Rob Koster, Richard Clements and Ante Mihaljevic of TM Graphic Design & everyone who provided valuable feedback. m Dedication To AA and ZZ I love you. A How to use this book The structure of the A to Z books grows and develops with each publication, but trhe principle of listing structures in an alphabetical manner as far as possible and hence making the book its own index D for easy retrieval has been maintained. However this is now done after first dividing the material into a number of main topics for example muscle groups acting on significant joints, examination, palpation and testing of muscle groups prior to the main listing of each an©d every muscle - excluding some of the detailed Head and Neck muscles which can be found in the A to Z of the Head & Neck. 1 © A. L. Neill A-Z Skeletal Muscles14:A to Z Book 7/05/10 11:01 AM Page 2 The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles Features are named using in the most familiar terms anld those agreed upon by anatomical nomenclature convention avoiding l eponymous terms wherever possible but as with all anatomical i studies sometimes several terms are used to name the same feature. e Wherever this is common and to save confusion reference is made to each term. Similarly between disciplines such as radiology and osteology as well as anatomy the same view mNay be described several different ways, so when this is also common and to provide clarity these terms are mentioned. In some cases with complex muscles - several views of the same musc le are also supplied. a The text under each muscle in the main listing consists of basic minimal information such as the : Origin (O), Insertion (I), Action (A), d Blood Supply (BS), Nerve Supply (NS), Nerve Root origin (NR) and functional tests (T). The test section is by no means acomplete, although in this edition it has been added to in the front of the book with illustrations of testing of major muscle groups. It isn also expanded in the A to Z of Peripheral Nervesand will be further explored in the A to Z of muscle and PN testing. a Capitalization is used to demonstrate the muscles and bones and important componentsm. It is hoped that this will prove a valuable resource for those working on muscle examination exercise and recovery in whatever field. A Any suggestions on format or inclusions will be gratefully received This book is cross-referenced with all the other A to Zs Thank you r AmanDda Neill BSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBS ISB N 978 0 9806959 6 0 © © A. L. Neill 2 A-Z Skeletal Muscles14:A to Z Book 7/05/10 11:01 AM Page 3 The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles Table of contents l l Introduction 1 i Acknowledgement e1 Dedication 1 N How to use this Book 1 Table of Contents 3 Abbreviations 4 a Common Terms Used in the Study & Examination of Skeletal Muscles, Nerves & Bondes 5 Structure & Substructure of Skeletal Muscles 11 a Definition of Tendons & Ligaments 10 Neuro-Muscular Junction 13 n Neuro-Muscular Spindle 15 Neuro-Tendinous Spindlea 15 Anatomical Planes & Relations 17 m Anatomical Movements 19 Classification, Naming & Examination of Muscles 25 Myotomes A 27 Muscle Innervation at the Spinal Cord level 28 Segmental Mo tor Nerve Diagram 33 r Summaries Of Skeletal Muscle Groups 35 ExaminatioDn of Skeletal Muscles - major groups 61 Index - Alphabetical Listing Of Muscles 69 © 3 © A. L. Neill A-Z Skeletal Muscles14:A to Z Book 7/05/10 11:01 AM Page 4 The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles Abbreviations LL = lower limb l lig = ligament l A = actions /movements of LP = lumbar plexus a joint Lt. = Latin i aa = anastomosis or anastomoses MC = metacaerpal / metacarpo- adj. = adjective (hand) aka = also known as MCP = metacarpo-phalangeal ALL = anterior longitudinal ligament med = meNdial alt. = alternative MT = metatarsal / metatarso (foot) ant. = anterior N = nerve art. = articulation (joint w/o the NR = nerve root origin additional support structures) NS = nervous supply / nerve a AS = Alternative Spelling, generally system referring to the diff. b/n NT = nervous tissue British & American spelling Od = origin ASIS =anterior superior iliac spine P = phalangeal / phalanges / (of hip bone) phalango- b/n = between apl. = plural BP = brachial plexus PLL = posterior longitudinal BS = Blood Supply n ligament C = cervical PN = peripheral nerve c.f. = compared to post. = posterior CN = cranial nerve aR = right / resistance CNS =central nervous system ROM = range of motion Co =coccygeal S = sacral m CP =cervical plexus sing. = singular collat.