The 1991 Lead / Copper Drinking Water Rule and the 1995 Decision Not to Revise the Arsenic

79 Pages·00.3 MB·English

by  Mark R. Powell

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The 1991 Lead/Copper Drinking Water
Rule & the 1995 Decision Not to Revise
the Arsenic Drinking Water Rule: Two
Case Studies in EPA's Use of Science
Mark R. llewoP
Discussion Paper 97-05
)desive R7(9 9h1craM
1616 P Street, NW
6 3C,0 Dn0o2tgnihsaW
0005-82 3e-n2o0h2peleT
0643-9 3x9a-F202
© 7991 secruoseR rof eht .erutuF llA sthgir.devreser
tu odnhe ot crii fsouetwyoiNdpra hoaometrppbper
permission of the authors.
Discussion papers are research materials circulated by their
srohtua rof sesoprup fo noitamrofni dna .noissucsid yehT
have not undergone formal peer review or the editorial
sk oFdoFebRdro ctcnaemtaert and other publications.
Lead and Arsenic in Drinking Water i
tcartsbA
ef aeS hrted nsunoisic eod w nteicnei c fseo sdu nnaoitisiuq csa’A PsEessucs irdep aspihT
t crAet agWniknirD e hd tnsanoitalug erret agwnikni rdda ee l hfntooisiv e1r9 9:e 1ht
gnikni r ndciines rea hgtnisiv e frdoaets nhicraes elranoitid deausr u opntoisic e5d991
A PnEiht iswruenerpert nyecil ofdpon adbettim m ,oaecs atcs r .ie dfhnrtIadna trsetaw
s’ycneg aeh tn idetalumucc ada hhcih wnoitamrofn icifitneic sdetnemelppu sdn adezilibom
.e ahndtIne gyarotalug esr’ycne ge ahprtuet agwnikni rnddia eelcr oomftargo rrpia
AP Eroine sf osdnim e hgtnik aymfits u ojetcnei cestauqe dsa aewre h,tsrekamnoisiced
” oorg tawfo hs “anwoitse ulqaciti re ch;ttnegnir tesr onmoitalug erret agwnikni rnddiael
fe ossu’ycne ge ahtta httne t .xe sehoetTrutidnep xeecnailpm oycrotalug efsromr enti
d ntanegnir tesr oemzilanoit adrlu o tc,ietamit ssetifen eybrotalug eer hdtesaerc neicneics
. snoitalug eyrltsoc cifitnei ces hytl nto o,nret agwnikni r ndciines r faeos aec hntI
e h,tsts oeccnailpm oycrotalug eer hots lta usbks ihrtla eeh hgtnitamit s nesieitniatrecnu
er eywal e fdsotcap mhitla echilb udpemuse rep hdt n,asts oecso h ftnooitubirtsid
.cines rfsaoks ihrtla ee h hnhtocraes elranoitid deausr uonptoisic ee d hnttinatropmi
eAsPu Ea,creebvewoH e obrtedisn oyce htta hewtalucit r oadteli aefv ashrekamnoisiced
serudeco rtpnemsses skas itrluaf emdo rgfnitrap eydfits u ojetcnedi vceifitnei cgsnillepmoc
erutu fetatilica flli whcraese rerutu ftah tyleki lsse lsmee st i,esa csih tni .gnikamnoisiced
yrotalug er rodfede eant acdifitnei cfnsooitaren ee g hostttnemidep meitartsul lsies ahctoB
mo rdfetti m r onodietrots i e dobntoitamrof nciifitnei crs olfaitnet oep h,tgnikamnoisiced
yrota leuhgter neewt esbeiraidemret n yidbeya lspel oyr eek hdt n,asseco rgpnikamnoisiced
d nsatsitneics .A PnEiht iswrekamnoisiced
Lead and Arsenic in Drinking Water ii
tcartsbA
stnet nefoloCbaT
Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ iii
