Textbook of Real-Time Three Dimensional Echocardiography PDF
Preview Textbook of Real-Time Three Dimensional Echocardiography
Luigi P. Badano Roberto M. Lang Textbook of José Luis Zamorano Editors Real-Time Three Dimensional Echocardiography 123 Textbook of Real-Time Three Dimensional Echocardiography Luigi P. Badano • Roberto M. Lang José Luis Zamorano (Editors) Textbook of Real-Time Three Dimensional Echocardiography Editors Luigi P. Badano Roberto M. Lang Department of Cardiac, Vascular, Department of Medicine and Thoracic Sciences University of Chicago University of Padua Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging Laboratory Via Giustiniani 2 Section of Cardiology 35128 Padova MC 5084, S. Maryland Ave. 5841 Italy Chicago IL 60637 USA José Luis Zamorano Hospital Clinico San Carlos Instituto Cardiovascular C/Professor Martin Lagos s/n 28040 Madrid Spain ISBN 978-1-84996-494-4 e-ISBN 978-1-84996-495-1 DOI 10.1007/978-1-84996-495-1 Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extra.springer.com. Library of Congress Control Number: 2010938794 © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof con- tained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharma- ceutical literature. Cover design: eStudioCalamar, Figueres/Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword No other imaging modality has so much contributed to the development of our knowledge in cardiology such as echocardiography. More than half a century has passed since the first explo- ration of human cardiac structures was obtained in vivo. In early 1950s two pioneers, I. Edler and CH Hertz, certainly were full of enthusiasm and willingness in pursuing research once they realized that the heart could be explored thanks to a single ultrasound beam oriented in the chest by the hand of a physician, but very unlikely, at that time, they were able to minimally predict both the future extraordinary technological evolution of cardiac ultrasound and its unbelievable impact on the progress of our understanding and recognition of almost every cardiac disease. In half a century of its history and technological evolution echocardiography has been the object of extremely important methodological achievements: the initial simple single beam exploration of the heart has evolved to progressively more and more sophisticated diagnostic potentials such as two dimensional echocardiography, pulsed and continuous Doppler, stress echocardiography, digital storage and treatment of images, transesophageal echocardiography, tissue analysis, contrast echocardiography, etc. Although rich of success and clinical achievements the technological evolution of cardiac ultrasound is still in progress. Three dimensional echocardiography, initially considered a dream of the echo lovers, is nowa- days no longer a technological experiment; three dimensional echocardiography is becoming more and more a feasible diagnostic approach and for a progressive percentage of cardiac disease the diagnostic standard. I’ve had the privilege to live the entire evolution of cardiac ultrasound in the last 35 years and to personally appreciate the enormous impact of each tech- nological achievement since the time of single beam, or also called M-Mode, echocardiogra- phy, both in research and patients management. Three dimensional echocardiography is the last achievement and those that are willing to be involved in this last frontier need to be inter- faced with the experience of the recognized experts. In this respect the Textbook of Real-Time Three Dimensional Echocardiography written by Luigi Badano, Pepe Zamorano and Roberto Lang represents an important contribution since it covers not only the technological peculiari- ties of this fascinating new diagnostic technique, but also presents its potential in the relevant cardiac conditions that can take advantage from such a new and sophisticated exploration. I’m convinced that L. Badano, P. Zamorano and R. Lang thanks to their expertise and enthusiasm will contribute with their book to the diffusion of this last new fascinating result of the techno- logical evolution of cardiac ultrasound. Sabino Iliceto, MD Professor and Chief of Cardiology University of Padua v Preface Tremendous improvements in ultrasound electronics and computer technology have led to development of one of the most impressive advancements of the use of ultrasounds to assess cardiac morphology and function: three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE). During the last decade, 3DE has made a dramatic transition from predominantly a research tool used in few large academic medical centers to a technology available in most echo labs, cardiac surgery operating rooms and catheterization and/or electrophysiology labs to address everyday clinical practice and guide interventional procedures. Nowadays, 3DE is an established technique able to provide intuitive recognition of cardiac structures from any spatial point of view and complete information about absolute heart cham- ber volumes and function. In particular, 3DE has demonstrated its superiority over current echocardiographic modalities in several clinical applications: (1) assessment of left ventricular size and function whose accuracy compete with cardiac magnetic resonance; (2) Reliable and accurate assessment of right ventricular size and function; (3) Comprehensive visualization and quantitation of heart valve morphology and function leading to improved understanding of their function; (4) Improved display of complex spatial relationships between structures in patients with congenital heart lesions; (5) Guiding and monitoring surgical interventions and interventional procedures in the catheterization and electrophysiology lab. However, there have been few comprehensive books to introduce this new echocardiographic technique. Therefore we planned this book to summarize the experiences collected by several scientists who have contributed to the development of 3DE to provide you with the most recent develop- ments in this emerging field, focusing on the clinical value of transthoracic 3DE and on the expanding role of transesophageal 3DE in guiding and monitoring surgical and interventional procedures. We hope that this book can serve multiple purposes. For echocardiographers who already use 3DE, we have tried to present the more advanced applications of 3DE and also some future developments which are expected to enter soon in the clinical arena. For those who have not yet experience the “third dimension,” we have provided hundreds of images and videos in an accompanying DVD to show the beauty and the added clinical value of 3D imag- ing of cardiac structures. For clinicians, who may want to understand the added clinical value of this new echo modality, we tried to demonstrate the potential values of 3DE in the everyday clinical setting of cardiology practice. We are sure that 3D echo will help them to better under- stand and diagnose their patients. The contributors to this book have all been selected for their special expertise in their own fields, their access to outstanding material and their ability to describe the significance of it in an effective and concise way. The Editors are grateful to the outstanding group of Authors for their extraordinary and timely contributions, and pleased to present such a truly international authorship. Luigi P. Badano Roberto M. Lang José L. Zamorano vii Contents 1 The Evolution of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: How Did It Happen ................................................ 