Textbook of Sports Medicine; Basic Science and Clinical Aspects of Sports Injury and Physical Activ PDF
Preview Textbook of Sports Medicine; Basic Science and Clinical Aspects of Sports Injury and Physical Activ
Textbook of Sports Medicine Basic Science and Clinical Aspects of Sports Injury and Physical Activity Edited by Michael Kjær,Michael Krogsgaard Peter Magnusson,Lars Engebretsen Harald Roos,Timo Takala Savio L-Y Woo Blackwell Science © by Blackwell Science Ltd a Blackwell Publishing company Blackwell Science, Inc., Main Street, Malden, Massachusetts -, USA Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Garsington Road, Oxford, OxDQ Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd, Swanston Street, Carlton South, Victoria , Australia Blackwell Wissenschafts Verlag, Kurfürstendamm , Berlin, Germany The right ofthe Authors to be identified as the Authors ofthis Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act . All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act , without the prior permission ofthe publisher. First published ISBN --- Catalogue records for this title are available from the British Library and the Library ofCongress Set in ‒/pt Ehrhardt by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed and bound in India by Thomson Press (India) Commissioning Editor: Stuart Taylor Managing Editor: Rupal Malde Production Editor: Jonathan Rowley Production Controller: Kate Charman For further information on Blackwell Science, visit our website: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com Contents Editors and Contributors, ix Preface, xv Introduction, Part 1: Basic Science of Physical Activity and Sports Injuries:Principles of Training . Cardiovascular and respiratory aspects ofexercise—endurance training, Sigmund B. Strømme, Robert Boushel, Bjørn Ekblom, Heikki Huikuri, Mikko P. Tulppo & Norman L. Jones . Metabolism during exercise—energy expenditure and hormonal changes, Jan Henriksson & Kent Sahlin . Skeletal muscle: physiology, training and repair after injury, Michael Kjær, Hannu Kalimo & Bengt Saltin . Neuromuscular aspects ofexercise—adaptive responses evoked by strength training, Per Aagaard & AlfThorstensson . Biomechanics oflocomotion, Erik B. Simonsen & Paavo V. Komi . Connective tissue in ligaments, tendon and muscle: physiology and repair, and musculoskeletal flexibility, Peter Magnusson, Timo Takala, Steven D. Abramowitch, John C. Loh & Savio L.-Y. Woo . Cartilage tissue—loading and overloading, Karola Messner, Jack Lewis, Ted Oegema & Heikki J. Helminen . Bone tissue—bone training, Peter Schwarz, Erik Fink Eriksen & Kim Thorsen Part 2: Aspects of Human Performance . Recovery after training—inflammation, metabolism, tissue repair and overtraining, Jan Fridén, Richard L. Lieber, Mark Hargreaves & Axel Urhausen . Principles ofrehabilitation following sports injuries: sports-specific performance testing, Malachy McHugh, Jens Bangsbo & Jan Lexell v vi Contents . Physical activity and environment, Peter Bärtsch, Bodil Nielsen Johannsen & Juhani Leppäluoto . Nutrition and fluid intake with training, LeifHambræus, Stefan Branth & Anne Raben . Ergogenic aids (doping) and phamacological injury treatment, Ulrich Fredberg, Timo Säppälä, Rasmus Damsgaard & Michael Kjær Part 3: Physical activity:Health Achievements vs.Sports Injury . Epidemiology and prevention ofsports injuries, Roald Bahr, Pekka Kannus & Willem van Mechelen . Exercise as disease prevention, Ilkka Vuori & Lars Bo Andersen . Physical activity in the elderly, Stephen Harridge & Harri Suominen . Exercise in healthy and chronically diseased children, Helge Hebestreit, Oded Bar-Or & Jørn Müller . Disabled individuals and exercise, Fin Biering-Sørensen & Nils Hjeltnes Part 4: Exercise in Acute and Chronic Medical Diseases . Cardiovascular and peripheral vessel diseases, Mats Jensen-Urstad & Kerstin Jensen-Urstad . Exercise and infectious diseases, Bente Klarlund Pedersen, Göran Friman & Lars Wesslén . Osteoarthritis, L. Stefan Lohmander & Harald P. Roos . Exercise in the treatment oftype and diabetes, Hannele Yki-Järvinen & Flemming Dela . Asthma and chronic airway disease, Malcolm Sue-Chu & LeifBjermer . Amenorrhea, osteoporosis, and eating disorders in athletes, Michelle P. Warren, Jorun Sundgot-Borgen & Joanna L. Fried Contents vii . Physical activity and obesity, Pertti Mustajoki, Per Björntorp & Arne Astrup . Gastrointestinal considerations, Frank Moses Part 5: Imaging in Sports Medicine . Imaging ofsports injuries, Inge-Lis Kanstrup, Hollis G. Potter & Wayne Gibbon Part 6: Sports Injury:Regional Considerations.Diagnosis and Treatment . Lower leg, ankle and foot, Jon Karlsson, Christer Rolf& Sajkari Orava . Knee, Lars Engebretsen, Thomas Muellner, Robert LaPrade, Fred Wentorf, Rana Tariq, James H.-C. Wang, David Stone & Savio L.