.A el urRet agWnikni rrDeppoC/da e1L9 9e1hT ................................ ............................... 1
1. dnuorgkcaB ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 1
2. seuss IcifitneicS ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 6
3. ehT ssecorP AP EnihtiW ................................ ................................ ...................... 14
4. noisice Dlani Feh tn iecneicS ................................ ................................ ................ 23
5. snoitavres bgOnidulcnoC ................................ ................................ ..................... 25
secnerefeR ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 28
snoitaiverbb Af otsiL ................................ ................................ ............................ 31
B. el urRet agWnikni rcDines reA hetsiv e oRtt onNoisic e5D9 9e1hT ........................... 32
1. dnuorgkcaB ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 32
2. seuss IcifitneicS ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 37
3. ehT ssecorP AP EnihtiW ................................ ................................ ...................... 47
4. noisice Dlani Feh tn iecneicS ................................ ................................ ................ 63
5. noC snoitavres bgOnidulc ................................ ................................ ..................... 67
secnerefeR ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 69
snoitaiverbb Af otsiL ................................ ................................ ............................ 73
Lead and Arsenic in Drinking Water iii
INTRODUCTION
ta httcej o ftraor pae prraep anpoissucs isdi hndtiedulc nsieidu tess aechT
hetthnitewme eervgiata rre e pgdaonnoiuctc u) d FsneFiorRc u(sreteohucftFruoseR
.e F hFmTRo rtfropp ulsaren ehgt id wn)aAP Ey(cne gnAoitceto rlPatnemnoriv n.ES.U
si hdt n,a69 9 n15i0- 7r9ep anPoissucs iFD F sRdaett eyvllanigi reor esweidu tessac
snoitcerr odc nsatnemm olcufe syun asmtcelf errep anpoissucs ied h ftnooisr edvesiver
.sreweive ry bdeilppus
ehT cifitnei c fseo sdu nnaoitisiuq cea hhtt idwenrecn oycldao r sbyidu tlslarevo
yrotalug e nryicne gnAoitceto rlPatnemnoriv neE h ytnboitamrofni e h .Tgnikamnoisiced
r itAneib mlAanoit agNnitt e,s.g. eg(nikamel ulranoit a nnyolfei hscesuc oyfdu tlslarevo
cificeps-et iodstesop ps,oa)secnatsb ucsix orstoedicits egpninn ad bnsadradna tyStilauQ
,ydu tssi hfstoesopr ue .phr )tonFoitcel eysdem edrnufrep u,S.g. eg(nikamnoisiced
nam u ohstks igrnisses s nadie s eunb atca hntoitamrof n oistref e”recneic sl“atnemnorivne
gnireenig nde ncaimono c,eerofe r.e th nTe(mnoriv nee hdt n,aerafl e,whtlaeh noitamrofni
sreh td onsarekamycil oppl eoshtm itacejo r)e p.hyTdu tssi hfstouc offe i th aocenra
fe osd unnaoitisiuq csa'A PeEcneulf ntia hstesseco rd pnsarotc ae fhdtnatsred nruetteb
