Textbook of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

367 Pages·2019·56.394 MB·English

by  Luigi P. Badano, Roberto M. Lang, Denisa Muraru

Luigi P. Badano
Roberto M. Lang
Denisa Muraru
Editors
Textbook of
Three-Dimensional
Echocardiography
Second Edition
123
Textbook of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
Luigi P. Badano • Roberto M. Lang
Denisa Muraru
Editors
Textbook of
Three-Dimensional
Echocardiography
Second Edition
Editors
Luigi P. Badano Roberto M. Lang
University of Milano-Bicocca Department of Medicine
and Istituto Auxologico Italiano University of Chicago Medical Center
IRCCS, San Luca Hospital Chicago, IL
Milano USA
Italy
Denisa Muraru
University of Milano-Bicocca
and Istituto Auxologico Italiano
IRCCS, San Luca Hospital
Milano
Italy
ISBN 978-3-030-14030-4 ISBN 978-3-030-14032-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14032-8
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,
computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and
regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed
to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty,
express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
Three-dimensional echocardiography has completed its transition from a research tool to a
clinically useful imaging modality able to provide additional and unique information to assist
in the diagnosis, clinical management, and decision-making of patients with a wide range of
cardiovascular diseases. In addition to the studies performed in the echocardiography labora-
tory, three-dimensional echocardiography is currently extensively used in the operating room
and in the catheterization laboratory to help plan cardiac surgeries and guide interventional
procedures.
This textbook on three-dimensional echocardiography is intended to be read by echocar-
diographers who are new to this technique, those who are interested in updating their knowl-
edge in three-dimensional echocardiography, and also cardiac surgeons and clinical and
interventional cardiologists who want to learn what additional information three-dimensional
echocardiography can add to their clinical practice.
After introductory chapters describing the evolution of three-dimensional echocardiogra-
phy, the physics supporting this technique, and how to implement its use from both the trans-
thoracic and transesophageal approaches, we also included a chapter on “how to implement
three-dimensional echocardiography in the routine workflow of a busy clinical laboratory.” In
this chapter, we tried to address all the issues that are still limiting its routine use despite the
clear evidence of added value, compared to conventional two-dimensional and Doppler echo-
cardiography. The remainder of the book’s chapters are organized by cardiac structures and
their respective diseases (i.e., the normal mitral valve followed by congenital abnormalities
and stenosis, degenerative and functional mitral regurgitation, assessment during and after
surgery, or interventional procedures on the mitral valve) emphasizing the technical aspects of
three-dimensional echocardiography as well as the added value of this technique compared to
conventional two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. At the end of these chapters,
selected clinical cases were included to better illustrate the added diagnostic value provided by
the three-dimensional echocardiography. The chapters are illustrated by over 1101 figures and
229 videos to help the reader become familiar with the different displays of three- dimensional
data sets, the related anatomy as imaged with this technique, and how to postprocess data sets.
At the end of each chapter, a selected list of annotated references is included. These references
are suggestions for the reader who may be interested in reading more about a particular topic.
The first edition of the Textbook of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography, one of the first
books on the topic, was published in 2011. Since the first edition, three-dimensional echocar-
diography technology has evolved dramatically, image quality has improved, and new soft-
ware packages have been developed to provide improved postprocessing and near-automated
quantitative analysis of the three-dimensional data sets. In addition, since our previous book,
hundreds of publications which have contributed to broaden our knowledge of this echocardio-
graphic technique have been published.
We have thoroughly revised this new edition to reflect these multiple changes. Denisa
Muraru, MD, PhD, has joined our editorial team, and, in addition to writing several new chap-
ters, she has overseen the illustration content of this book. The number of chapters has increased
from 18 to 25, and 18 chapters are entirely new. The chapters which have been carried over
from the first edition have undergone extensive update to broaden their content and highlight
v
vi Preface
technical advances and clinical utility. In this new edition of our book, there are 31 new authors,
all of them true experts on the topic they have written.