= collateral SC = spinal cord CSF = Cerebrospinal fluid SN = spinal nerve CT = connective tissue SP = spinous process / sacral e.g. =example A plexus EC =extracellular (outside the cell) SS = signs and symptoms ES = Erector Spinae group of T = TEST / thoracic mus cles TOS = thoracic outlet syndrome ext. = extensor (as in muscle to TP = transverse process r extend across a joint) UL = upper limb, arm Gk. =DGreek VB = vertebral body I = insertion VC = vertebral column IC = intercarpal / intercarpo - (b/n w/n =within wrist) w/o = without IM C = intermetacarpal wrt = with respect to ©IP = interphalangeal (b/n fingers / & = and toes) IT = intertarsal / intertarso jt(s) =joints = articulations L = lumbar / left © A. L. Neill 4 A-Z Skeletal Muscles14:A to Z Book 7/05/10 11:01 AM Page 5 The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles Common terms in the Study and Examinatioln of Skeletal Muscles, Nerves and Bones l Ala wing used for winglike process e.g. on thei hip bone Ankle bend ie the “bend” b/n the leg and foot e Ante before - in front of Aperture an opening or space between bones or within a bone Aponeurosis expanded end of a tendon - sheet oNf fibrous tissue allowing for muscle insertion Appendicular (skeleton) that which is not axial i.e.the upper and lower limbs Areolar air filled bone - tooth socket Articulation joint, which is a point of contact b/n 2 opposing bones Axial(skeleton) refers to the head &trunk (vaertebrae, ribs &sternum) of the body. Basilar relating to the base or bottom of structures Basocranium base of the skull d Brachi pertaining to the arm (upper arm) Brevis short Buccal relating to the cheeka Canal tunnel / extended foramen Capitus/Caput relating to the head Carpi/Carpo- relating to the wnrist Carotid “to put to sleep”related to the carotid BVs in the neck which when compressed can put a person to sleep Cavity/Cavernous an open areaa or sinus w/n a bone or formed by 2or more bones- used interchangeably with fossa. Cephalic/Cephalo- pertaining to the head m Cervical/Cerivco- pertaining to the neck Cilli/Cillia pertaining to the eyelash / hair Colles referring to the “collar” or neck Cochlea a snail, snaillike relating to the organ of Corti in the ear A Condyle a rounded enlargement /process possessing an articulating (joint) surface. Cornu a horn as on the Hyoid bone Corona a crown. adj.- coronary, coronoid or coronal;hence ra coronal plane is parallel to the main arch of a crown which passes from ear to ear (c.f. coronal suture). Costa / Costal Dreferring to the ribs Cranium / Cranus the cranium of the skull comprises all of the bones of the skull except for the mandible, referring to the skull generally excluding the facial bones Crest prominent sharp thin ridge of bone formed by the © attachment of muscles particularly powerful ones eg Temporalis / Sagittal crest Cuneate / Cuneus a wedge / wedge-shaped Cutus referring to skin,hence cutaneous branches of Ns go to the skin Deltoid D-Shaped 5 © A. L. Neill A-Z Skeletal Muscles14:A to Z Book 7/05/10 11:01 AM Page 6 The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles Dens/ Dentine/ Dentate a tooth,relating to teeth, denticulate hlaving tooth-like projections (see odontoid) l Depression a concavity on a surface Diaphragm a partition or separating wall i Diaphysis the body of a long bone. In the young this is the e region between the growth plates. Digit / Digitorum relating to the fingers or toes Dislocation a displacement of anything Nparticularly bone (also called luxation) Distal further awayfrom the core opposite to Proximal Dorsal / Dorsi relating to the back or the back of something e.g. the hand Elbow any bend in the arma referring to the elbow b/n arm and forearm Eminence a smooth projection on a bone. Epi- on top of d Epiphysis the end of a long bone beyond the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) - 2 epiphyses to each long bone. Facet a face, a smaall bony surface (occlusal facet on the chewing surfaces of the teeth) seen in planar joints. Femoris pertaining to the thigh Fissure a narrown slit or gap from cleft. Foramen anatural hole in a bone usually for the transmission of blood vessels and/or nerves. (pl. foramina). Fornix an aarch Fossa a pit, depression, or concavity, on a bone, or from several bones as in temporomandibular fossa- more m like a “bowl” than a cavity Fovea a small pit (usually smaller than a fossa)- as in the fovea of the occlusal surface of the molar tooth. Fracture break # particularly of bone Genio/Genu Apertaining to theknee Geneio pertaining to the chinadj. geneio Glossus / Glosso pertaining to the tongue Gluteal / Gluteus pertaining to the buttocks Groove long pit or furrow, as on the Humerus Hamus r a hook hence the term used for bones which “hook around other bones or where other structures are able D to attach by hooking - hamulus = a small hook. Hyoid U-shaped Incisura a notch. Inter between (b/n) Int ra within (w/n) ©Lacerum something lacerated, mangled or torn eg foramen lacerum small sharp hole at the base of the skull often