1 Victor Mor-Avi and Roberto M. Lang 2 Technical Principles of Transthoracic Three-Dimensional Echocardiography ................................................. 9 Stein Inge Rabben 3 3D Transesophageal Echocardiographic Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Ivan S. Salgo 4 Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Clinical Practice ............... 33 Luigi P. Badano and Denisa Muraru 5 Advanced Evaluation of LV Function with 3D Echocardiography.......... 45 James N. Kirkpatrick, Victor Mor-Avi, and Roberto M. Lang 6 Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Mitral Valve ..... 55 José Luis Zamorano and Jose Alberto de Agustín 7 Three Dimensional Echocardiographic Evaluation of LV Dyssynchrony and Stress Testing..................................... 63 Vasileios Sachpekidis, Amit Bhan, and Mark J. Monaghan 8 Three-Dimensional Echocardiography of Aortic Valve................... 81 Jarosław D. Kasprzak 9 Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Right Ventricle ... 97 Gloria Tamborini and Mauro Pepi 10 Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease........ 103 Girish S. Shirali, Anthony M. Hlavacek, and G. Hamilton Baker 11 Three-Dimensional Echocardiography to Assess Intra-cardiac Masses ..... 111 Juan Carlos Plana 12 Real Time Three Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography for Guidance of Catheter Based Interventions .......................... 121 Miguel Angel Garcia Fernandez, Gila Perk, Muhamed Saric, and Itzhak Kronzon ix x Contents 13 Future Developments of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography ........... 135 Luigi P. Badano, Roberto M. Lang, Leopoldo Peres de Isla, and José Luis Zamorano 14 Real-Time Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography........ 139 Pedro Marcos-Alberca and José Luis Zamorano 15 The Role of Echocardiography in the Surgical Management of Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease.................................. 149 Benjamin H. Freed, Lissa Sugeng, David H. Adams, and Roberto Lang 16 Visualization and Assessment of Coronary Arteries with Three-Dimensional Echocardiography............................ 163 Andreas Hagendorff 17 Assessment of Tricuspid Valve Morphology and Function ................ 173 Denisa Muraru and Luigi P. Badano 18 Role of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Drug Trials ............. 183 Fausto Rigo, Maurizio Galderisi, Denisa Muraru, and Luigi P. Badano Index ................................................................ 193 Contributors David H. Adams, MD Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA Luigi P. Badano, MD, FESC Head of Noninvasive Imaging Lab, Department of Cardiology, Vascular and Thoracic Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy G. Hamilton Baker, MD Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA Jose Alberto de Agustín, MD Unidad de Imagen Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain Leopoldo Pérez de Isla. MD, PhD, FESC Unidad de Imagen Cardiovascular, Instituto Cardiovascular – Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Miguel Angel Garcìa Fernàndez, MD, FESC Director Echocardiographic Laboratory, Hospital Gregorio Marañòn, Madrid, Sapin Benjamin H. Freed, MD Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA Maurizio Galderisi, MD, FESC Director of Echo-Lab, Cardioangiology with CCU, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, “Federico II” University, Naples, Italy Andreas Hagendorff, MD Professor of Medicine, Department of Cardiology-Angiology, University of Leipzig, Germany Anthony M. Hlavacek, MD MSCR and G. Hamilton Baker, MD Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA Jarosław D. Kasprzak MD PhD FESC, FACC II Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Łódź, Bieganski Hospital Łódź, Poland James N. Kirkpatrick, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, “Cardiovascular Division, Associate Fellow, Center for Bioethics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Itzhak Kronzon, MD, FACC, FASE, FAHA, FACP, FCCP, FESC Professor of Medicine, Director Non invasive Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA Roberto M. Lang, MD, FACC, FASE, FAHA, FESC, FRCP Professor of Medicine, Director, Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA xi xii Contributors Pedro Marcos-Alberca, MD, PhD Cardiovascular Imaging Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain Mark Monaghan FRCP(Hon) FESC FACC Honorary Senior Lecturer in Cardiology, Director of Non-Invasive Cardiology, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom Victor Mor-Avi, PhD Professor, Director of Cardiac Imaging Research, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA Denisa Muraru, MD “Prof. Dr. C.C. Iliescu” Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Bucharest, Romania Mauro Pepi, MD, FESC Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Gila Perk, MD Non-Invasive Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA Juan Carlos Plana, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Director, Echocardiography Laboratory, Director, Cardiac Imaging, Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA Stein Inge Rabben, MSc, PhD Senior Engineer R&D, GE Healthcare Cardiovascular Ultrasound, Forskningsparken, Gaustadalleen 21 N-0349, Oslo, Norway Fausto Rigo, MD, FESC Non Invasive Cardiology Department, Dell’Angelo Hospital, Venice, Italy Vasileios Sachpekidis, MD Non-Invasive Cardiology Department, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom Ivan S. Salgo, MD, MS Chief, Cardiovascular Investigations, Research & Development, Ultrasound, Philips Healthcare, Andover, Massachusetts, USA Muhamed Saric, MD Non-Invasive Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA Girish S. Shirali, MBBS Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA Lissa Sugeng, MD Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA Gloria Tamborini, MD Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy José Luis Zamorano, MD, FESC Professor of Medicine, Director Unidad de Imagen Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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