It should be emphasized that this textbook should be the starting point or frame of reference
to start learning three-dimensional echocardiography. Appropriate training in three-d imensional
echocardiography includes competency in the acquisition and postprocessing of high-quality
data sets and knowledge of cardiac anatomy and pathophysiology of heart diseases. A textbook
can only supplement the experience gained when attending “live” three-dimensional echocar-
diographic courses and when acquiring studies on patients with a wide range of heart diseases
under expert guidance. Although this textbook cannot be a substitute for appropriate training
and clinical experience, we hope that the superior quality of the three-dimensional echocar-
diography illustrations and videos, as well as the quality of the accompanying text, will
enhance the learning experience of colleagues who are new to this technique and provide a
useful update for those who are already experts.
Milano, Italy Luigi P. Badano
Chicago, IL, USA Roberto M. Lang
Milano, Italy Denisa Muraru
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to the cardiac sonographers at the University of Padua, School of Medicine
(Chiara Palermo and Federica Sambugaro), and the University of Chicago (Lynn Weinert,
RDCS; Eric Kruse, RDCS; and Meghan Yamat, RDCS). The quality of most of the images and
videos is due to their skill, commitment, and passion.
The many changes in the content and structure of the chapters in this second edition of the
textbook are the results of the discussions we had with our sonographers and the researchers
who joined us from all over the world to learn three-dimensional echocardiography and expand
its clinical applications. Special appreciation are due to Sorina Mihaila Baldea (from Romania),
Marcelo Haertel Miglioranza (from Brazil), Hoda Shehata (from Egypt), Elena Surkova (from
Russia), Alex Felix (from Brazil), Hugo Zanella-Rodriguez (from Mexico), Csaba Jenei (from
Hungary), Monica Luiza de Alcantara (from Brazil), Jurate Bidviene (from Lithuania), Ana
Paula Siciliano (from Brazil), Attila Kovacs (from Hungary), Arnaldo Rabischoffsky (from
Brazil), and Jonan Liao (from Taipei).
A special thanks to Prof. Cristina Basso, MD, PhD, from Cardiovascular Pathology Unit,
University of Padua, School of Medicine, who generously provided the anatomy specimens.
Finally, our special thanks go to our colleagues in the echocardiography laboratory who
provided many cases and whose comments and suggestions allowed us to better understand the
place of three-dimensional echocardiography in the workflow of the laboratory.
vii
Contents
1 The Evolution of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography:
From the Initial Concept to Real-Time Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Victor Mor-Avi, Bernhard Mumm, and Roberto M. Lang
2 Physics and Technical Principles of Three-Dimensional
Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Denisa Muraru and Luigi P. Badano
3 Technical Principles of Transesophageal Three-Dimensional
Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira and Ricardo Ernesto Ronderos
4 How to Implement Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in the
Routine of the Echocardiography Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Denisa Muraru and Luigi P. Badano
5 Routine Assessment of the Left Ventricle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Karima Addetia, Luigi P. Badano, and Roberto M. Lang
6 Advanced Assessment of the Left Ventricle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Masaaki Takeuchi, Karima Addetia, and Roberto M. Lang
7 The Normal Mitral Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Sorina Mihaila Baldea, Dragos Vinereanu, and Roberto M. Lang
8 Mitral Valve Congenital Abnormalities and Stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Hani Mahmoud-Elsayed
9 Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Wendy Tsang and Roberto M. Lang
10 Functional Mitral Regurgitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
Timothy C. Tan, Xin Zeng, and Judy Hung
11 Assessment During and After Surgery or Interventional
Procedures on the Mitral Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Muhamed Saric, Gila Perk, and Itzhak Kronzon
12 The Normal Aortic Valve Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
Rebecca T. Hahn
13 Aortic Valve Congenital Abnormalities and Stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
Rebecca T. Hahn and Alex S. Felix
14 Aortic Regurgitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