ripping tissue in trauma. Lacrimal related to tears and tear drops. (noun lacrima) Lamina a plate as in the lamina of the vertebra a plate of bone connecting the vertical & transverse spines (pl. laminae) © A. L. Neill 6 A-Z Skeletal Muscles14:A to Z Book 7/05/10 11:01 AM Page 7 The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles Lesion deficit or injury - lack of function arising from palthology Ligament fibrous tissue joining bone to bone l Linea a line as in the nuchal lines of the Occiput, linea aspera of the Femur i Lingual pertaining to the tongue e Lip projection over the usual margin - e.g. the Glenoid lip (often pathological) Locus a place (c.f. location, locate, dislocNate). Longus long Lumbar back - generally the lower part of the back (lumbago) Magnum large pl magna Mandible from the verb to chew, hence, the movable lower jaw; adj.- mandibular. a Mastoid a breast or teat shape - mastoid process of the Temporal bone. Maxilla the jaw-bone; now usedd only for the upper jaw; adj.- maxillary. Meatus ashort passage; adj.- meatalas in external acoustic meatus connecting athe outer ear with the middle ear. Medulla middle Mental relating to the chin (mentum = chin not mens = mind) Metaphysis the slightly expannded end of the shaft of a bone. Mylo- relating to the molar teeth (from grinding as in a mill) Notch an indentation in the margin of a structure. Nucha the nape ora back of the neck adj.- nuchal. Oblique / Obliquuis pertaining to a slope or slant e.g. muscles slanting downwards etc m Occiput the prominent convexity of the back of the head Occiput = Occipital bone adj. occipital Oculus / Ocular an eye / relating to an eye Odontoid relating to teeth, toothlike see Dens Omo- pAertaining to the shoulder Orbit a circle; the name given to the bony socket in which the eyeball rotates;adj - orbital. Orifice an opening. Oris / Ora relating to the mouth Os / Osseus / Ossrei a bone / bonelike, referring to bone Ostium a door, an opening, an orifice. Ovale DOval shaped Palate a roof adj.- palatal or platatine. Palm / Palmar referring to the palm of the hand - anterior in the anatomical position Palpebra pertaining to the eyebrow Parietal© pertaining to the outer wall of a cavity from paries, a wall Parotid pertaining to a region beside or near the ear Pars a part of Pectus/ Pectorial referring to the anterior wall of the chest / breast Pennate resembling a feather Peroneus referring to the lower legadj. - peroneal 7 © A. L. Neill A-Z Skeletal Muscles14:A to Z Book 7/05/10 11:01 AM Page 8 The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles Phalanx/Phalanges small bones of the fingers or toes -3/lfinger (2/thumb 2/big toe) l Piriform pear shaped Plantae referring to the sole of the footadij - plantar Process a general term describing any marked projection or e prominence as in the mandibular process. Prominens a projection Prone to place face down,or lie onN the anterior surface (opposite supine) Pterygoid wing-shaped Pubis/Pubic “hairy”, pertaining to the hairy part of the hip Quadratus square or rectangular s haped Radial/Radialis pertaining to the radaial or lateral bone of the forearm Recess a secluded area or pocket;a small cavity set apart from a main cavity. Rectus straight - erect d Rhomboid rhomboid shaped (squashed, leaning square) Ridge elevated bony growth often roughened. Risorius laughter, smaile Root the segments of origin as in Nerve Root (NR) of the Peripheral Nerve made up from several points of exit from then SC Rotundum round Sagittal an arrow;the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly, makaing it look like an arrow by the lambdoid sutures. Salpingo pertaining to a tube Scalene uneven, one side very different to the other m Sesamoid grainlike Sigmoid S-shaped, from the letter Sigma which is S in Greek. Sinus a space usually within a bone lined with mucous membrane, such as the frontal and maxillary sinuses Ain the head, (also, a modified BV usually vein with an enlarged lumen for blood storage and containing no or little muscle in its wall). Sinuses may contain air, venous or arterial blood, lymph or serous fluid depending upon location and health of the subject r adj.- sinusoid. Skull the skull refers to all of the bones that comprise the D head. Spine a thorn - descriptive of a sharp, slender process / protrusion. adj. - spinous Splanchocranium refers to the facial bones of the skull - most muscles to this region are innervated by the Facial (CN VII) and © Trigeminal (CN V) nerves. Subluxation partial dislocation of bone, generally in the VC, used to account for any mechanical impediment to N function Sulcus long wide groove often due to a BV indentation Supine to place face up or to lie on posterior surface (opposite prone) © A. L. Neill 8
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