-Y. Woo . Hip, groin and pelvis, Per Hölmich, Per A.F.H. Renström & Tönu Saartok . Head, Liying Zhang, King H. Yang, Albert I. King & Lars Engebretsen . Spine, Jens Ivar Brox . Shoulder, Michael R. Krogsgaard, Richard E. Debski, RolfNorlin & Lena Rydqvist . Elbow, wrist and hand, Nicholas B. Bruggeman, Scott P. Steinmann, William P. Cooney & Michael R. Krogsgaard . Practical sports medicine, Sverre Mæhlum, Henning Langberg & Inggard Lereim . Multiple Choice Answers, Index, Editors and Contributors Per Aagaard Team Denmark Test Center, Sports Medicine Research Unit, University ofCopenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, DK-N, Denmark Steven Abramowitch Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, University ofPitts- burgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA , USA Lars Bo Anderson Institute ofExercise and Sports Science, University ofCopenhagen, DK-N, Denmark Arne Astrup Research Department ofHuman Nutrition, Royal Veterinarian and Agricultural University, DK- F, Frederiksberg, Denmark Roald Bahr The Norwegian University ofSport and Physical Education, Oslo, N-, Norway Jens Bangsbo Laboratory for Human Physiology, August Krogh Institute, University ofCopenhagen, DK-Ø, Denmark Oded Bar-Or Children’s Exercise and Nutrition Centre, McMaster University, West Hamilton, Ontario, CAN- LL, Canada Peter Bärtsch Division ofSports Medicine, Department ofInternal Medicine, University ofHeidelberg, DE-, Heidelberg, Germany Fin Biering-Sørensen Clinic for Spinal Cord Injuries, Rigshospitalet, University ofCopenhagen, DK-Ø, Denmark LeifBjermer Department ofLung Medicine, University Hospital, Norwegian University ofScience and Technol- ogy, Trondheim, N-, Norway Per Björntorp Department ofHeart and Lung Diseases, University ofGothenburg, Sahlgrenska Hospital, SE- , Sweden Robert Boushel Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, CAN-HB R, Canada Stefan Brauth Department ofMedical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-, Sweden Jens Ivar Brox Department ofOrthopaedics, Section for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rikshhospitalet, Oslo, N-, Norway Nicholas Bruggeman Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN , USA William P. Cooney Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN , USA Rasmus Damsgaard Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, DK-Ø, Denmark Richard E. Debski Musculoskeletal Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA , USA Flemming Dela Department of Medical Physiology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-N, Denmark ix x Editors and Contributors Bjorn Ekblom Department ofPhysiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, University ofStockholm, SE- , Sweden Lars Engebretsen Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, University ofOslo, Ullevål Hospital, NO-, Norway Erik Fink Eriksen Department ofEndocrinology, Aarlus University Hospital, DK-C, Denmark Ulrich Fredberg Department ofMedicine, Silkeborg Central Hospital, DK-, Denmark Jan Fridén Department ofHand Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-, Göteborg, Sweden Joanna L. Fried Department ofObstetrics and Gynaecology, Columbia University, New York, NY , USA Göran Friman Department ofMedical Services, Section ofInfectious Diseases, Uppsala University Hospital, SE- , Sweden Wayne Gibbon Department ofSports Medicine, University ofLeeds, LSNL, UK LeifHambraeus Department ofMedical Sciences, Nutrition Unit, Uppsala University, SE-, Sweden Mark Hargreaves Department ofExercise Physiology, School ofHealth Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, AUS-, Australia Steve Harridge Department ofPhysiology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, NWPF, UK Helge Hebestreit Pneumologie/Sportsmedizin, Universitäts-Kinderklinik, Würzburg, DE-, Germany Heikki Helminen Department ofAnatomy, University ofKuopio, FIN-, Finland Jan Henriksson Department ofPhysiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, University ofStockholm, SE- , Sweden Nils Hjeltness Department ofSpinal Cord Injury, Sunnaas Hospital, Nesoddtangen, Norway Per Hölmich Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amager Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-S, Denmark Heikki V. Huikuri Department ofMedicine, Division ofCardiology, University ofOulo, FIN-, Finland Kerstin Jensen-Urstad Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, SE-, Sweden Mats Jensen-Urstad Department ofCardiology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, SE-, Sweden Norman L. Jones Department ofMedicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CAN-LN Z, Canada Hannu Kalimo Department ofPathology, Turko University Hospital, Turko, FIN-, Finland Pekha Kannus Accident and Trauma Research Center, UKK Institute, Tampere, FIN-, Finland Inge-Lis Kanstrup Department ofClinical Physiology, Herlev Hospital, University ofCopenhagen, DK-, Denmark Jon Karlsson Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Gothenburg, SE-, Sweden Albert I. King Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI , USA Editors and Contributors xi Michael Kjær Sports Medicine Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, DK-NV, Denmark Pavo Komi Department ofBiology ofPhysical Activity, University ofJyväskylä, FIN-, Finland Michael Krogsgaard Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital, University ofCopenhagen, DK- NV, Denmark Henning Langberg Sports Medicine Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, DK-NV, Denmark Robert F. La Prada,Sports Medicine and Shoulder Divisions, Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, MN , USA Juhani Leppäluoto Department ofPhysiology, University ofOulo, FIN-, Finland Ingard Lerein Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, Region Hospital ofTrondhjem, NO-, Norway Jack Lens Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, University ofMinnesota, MN , USA Jan Lexell Brain