Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology PDF
Preview Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology
TEXTBOOK of Veterinar y Diagnostic Radiolog y TEXTBOOK of Veterinar y Diagnost ic Radiolog y Seventh Edition DONALD E. THRALL, DVM, PHD Emeritus Professor College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina Radiologist and Quality Control IDEXX Telemedicine Consultants Clackamas, Oregon 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 TEXTBOOK OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY, SEVENTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-48247-9 Copyright © 2018 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Previous editions copyrighted 2013, 2007, 2002, 1998, 1994, and 1986. International Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-48247-9 Senior Content Strategist: Jennifer Flynn-Briggs Senior Content Development Manager: Lucia Gunzel Content Development Specialist: Lucia Gunzel Publishing Services Manager: Julie Eddy Senior Project Manager: Marquita Parker Design Direction: Maggie Reid Printed in the United States of America Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors Kate Alexander, DMV, MS, DACVR Robert Cole, DVM, DACVR Veterinary Radiologist Assistant Professor Associate Professor, Diagnostic Imaging Department of Clinical Sciences Department of Clinical Sciences Auburn University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Auburn, Alabama University of Montreal Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada Marc-André d’Anjou, DMV, DACVR Radiologist Graeme Allan, DVSc, MVSc, FACVSc, DACVR Service Vétérinaire d’Imagerie Médicale Animages inc. Radiology and Ultrasound Specialist Longueuil, Quebec, Canada Veterinary Imaging Associates Newtown, New South Wales, Australia Sarah Davies, BVSc, MS, DACVR Adjunct Professor Veterinary Radiologist Faculty of Veterinary Science Veterinary Imaging Associates University of Sydney Saint Leonards, New South Wales, Australia Sydney, New South Wales, Australia William Tod Drost, DVM, DACVR Fabrice Audigié, DVM, PhD Professor in Radiology Professor in Equine Imaging and Locomotor Pathology Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences CIRALE The Ohio State University USC Biomécanique et Pathologie Locomotrice du Cheval Columbus, Ohio Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort France Sue J. Dyson, MA, VetMB, DEO, PhD, FRCVS Robert J. Bahr, DVM, DACVR Head of Clinical Orthopaedics Associate Professor Centre for Equine Studies Veterinary Radiology Animal Health Trust Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom Center for Veterinary Health Sciences Oklahoma State University Stephanie C. Essman, DVM, BS, MS, DACVR Stillwater, Oklahoma Assistant Professor Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Marianna Biggi, DVM, PhD, FHEA, DECVDI-LA, MRCVS Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Veterinary Radiologist College of Veterinary Medicine Head of Vet-CT Equine University of Missouri St. John’s Innovation Center Columbia, Missouri Cambridge United Kingdom Lisa J. Forrest, VMD, DACVR Lisa G. Britt, DVM, MS, DACVR Professor Clinical Assistant Professor in Radiology Department of Surgical Sciences Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery School of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin-Madison University of Missouri Madison, Wisconsin Columbia, Missouri Paul M. Frank, DVM, DACVR James C. Brown Jr., DVM, MS, DACVR Radiologist Veterinary Radiologist Antech Imaging Services IDEXX Telemedicine Consultants Hillsborough, North Carolina Raleigh, North Carolina Lorrie Gaschen, PhD, DVM, Dr. Med. Vet. Valeria Busoni, DVM, PhD, DECVDI Professor Associate Professor of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University University of Liège Baton Rouge, Louisiana Belgium v vi CONTRIBUTORS George A. Henry, DVM, DACVR Stephanie Nykamp, DVM, DACVR Clinical Associate Professor of Radiology Associate Professor Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Department of Clinical Studies College of Veterinary Medicine Ontario Veterinary College University of Tennessee University of Guelph Knoxville, Tennessee Guelph, Ontario, Canada Jennifer Kinns, BSc, VetMB, MRCVS, DACVR, DECVDI Mark Owen, BVSc, DECVDI, FANZCVS Assistant Professor; Residency Program Director Adjunct Associate Professor Diagnostic Imaging/Radiology Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging Departments of Small and Large Animal Clinical Sciences Institute of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Massey University, New Zealand Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan Anthony Pease, DVM, MS, DACVR Section Chief Martha Moon Larson, DVM, MS, DACVR Diagnostic Imaging Department of Small Animal Clinical Professor of Radiology Sciences Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Virginia Tech Michigan State University Blacksburg, Virginia East Lansing, Michigan Jimmy C. Lattimer, DVM, BS, MS, DACVR Kathryn L. Phillips, DVM, DACVR Associate Professor of Radiology Veterinarian Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Veterinary Surgery and Radiology Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital University of California, Davis College of Veterinary Medicine Davis, California University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri Rachel E. Pollard, DVM, PhD Assistant Professor Wilfried Mai, Dr. Med. Vet., MS, PhD, DECVDI, DACVR Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences Associate Professor of Radiology School of Veterinary Medicine Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine University of California, Davis University of Pennsylvania Davis, California Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Elissa K. Randall, DVM, MS, DACVR Angela J. Marolf, DVM, DACVR Associate Professor Associate Professor Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Sciences Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Fort Collins, Colorado Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Elizabeth Riedesel, DVM, DACVR Professor Federica Morandi, DVM, MS, DECVDI, DACVR Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Professor and Director of Radiological Services College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Ames, Iowa The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Ian D. Robertson, BVSc, DACVR Clinical Assistant Professor Rachel Murray, MA, VetMB, MS, PhD, DACVS Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences Senior Orthopaedic Advisor College of Veterinary Medicine Centre