r osfnoitadnemmoc eertaula vreett enb ayce htta h otgsnikamel ulranoit a nneicneics
.secitca rdp n,aseicil o,psnoitutits nyirotalug elratnemnoriv ngenivorpmi
:trop elrl uef h otstecidnep p sadaedulc n eilbl isweidu tess atchg i,el lnaI
• r odfradna tyStila urQ itAneib mlAanoit aeN h ftnooisiv e7R891
)SQA AsNe(talucitraP
• en o rzSoOQf A eAehNsti vtoneotoRNisi c3e9D91
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ArW eDddSrnaudnatS
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dn a,edicignuF t ceAdicitnedoR
• n sa&oBtse b9s8A91 lor tsneocCnat scb iurexS eho edtTtlnuuuoResahP
tcA
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retaw/r idaenibm oe chfttor as pat (crAet anWae le Chrted nsutneulffe
) 3 d9ne9is1op o”re plruertsulc“
• set igSnin idMnufrep u tSlai o nSdiaeL
tcejo re phosttrosiv dlaamrof nhit inwoitatlusn ondcietcel eesr esweidu tess aechT
.snoisic eydrotalug eA rPfeEolpm aesvitatneserp ermrood n sdaaaerdnet nt ioe nrdana
. nsaaAirtsed ereponitu osdraeziretcara hyclri aedfblu osceidu tess ae chfetonoN
.snoisic eA dPfnEooitubirts ie dhfd ton”eeliforp-hgi he “hdtraw odtn estes ae ch,tpuorg
d nlaacitil oep h ntyitilibair aevm o sseire h,tseidu tess aec hgtno m,asselehtreveN
.ecneic sgniylredn ueh tf otnempoleve df oleve leh tn idn adevlovn isekat scimonoce ehT
r inAael Cs(etuta tysrotalug elratnemnoriv n”elanoita ne“ h fthoc aeevlov ndietcel essesac
,edicitces nlIared e;Ft clAortn osCecnatsb ucSix o;Tt crAet agWnikni reDf a;StcA
Lead and Arsenic in Drinking Water vi
dn a,edicignuF edicitnedoR ostnoisic eedvlov nsies ao cwd tn,a)t crAet anWae ld Cn;at cA
s e rsefeahodctni a dmeoeehts rto ,ps)pacoine sdernnaao zosouu(qt aenthistatniam
.o usquta tes hmto refgna h ocstnoisic eedvlov nhicihw
Methodology
ret nd inwaeiv eerrutaret indloes as basweidu tess ae chfttonempoleveD sweiv
deir ayvdu tess arc espeeweivret n firoebm ue.n hA TPeEdist udo neadis nsinosr ehptiw
puo re ghneticnal aebrus notetrof fns eaae wr.e nhe Tz onoatedz of dl maao hryflhguor
froebm ulnla myslevital eer h fteosuac etb u,bydu tess arcalucitr ayp nra osftnednops efro
,sse cnooript ce erfe luohmettosadnnar -sdentnhonatnednopser extreme dluo hnsoituac
sweivr e.t dneItrop ee rrtaa hsteiramm uessnops elracirem ue nhgtniterpret nnniiek aetb
,ses aecm ont siu,btamr oefriannoitse udqerutcu r gtansi syulirami rdpetcudn oecrew
e h ftdoaets nsieus srialucitr agpnidrag esrlaudivid nciifice pmso rtfhgu oesr eswtnemmoc
sweivret n,iseidu tess arcalucitr aocptifice pssweivret nonitoiti d. denalI o sheaawsac
rem r dotnfnaer rsfuwoc e eithvitc iyoldte ultlsar e ev rhodoteftcud noo scelraew
sreh tdo n,aseus seicnei cysrotalug e nrsitsilaice p,sstsitnei crsoin e,ssrekamycilop
yn aemtaroproc nois lsaeidu tess ae.c heTcnei c fseo sdu nnaoitisiuq csa’A PgEnidrager
.seeweivret neise hmto rsfthgis ndi nsatnemmoc