Injury Unit, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department ofRehabilitation, Lund Univer- sity Hospital, SE-, Sweden Richard L. Lieber Department ofOrthopaedics and Bioengineering, University ofCalifornia and V.A. Medical Center, La Jolla, CA -, USA John C. Loh Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, University ofPittsburgh Med- ical Center, Pittsburgh, PA , USA Stefan Lohmander Department ofOrthopaedics, University Hospital, Lund, SE-, Sweden Sverre Mæhlum Norsk Idrettsmedisinsk Institutt (NIMI), University ofOslo, NO-, Norway Peter Magnusson Team Denmark Test Center, Sports Medicine Research Unit, University ofCopenhagen, Bispe- bjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, DK-NV, Denmark Willem van Mechelen Department of Social Medicine, Vreie Universität, Amsterdam, NL-, The Netherlands Karola Messner Department ofNeuroscience and Locomotion, Division ofSports Medicine, Faculty ofHealth Sci- ences, Linköping, SE-, Sweden Malachy McHugh Nicholas Institute ofSports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY , USA Frank Moses Gastroenterology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington DC, -, USA Thomas Muellner Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, University ofVienna, Austria Jørn Müller Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-Ø, Denmark Pertti Mustajoki Department ofMedicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-, Finland Bodil Nielsen Johansen Institute of Exercise and Sports Science, August Krogh Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-Ø, Denmark RolfNorlin Linköping Medical Center, SE-, Linköping, Sweden xii Editors and Contributors Ted Oegena Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, University ofMinnesota, MN , USA Sakari Orava Tohturitalo Hospital, Turka, Fin-, Finland Bente Klarlund Pedersen Finsencentret, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, DK- Ø, Denmark Hollis Potter Department ofRadiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY , USA Anne Raben Research Department ofHuman Nutrition, Centre for Advanced Food Studies, Royal Veterinarian and Agricultural University, DK-F, Denmark Per Renström Section of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, SE- , Sweden Christer Rolf Centre ofSports Medicine, University ofSheffield, STA, UK Harald Roos Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, SE-, Sweden Lena Rydqvist Linköping Medical Center, SE-, Linköping, Sweden Kent Sahlin Department ofPhysiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, University ofStockholm, SE- , Sweden Bengt Saltin Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-Ø, Denmark Tönu Saartok Section of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Karolinski Hospital, Stockholm, SE , Sweden Peter Schwartz Department ofEndocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University ofCopenhagen, DK-N, Denmark Erik Simonsen Institute for Medical Anatomy, Panum Institute, University ofCopenhagen, DK-N, Denmark Scott Steinman Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN , USA David Stone Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, University ofPittsburgh Med- ical Center, Pittsburgh, PA , USA Sigmund B. Strømme The Norwegian University ofSport and Physical Education, Oslo, NO-, Norway Malcolm Sue-Chu Department ofLung Medicine, University Hospital, Norwegian University ofScience and Technology, Trondheim, N-, Norway Jorun Sundgot-Borgen Norwegian University ofSport and Physical Education, Oslo, NO-, Norway Harri Snominen Department ofHealth Sciences, University ofJyväskylä, FIN-, Finland Timo Säppälä National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, FIN-, Finland Timo Takala Department ofBiology ofPhysical Activity, University ofJyväskylä, FIN-, Finland Rana Tariq Department ofRadiology, Ulleval University Hospital, Oslo, N-, Norway Kim Thorsen Department for Sports Medicine, Norrland University Hospital, Umeå University, SE-, Sweden Alf Thorstensson Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University College of Physical Education and Sports, Department ofNeuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SE-, Sweden Editors and Contributors xiii Mikko P. Tulppo Merikoski Rehabilitation and Research Centre, University ofOulu, FIN-, Finland Axel Urhausen Institute of Sports and Preventitive Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Saarland, D-, Saarbruecken, Germany Ilkka Vuori UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, FIN-, Finland James H.-C. Wang Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA , USA Michelle Warren Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Colombia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY , USA Fred Wentort Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, University ofMinnesota, Minneapolis, MN , USA Lars Wesslén Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden Savio L.-Y. Woo Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, University ofPittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA , USA King H. Yang Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, MI , USA Hannele Yki-Järvinen Department ofMedicine, University ofHelsinki, FIN-, Helsinki, Finland Liying Zhang Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, MI , USA
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