for Equine Studies North Carolina State University Animal Health Trust Raleigh, North Carolina Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom Celeste Guaraglia Roy, DVM, Diplomate AVDC Nathan Nelson, DVM, MS Veterinary Dentist and Oral Surgeon Clinical Associate Professor Telemedicine Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences IDEXX Telemedicine Consultants North Carolina State University Clackamus, Oregon Raleigh, North Carolina Valerie F. Samii, DVM, DACVR Adjunct Professor Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio CONTRIBUTORS vii Tobias Schwarz, MA, Dr. Med. Vet., DVR, DECVDI, Susanne M. Stieger-Vanegas, DVM, PhD DACVR Associate Professor Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Diagnostic Imaging The University of Edinburgh Clinical Sciences Easter Bush Veterinary Centre College of Veterinary Medicine Roslin, Scotland, United Kingdom Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon Gabriela S. Seiler, Dr. Med. Vet., DECVDI, DACVR Associate Professor Radiology Donald E. Thrall, DVM, PhD, MS, DAVCR Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences Emeritus Professor College of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina Raleigh, North Carolina Radiologist and Quality Control Kathy Ann Spaulding, DVM, DACVR IDEXX Telemedicine Consultants Clinical Professor Radiology Clackamas, Oregon Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine William R. Widmer, DVM, MS, DAVCR Texas A&M University Professor Emeritus, Radiology College Station, Texas Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana Preface As with all previous editions, this book serves primarily interpreters. Details of positioning, and specific anatomic features as an instructional aid for students of imaging, principally of the body part in question are some of the topics covered the veterinary student. However, another goal is to in these introductory chapters. These basic chapters offer a provide useful information for those pursuing advanced training framework upon which to base an understanding of more in imaging and those in private veterinary practice. Students detailed chapters dealing with specific anatomic areas. at all levels should be able to find material in the 7th edition Veterinary imaging is becoming increasingly complex and that helps in the interpretation of basic and challenging images. in private practice there is continuing transition from analog Valuable features of prior editions such as the self-assessment to digital imaging. As a result, chapters on the basic principles questions and the normal anatomic material has been retained of digital imaging and the MR imaging features of brain disease and widespread revision in content has been undertaken. The in small animals have been expanded. Also, the breadth of the normal anatomy material remains dispersed throughout the CT and MR imaging features of diseases outside of the brain text so that it can be consulted conveniently, and it is also has been broadened, and chapters covering the physical available on the Elsevier website. principles of ultrasonography and CT and MR imaging updated The interface between the book and the world-wide web significantly. New chapters in the 7th edition cover dental is an important feature of this book. The web portal hosts radiographic technique and interpretation, and radiographic self-assessment exercises that can be completed online and contrast media, important topics absent from prior editions. feedback obtained immediately. For some chapters, movies are Details regarding techniques that were once a mainstay of available online that will assist in the explanation of complex veterinary imaging, such as the upper gastrointestinal examina- subjects, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic tion and myelography, remain available on the Elsevier website resonance (MR) imaging physics, or dynamic disease processes, for reference when needed. such as tracheal collapse and esophageal disorders. The basis of interpretation used in this textbook remains As in the 2nd through 6th editions, all chapters have been centered upon description of radiographic abnormalities in reviewed carefully, making for an extensive, substantive revision. terms of Roentgen signs—changes in size, shape, location, No chapter has escaped in-depth scrutiny, ensuring that the number, margination, and opacity. I believe that students who latest and most accurate information is included. Chapters have a firm understanding of Roentgen sign description will covering the basic aspects of interpretation, applicable when be less inclined to make errors by jumping immediately to a assessing radiographic images of the axial and appendicular diagnosis rather than thoroughly considering radiographic skeleton in small and large animals, and the thorax and abdomen changes in an orderly and efficient manner. in small animals, should be of particular value to beginning Donald E. Thrall ix Acknowledgments It is impossible for one person to prepare a meaningful, participation. Appreciation is also extended to all who have comprehensive textbook of veterinary imaging, and I would used prior editions of this work and provided meaningful like to acknowledge the many talented authors who took feedback, thereby allowing this 7th edition to be what I believe time from their busy schedules to prepare material for this is the best yet. I also wish to acknowledge IDEXX Telemedicine book. Several new authors have also contributed to this 7th Consultants for permission to include several images in this edition and many familiar names are again found as contributors. edition. The expertise of this team heightens the quality of the informa- Donald E. Thrall tion contained on these pages and I am honored by their x CHAPTER 1 Radiation Protection and Physics S E C T I O N I of Diagnostic Radiology e(cid:30) PDohnayld Es. Tihcrasll • Waillniamd R. WPidmreirnciples of Interpretation Nucleus (cid:31) e(cid:30) 1 Radiation Protection and Physics of Diagnostic Radiology Donald E. Thrall • William R. Widmer 2 Digital Radiographic Imaging Ian D. Robertson • Donald E. Thrall 3 Canine and Feline Dental Radiographic Technique Celeste Guaraglia Roy 4 Physics of Ultrasound Imaging Wm Tod Drost 5 Principles of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Marc-André d’Anjou 6 Radiographic, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Contrast Media Mark Owen N 7 Introduction to Radiographic Interpretation Donald E. Thrall H(cid:31) S 11
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