rnooitubirt tr aogfnikae pfnsooit pe ohntev iegr esweeweivret n,isecnats nl ilnaI
.edtr eolc peAmro-ceht - kfd afeoeottp cssetlneedno ptlssle oar,dmdnlraaocer-eht-ffo
n sadaedulc n eilbl iywdu tlslare veo hrt osfeeweivret n0i 0n1a hetr oem h ftgonitsil
slaudivid ntia hdteredisn osceeweivret n finooitcel e es. htTrop elran ief h otxtidneppa
detniop pyallacitil oep h otttsyla nfafa tyscne gea hhtguor httsitnei chscn eeb hmtorf
evitamrof neidivo rdplu o,wycne gea hetdist umoo rsfetacov d salal e sw,arekamnoisiced
er esweeweivret nfeiogn aerd ie whgt n.o smeAvitcepsrep : A rPe E m5f ro6of
re m trrn ooed,fr nsr5aruoctartsini mydtAu pree Dm trrn ooe,fr sr4ruoctartsinimdA
d ntanerr ulcarev e;sffa tlsanoissergn orcemr ortfoner r ;u4scrotartsinim dtAnatsissA
d nyartsud n fisoevitatneserp esruoir a;vsrebm edmra oyBrosiv deAcnei cAS PrEemrof
e hmto rsfcimeda cda n;astsilanru oljatnemnoriv n;espuo rygcacov dlaatnemnorivne
dn a,ygolohcys p,ecneic slacitilo p,scimonoc e,htlae hcilbu p,ygoloi bf osdlei fesrevid
gni r. rysuhe cpsd cos noseea ochttlots uirrr Bhpeeopdttntueb within,ycne ge aht
A PrEemr od fntanerr ugcno mmao rdfetcel eysletanoitroporps iedr esweeweivretni
.slaiciffo
,snigi re ohp taotmtrof fnfseaotsisn osceidu tess ae chfetoruta etfnenimo rAp
hsilpmoc c. oanToisic erdalucitr a oapgtnital enroitamrof nciifitnei c fstocef fde n,awolf
. gsnAiled otmropsna rd tneat aoyftgola ndaednet xnfe eaoseuk asmeidu tess ae ch,tsiht
d ntanemev oem hsttcide reprudeco rgpniled osmi h,ttnemsses skas i nrdiesu
., nsou ihtTanits eedtamit lruie honttigi rftooni orpie hmto rsftnatull ofnpooitamrofsnart
”gnittim es“etutits nhicraes edr nsaeitisrevi neuniga mni aec n,oygola nea hdtnet xoet
stnatlusno cdn aaide meh ty b”demrofsnart “dn adetanimessi der ahcih w,sgnidni fcifitneics
ne hsnwirett aepvitanre t .ln yaAc(ne ge ahetdistuo nihti wdetarene ger asgnidni fcifitneics
”,setu oerrusopx ee“lpitl uhmguor hA tPrEet nn eaeccn e)i .csStsitnei cyscne gyAabPE
s inoitamrofn i,ycneg aeh tedisn iecn o;yltnereffi dnoitamrofn ietalimiss ahcihw
Lead and Arsenic in Drinking Water v
et as.fi )hrTekam-noisic eedh t”(nag rtoegra te “ho”ttyrevile ds “toritoi r”pdezilobatem“
eso hfyton afrmoalucanr ee vhfttor astepiisuac edbetpo dsyaigolonimr ettropsna rdtna
eru g. isFtlus eyrdu tes h ftsore seutamit leu h ftyon a fmdo nnaoitamrof nei hgtnidivorp A
noitalug elratnemnoriv n neeicnei c fstoropsna rdt neat aef h ftloed odmeifilpm isastneserp
.sesopr uepvitartsul lriof
Figure An.oitalug elRatnemnoriv n nEeicnei c fStoropsna rdT ne at aF
Science disseminated,
transformed, and Science delivered
Science emitted reviewed externally
Sources of lanretxE APE
ecneicS srotaideM
lanretnI oisiceD
otaideM re knaM
X (cid:222) X (cid:222) Y Y (cid:222) z
Science received, stored,
reviewed, and
transformed internally
before delivery to
decisionmaker.