Sorina Mihaila Baldea, Dragos Vinereanu, and Luigi P. Badano
15 Assessment After Surgery or Interventional Procedures on the
Aortic Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Rebecca T. Hahn
ix
x Contents
16 Left Atrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Wendy Tsang, Kirk T. Spencer, and Roberto M. Lang
17 Assessment of the Right Ventricle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233
Denisa Muraru, Monica Luiza de Alcantara, Elena Surkova,
and Basma Elnagar
18 The Normal Tricuspid Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249
Karima Addetia, Denisa Muraru, Andrada-Camelia Guta,
Luigi P. Badano, and Roberto M. Lang
19 Tricuspid Valve: Congenital Abnormalities and Stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
Pei-Ni Jone and Shelby Kutty
20 Organic Tricuspid Regurgitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
Denisa Muraru, Karima Addetia, Fabiana Jarjour, Roberto M. Lang,
and Luigi P. Badano
21 Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285
Jae-Kwan Song, Denisa Muraru, Andrada-Camelia Guta, and Luigi P. Badano
22 Assessment After Surgery or Interventional
Procedures on the Tricuspid Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299
Luigi P. Badano, Arnaldo Rabischoffsky, Marco Previtero,
and Roberto Carlos Ochoa-Jimenez
23 The Right Atrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309
Diletta Peluso and Marcelo Haertel Miglioranza
24 The Role of 3DE in the Evaluation of Cardiac Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323
Francesco Fulvio Faletra, Romina Murzilli, Laura Anna Leo,
and Denisa Muraru
25 X-Ray-Echo Fusion Imaging in Catheter- Based
Structural Heart Disease Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351
Francesco Fulvio Faletra, Giovanni Pedrazzini, Elena Pasotti, Marco Moccetti,
Tiziano Moccetti, and Mark J. Monaghan
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
About the Editors
Luigi P. Badano, MD, PhD, FESC, FACC currently serves as
director of the cardiovascular imaging laboratory at the Istituto
Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, and professor
of cardiology at the University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
His clinical interests include native and prosthetic valvular
heart disease and right ventricular and atrial function, with
research interests in three-dimensional and deformation imag-
ing by echocardiography and cardiac mechanics.
He is member of the Italian Society of Cardiology, Italian
Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, European Society of
Cardiology, European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging,
American College of Cardiology, and American Society of
Echocardiography (ASE) and serves as fellow of the European
Society of Cardiology and the American College of Cardiology.
He is a regular lecturer at ESC, ACC, ASE, and EuroEcho
scientific meetings. He has published more than 290 peer-
reviewed full papers and authored 9 books about echocardiog-
raphy and cardiovascular imaging. He is honorary member of
the British Society of Echocardiography and Romanian,
Hungarian, and Korean societies of cardiology. From 2010 to
2012, he served as president of the European Association of
Cardiovascular Imaging. In 2013, he was awarded with the sil-
ver medal of the European Society of Cardiology for his clini-
cal and research activity and his services as president of the
European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.
Roberto M. Lang, MD, FACC, FASE, FAHA, FRCP is cur-
rently the director of the Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging
Laboratories at the University of Chicago and associate direc-
tor of the Cardiology Fellowship Training Program. He is a
professor of medicine and radiology at the University of
Chicago Medical Center. He has published more than 570
manuscripts on cardiac imaging and physiology during his
career as well as 10 books and 110 book chapters. He has been
a pioneer in the development of three-dimensional transtho-
racic and transesophageal echocardiography, a noninvasive
technique that is currently used worldwide to diagnose heart
disease. He serves as a manuscript review consultant for most
cardiology peer- reviewed journals and on the editorial boards
of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology,
Echocardiography, Journal of the American Society of
Echocardiography, Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging, and
Journal of Echocardiography, the official journal of the
xi