Science deposited into reservoir
snoits esusqe r tdopdtm ae ,testwlae dloamutpec ne os egcefsnhouitkaM
eh ttuob ayllacificeps scientific information shac u,sseidu tess aec h fthoc a nei : tahwera
? snoitubirtn oecvital errie hd tnsaecru oesht ?y rtne-fo-stn i e oeheprtraehw ohw eraeht
?srep eeketag ? msinahc etmropsna rltanret nei h sttiahw noitamrof nei h stwioh
? ycne ge ahhtguor hstwo l tsfdiaemrofsnart detoat c titsan ’ ehutndowmesndmgeaoocd
eht ?rekamnoisiced ?deilpp ayletamitl unoitamrofn ieh ts iwo hdn aereh wdna
sotnemmoC :doetsse r ddeldbu aoshesid ue tsensahct
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secruoseR rof ehterutuF
1616 P St., NW
,C.6Dh3 s0a0W2
:let 0705-823/202
0643- 9:3x9a /f202
:liame gro.ffr@llewop
Lead and Arsenic in Drinking Water 1
A. The 1991 Lead/Copper Drinking Water Rule
1. dnuorgkcaB
5 7,n9)i1AW D tSrc(eA tganWikn ier fD4a 7 S e9eoh1sttnop sneIr APE
mumix ataM ehsci hdwa erl onfoitalug erRet agWnikni rmDiret n nIdaetaglumorp
0 f5)oLC Ml(ev etLnanimatnoC gnikni rrdeh tro osfel ue rk. i)Lnoill irb esptra pb(pp
delbu orhes t e awehr wor to chesoihatfwic e t psoesa nlwdu a ree,hlsttnanimat nroectaw
ere hrwett aommte et sod nitsditnanimatn ot cs .or emocFnailpm oecrus nodetelpmas
tdaerusa es manwoitartnecn oecm ae shytlhgu oercn i,snek aetr eswelpm arset agwniknird
l a etefcehor mtuyorsam ie,rhr pte.vte n watolnHpemta erre ttganwi k pne saihetatrthadt
,erofer e. hmTets yysrevil eed hmto rdfehca edla etl urbet aewcru oes h ntdia etl osni
re tganwikn itrndev e trdopln utonw atlnpemta e errtheta ttma owd r alffeaolvomer
.gnibmul py bnoitanimatnoc
4 8 e9n n1IauJ hguor hdta eonlterdli hfecorusop xe ehdtezitama rhdci hewsac
delae vle rrsitgtesuhcas sdalMo-htn o nmnt u- osar4de2ot oelnbi t, uraoe rtganwiknird
da(el-doolb 2f)4omaertsdoo le bhndtia efnlooitartnecn o,c.e. il(ev e)lBbP m g/ Ld
r osfretn eeC hnta hrtehg iyhlbaredisn osc alwev esl i. h)Tretilic erd espmargorcim(
dr a,ydo o,ferutinr u,ftni agpnitanimi lree t. fnArecn o fcloev eglnineer css’lortn oeCsaesiD
derevocs isdlaicif fhotla echilb u,perusop xdea eel h ftsoecru oeslbiss o spsay odt n,alios
d0poe9utn3iat nroec t pasaw’tyli m eathfatht ydbetanimatn ogcni esb adw ndaa eblpp
e(m odhetcurtsn oyclw een h ntginibmu l npriedl odsael Stapleton 1994, pp. 89-90). 1 y B
la olGev etLnanimatn omCumix ae Mhrtew oodltesopo rd paA hP,E58 9r1ebmevoN
)GL CrMo( fdael ot 02 bpp( Fed. Reg., Vol. 50, p. 46936).
yra u.n santJIne vynebekatre vs oanwoisiv edresopo rsp’ycne ge ah,trevewoH
sen i nlriedl odsa e fleo seu h ntno atbsr isf’noit aen hdtetutits nsittesuhcass a,M6891
r(et agwnikni rgdniyrrac notelpatS ,4991 .pp .)09-98 nI yaM ,6891 eht .S.UssergnoC
slairet a fmeo seurut udfenn ahbci h,wstnemdne mAAW DeS hhtguor h ntdiehgiew
d nsamets yrset agwnikni rcdilb u np)isep idp n,axu l,fredl o,s.g. ed(a eglniniatnoc
gnibmu lrp odfe ssusa r fbtonetn odca eel hdtetim idl nmae h otdtetcenn oscecnediser
r o,fda eglnidulc n,istnanimatn o 3cd8ets iols lsatnemdne m6A8 9 e1. h)Tsgnitt i nf,i.g.e(
polev eydlsuoenatlum i osst aAw PhEcihw ret agWnikni ryDrami rlPanoit adN nsaGLCM
s(noitalugeR .)s RWDPN eli h,wsla odgesab-htla eehlbaecrofne-n oen rsaGLCM
hcih ws(RWDPN rehti eedulcni )tsetsnemeri ugqneirrot irnoo /mtdnneam ts aLreCorMt
t ashttce r Ai. Wds eDdhSrTadn aetlsbaecrofne o nh“ci h twlaev e talta e essbGLCM
etauqe dnsaawol lhaci hd wnrauc csonosr efhpotla ee hhnstotcef fdeetapicit nrnaowonk
esu oe”H h.Tytef a fsnoigram e fesoarins etfh aitdhett alt ls4i 7b e9tnh1rotopeR
t eedsbluo h)sla odgesab-htla eehh tL (CdMednemmoc ee rh,ttnanimat n r oaodcflohserht

1 gmn o isrdnef eosfdtsaoaniceeo lmp s tureacethowot denAiver tapwater date back to the 1920s and that
this particular case was not reported in the scientific literature until 1989. This episode is not cited to
y l tpdameh it tAatPv iEie tsooot mpeoostr ipev heGtrL C, Mr ne;iv5e8w9o1h notel p)a4t9S9s1t(seggus
that this particular episode dramatized the danger of lead solder in Massachusetts, which instituted the
nation’s first ban on lead solder in lines carrying drinking water shortly thereafter.
Lead and Arsenic in Drinking Water 2
y.d t coe ea,nrt oh seecet tAtrtgzehWeonare tDsieiho Srm dtt ePd6Ahn9Wte9Dm1Sa
e(lbisa e sf siGaL CeM h otetso l sctananimatn orac oLfCM Fed. Reg., Vol. 56, p.
26460). 2
ededsa heieotsvltoe pryo c r,n ep8eth8gst 9aun1gIuA ,GL CrMet agwnikni rndi
RW( D dP,nNLaCM Fed. Reg. , .loV ,35 .p ,)61513 dna eht elur enu Jn idezilani fsaw
1991 ( Fed. Reg.,stnedece repm odsehsilbat seel ulra n .ie )fh0T64 6., 2p6.5l o,V
lev enloit c naganihsilbat sde nnaegonicrac-n oran oofr e fzGoL C nMganitt egsnidulcni
A,PgEnikame lduer s .do oLepn tC soaeM nor h,Ippsttpanoemta edretific egpnsireggirt
d e nsLa oC fpMdoo ar5hp ycne ge aht tu,btna lrpet agwnikni re dhtdtaerusa ebmpp
lf5eo1 vneoli t ecdhaettpoda de r tub aspea pheptma tsrneee ir cdluforrltotuoapoasc
yrn e.Hp eyRlbat o,nssergn o fCsorebm eem m. orSet agwnikni r nddiael -D (namxaW
lacir eg mnauint toegse rnoootfisi cse’d AdPeEtset osrppu olragtnemnori v dn,ne)aAC
el u er. heTcrof n oettluciff iedr o emdblu olwev enloit c nadaeveil eybe hetsuac eLbCM
ht i,wA PydEbetpo drae vseel urret agwnikni redvisnep xtes oe m hfet onoos lsaaw
r(a ery enpoill i0m97$-00 5 t$daetamit ssets oeccnailpmoc Fed. Reg., Vol. 56, p. 26539).
ehT 1r9e9p1poC/daeL 3eer hott ndietarap eens bagcnikamel urret agwnikni rd
parts e h);t2da eglnillortn or coyfgetar tasidem-it l tuapmo donatoisi c :ee dh)t1
daeya lepcne i. cRSWD PeN h ftnooitalumr oef h )td3 n;aGL CeM h ftnooitanimreted
floortn oe ch,tt s.r ginFikamel ue rhfstotnenopm oecer he thfhtoc aneeil olraitnatsbus
detrecn otcsr isf’A PfeE o nftoor asdpaewe iyvletairporp psraiet agwnikni rnddiael
aidem-itl usm’ycne g ea. htTnatull oapidem-itl u samlaacime heactalug e orsttpmetta
ndierusa esmlev edla etla hntoitingoc eer h ntdoes asb adwa eglnillortn orc oyfgetarts
secr usousoi rma overkfa t dpsnuearuso ptfxloeu s m eeuerh srtee n wdodnboaolb
,li o,sdo o,fret a,wri aa(id edm n)agnibmu ldpa e,ltni adpa e,lsnoissi moet uda nlaairtsudni(
sadaa e flnooitacifissa lsc triedisn oycllacip ydtlu oAw PhEguoht l,adno c. e)Sts uddna
s’da e,lor e fzGoL C nMtanarr a owttneiciff u ssnaegonicr ancam uehlbaborp
nekatre v.s onatowIisic erdet agwnikni re dhnetitanidrob udseredn es raywticinegonicrac
-n osn’da erl odflohser hetlbinrecs i od sneire htta hntoini pcoifitnei c fseocnecsela oyacb
d nyatili bganinra edleriap mrialucitr a np,istcef freecnac-n oen htta hdt nsatcef freecnac
eh tnah tsuoire sero mere w,nerdlih cn itnempoleve dlacisyh pdn alatne mlamro nn isyaled

2 roirP ot eht 6 9,9s1tnemdne meaht AWDS did to nyltici ltpcxeerid APE ot redisn o,csts o,crevewohno
eht sisab fo 4791 esuoH trope Regaugnal dna 689 1stnemetats ni elhatnois s,edrrgoncoeCRAPE
leadln nboyaaibdg reyorl f byfyat a gnis foolGso lsiL io oabCn ttneiMaedahrsehehcamtttee“etfrpretni
neagtriall ocpiolrbtuepm ret a”wsmetsys( Fed. Reg. , .loV ,45 .) 4.9p0p22-39 022 elihW eht APEdewollof
noi tyat t isefliroihpb trinesitaneif eht esac fo dael ngini kr neesittn rairddwpeesccenidoocv ybemos
tuoba eht stsoc eyfcronoatiall purmgooefcr l l,asmms e gtgnsn iyiekcs dhaisrtmn’aneygosceirnrsaeigcaed
g nrn ieidkt enasciw anr yhed nyludeb tleesa ftbtee ncsrhtie ogtajdcholtrupo we benros bry eblillapmpsus
fi eht LCM rof cinesra erew yllaitnatsbus .derewol eeS( eht gniynapmocca cinesra ni gniknird retawesac
). yt d cs u rAetteeePrn sl ld Eie eb Lb iodm 6hsie CiastdA9TasndMsnnW9ainaoeD1efaecmSfefAd
elb a ,do srtem ogettfrtuifasbm alyreysehc ptnde rgo raatted phnf otaisdot tanseiahf tefnoee lbebhitsaef
standard do not warrant the costs.
3 EPA promulgated the rules for lead and copper concurrently because both occur in drinking water as
;,srt ecnvuo edig wosneoroihhprk t-ra,yo mlbcreaoli fusr rredepnvpao ory c tlssneaiovwhcit-tnaeolsnearc
.seus sdia enylolevisulc xseesuc oyfduts
Lead and Arsenic in Drinking Water 3
. stcef freecn alcaitnetop gnikni r nddia e fleocru orsoj aem htta hntoitazila eer h,tdrihT
noitubirts ied hdt nganibmu ldplohesu o nhsilairet ammo rdfedorr odca esl arwetaw
ret agwnikni r nddia e flsotnemerusa etma hntoitavres beo hhtt inwoitanibm o nc,imetsys
RWD PntNapo doA atPdEedausr e,pem irte vp oaetm ae shtytatilibair atvae rygalpsid
re tsfasowenevisor r eoehcctu dtoentremta erret tganwiriu qleer vneol i dtsnecaanagised
ro/d n,ada eglniniatn oscen ielcivr erset a fwtonemecalp e,rmets ynsoitubirts ied hnti
source water treatment.
ecnei ceshT e hgtnitalumr o nfsinoitubirtn otcnatrop meid aymrtsime hrcet afwo
fyocacif fe ehttuo bsaeitniatrec neulbaredisn odceniam eerre ht tu,bstnemeriuq etrnemtaert
.p ae thtstalev edla eoslten ielcivr edsa efnlooitubirtn oe chd tnsalortn oncoisorroc
,RWD PeN h fttonempolev eed h nteilor--laicu rtcub--tcerid n nidaeya lops leacneicS
d nyafitna uonqtoitamrof nciifitnei ce ssdulu oA cPtEa httnet xe e hoettsuaceb ezitenom
feomig etrnegnir tesr oyamfits udjlu oyccne gea h,tstifen ehbtla eyhrotalug erretaerg
.stnemeriuq egrnirotin od mntanemtaert
noitalug edra ellanoit aftnonempolev ee dhr todfnuorgkc asbedivo r1 p-eAlbaT
n .Ignikamelu rreta wgniknir dn idae leh tf oenilemi tasedivor p2- Aelb a .Tycilo pdna
tnempolev eydrotalug erret agwnikni rdda eel h,tsla odgesab-htla eghnihsilbat s fesomret
ri aAP Eeh tro fdn ay bdemrofre psisylan acifitneic seh tn o”dekcab-yggip “yllaitnesse
s aewre h,tret agwnikni ror dtimao rdfetfi hesun ee vhhtguoht l, at.c manafIrgo ryptilauq
er heetvto a tb enrekh iadott poa”thstretca r taf s h oyaecntchii“tunit neolcbaredisnoc
e hntiht iswruenerpert nyecil o fpdon adbettimm o,acyletami t. lyUgetar tdsa esl’ycnega
n idetalumucc aycamitige ldn a,sisylan a,ata dcifitneic seh tdezilibo mylevitceff eycnega
tnem tferona o peymhco tnced ehe)gtt ma(rr a oitrdpaignsoa nr rapoerthtethotn(a
.)marg orre ptganwiknird 4 nsitcef fhetla esh’da efelocnei ce shoettrusop xreo i roe ptuD
dezitisne sdn ahti wrailima fere wslaiciff oycneg aroine s,margor pytilau qri aeh tnoitaler to
s i. heTso rnaoisic erdet agwnikni red hnte hnwoitamrof nciifitnei ctsnavel eer h fthocum
d nganitropsna rrt oeflbisnops eerso hdtna--ecnei ces hdtelba nyetivitisn egsnitsixe-erp
ret agwnikni r nddia eel h ntticap mdi nsasec cealbaredisn oecv aoht-- tginitnemelppus
.gnikamelur
re vdoevlo v,e19 9 n1dietalucit ryallamr o,fygetar tdsa ealidem-itl usm’ycne geahT
sruenerpert nyecil o spganit c,affa tAs P fEpouo rtgnet ohapci hgwnir usdra eyynam ,
”.aif adMae Le“ h st,aylgnirim dda nyalgnigaraps ihdt o,bnwo nekmac etba hdwemrof
eht--ygeta rdt asse’lycn e egtfhanotenop m eohncgouohtlA --enilos a ngdia e fltouoesahp
evitceffe-ts otcs oem hstpahr e spdarag esrtsyla nyan atma h nwdietlus esrah
,sko oe bhnntooitalug elratnemnorivne eh t,f on5oitatnemelpm idn a,ro fsisa bcifitneic seh t
ysrevort ntoncer rsefuuh occty.orlf aami isArrpevor te onuetonbcit nyogcetarts

4 sA desu ni eht cilbup yc ielrouptar e,t.igl.e (nodgni K,)4891 eht tpecnoc fo syrcuielnoe prspreerftenreot
t ce etofat fc teodesvnhyda tla tasr n eefaeipohtxti e ld e anyhouetthqliwbnu m ymsc o rifceelohbotmpem
policy change, particularly through advancing ideas onto the policy agenda.
5 ,eeS r o,fe lype mn,at)xr0eo9P91 (.pp.36-26