Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

587 Pages·2012·14.15 MB·English

by  Biren Shah

TEXTBOOK OF
PHARMACOGNOSY AND
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
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TEXTBOOK OF
PHARMACOGNOSY
AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Biren N. Shah
Lecturer
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
Vidyabharti Trust College of Pharmacy
Umrakh, Gujarat
A.K. Seth
Principal and Dean
Department of Pharmacy
Sumandeep Vidyapeeth University
Vadodara, Gujarat
ELSEVIER
A division of
Reed Elsevier India Private Limited
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Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
Shah and Seth
ELSEVIER
A division of
Reed Elsevier India Private Limited
Mosby, Saunders, Churchill Livingstone, Butterworth Heinemann and Hanley &
Belfus are the Health Science imprints of Elsevier.
© 2010 Elsevier
First Edition 2010
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system without the prior written
permission from the publisher and the copyright holder.
ISBN: 978-81-312-2298-0
Medical knowledge is constantly changing. As new information becomes available, changes in treatment, procedures, equipment
and the use of drugs become necessary. The authors, editors, contributors and the publisher have, as far as it is possible, taken
care to ensure that the information given in this text is accurate and up-to-date. However, readers are strongly advised to confirm
that the information, especially with regard to drug dose/usage, complies with current legislation and standards of practice. Please
consult full prescribing information before issuing prescriptions for any product mentioned in the publication.
Published by Elsevier, a division of Reed Elsevier India Private Limited
Registered Office: Gate No. 3, Building No. A-1, 2, Industrial Area, Kalkaji, New Delhi-110019
Corporate Office: 14th Floor, Building No. 10B, DLF Cyber City, Phase II,
Gurgaon-122002, Haryana, India
Commissioning Editor: Nimisha Goswami
Editor: Subodh K. Chauhan
Manager Publishing Operations: Sunil Kumar
Manager Production: N.C. Pant
Laser typeset by Chitra Computers, New Delhi.
Printed and bound at Rajkamal Electric Press, Kundli, Haryana
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Preface
Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry is the outcome of numerous efforts of authors to assimilate the voluminous
knowledge of traditional and modern pharmacognosy, which has long been a requirement of the curricula of various
universities across the world.
In times of yore, pharmacognosy was considered as the study of drugs of natural origin. The American Society of
Pharmacognosy derived it as the study of physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drug, drug substances
or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources. The
world of pharmacognosy has continuously been enriching with multifaceted information considering various aspects of
the natural drugs including history, alternative medicinal systems, classification, morphology, identification, cultivation,
collection, production and utilization of drugs; trade and utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants and their contribu-
tion to national economy; adulteration of drugs of natural origin; evaluation of drugs by their physical, chemical and
organoleptic properties; biological screening of herbal drugs; biosynthetic pathways of various phytopharmaceuticals;
pharmacognostical study of crude drugs; extraction, isolation and purification of herbal drugs and modern plant biotech-
nology. Such an enormous information about the natural drug gives rise to a subject that is now recognized as modern
pharmacognosy. It is a highly interdisciplinary science, encompassing a broad range of studies involving phytochemical
study of medicinal plants and biologically active principles obtained from plants in addition to the traditional pharma-
cognostical aspects of natural drugs.
Considering all this comprehensive information of the subject, a textbook is premeditated to contribute substantially to
the world of pharmacognosist. This modern book of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry emphasizes the biodiversity of
plants and encompasses biosynthesis, extraction, isolation of compounds with TLC identification, bioactivity determina-
tion and synthesis of plant components of interest in addition to the traditional pharmacognosy comprising cultivation,
collection, morphology, microscopy, taxonomy, chemical constituents and uses of drugs of natural origin. A special feature
of the book is an additional advantage, that of inclusion of marketed products of the drugs described.
The book is designed to have 35 chapters divided into 10 parts (A to J). Each chapter is written with the aim to give
a reasonable background to academician and researchers in the respective topic. A special miscellaneous chapter has been
devoted to provide information about ayurvedic, marine medicinal plants, neutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals as well as
herbs that have proved to be pesticides or allergens or producing colours, dyes and hallucinogenic effects.
The objective of the authors is fully achieved by systemic assemblage of the well-written chapters with neat and clean
well-labelled diagrams wherever necessary.
The authors convey the deep sense of gratitude to their grandparents, parents, spouses and children for motivating
them to provide a kind of book badly required collectively for undergraduate, postgraduate and researchers at one place.
This is an added advantage the book will give to the readers of any walk of life.
Doubtless, authors are indebted to all who have supported in giving this present shape to the book.
Last but not the least, authors are immensely thankful to our publisher for their support, guidance and cooperation
to publish this book.
Suggestions and criticisms will always be solicited by the authors to further improve the quality of the book in real
sense.
—Authors
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Contents
Preface v
PART – A Introduction to Pharmacognosy 1–26
Chapter 1 History, Definition and Scope of Pharmacognosy 3–9
Chapter 2 Alternative Systems of Medicines 10–21
Chapter 3 Classification of Drugs of Natural Origin 22–26
PART – B Pharmaceutical Botany 27–65
Chapter 4 Morphology of Different Parts of Medicinal Plant 29–56
Chapter 5 Study of Different Families 57–65
PART – C Cultivation, Collection, Production and Utilization of Herbal Drugs 67–104
Chapter 6 Cultivation, Collection and Processing of Herbal Drugs 69–87
Chapter 7 Indian Trade in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 88–94
Chapter 8 Utilization of Aromatic Plants and Derived Products 95–100
Chapter 9 Role of Medicinal Plants on National Economy 101–104
PART – D Analytical Pharmacognosy 105–138
Chapter 10 Drug Adulteration 107–109
Chapter 11 Evaluation of Crude Drugs 110–114
Chapter 12 Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs 115–138
PART – E Biogenesis of Phytopharmaceuticals 139–155
Chapter 13 General Biosynthetic Pathways of Secondary Metabolites 141–155
PART – F Pharmacognostical Study of Crude Drugs 157–403
Chapter 14 Drugs Containing Carbohydrates and Derived Products 159–184
Chapter 15 Drugs Containing Alkaloids 185–231
viii CONTENTS
Chapter 16 Drugs Containing Glycosides 232–279
Chapter 17 Drugs Containing Volatile Oils 280–317
Chapter 18 Drugs Containing Resins 318–341
Chapter 19 Drugs Containing Lipids 342–361
Chapter 20 Drugs Containing Tannins 362–376
Chapter 21 Enzymes and Protein Drugs 377–387
Chapter 22 Fibres, Sutures and Surgical Dressings 388–398
Chapter 23 Drugs of Mineral Origin 399–403
PART – G Extraction, Isolation and Purifi cation of Herbal Drugs 405–433
Chapter 24 General Methods for Extraction, Isolation and Identification of Herbal Drugs 407–416
Chapter 25 Isolation of Phytopharmaceuticals 417–433
PART – H Medicinal Plant Biotechnology 435–452
Chapter 26 Plant Tissue Culture 437–452
PART – I Miscellaneous 453–521
Chapter 27 Ayurvedic Pharmacy 455–460
Chapter 28 Marine Pharmacognosy 461–470
Chapter 29 Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals 471–483
Chapter 30 Natural Pesticides 484–494
Chapter 31 Poisonous Plants 495–506
Chapter 32 Natural Allergens 507–509
Chapter 33 Natural Colours and Dyes 510–515
Chapter 34 Hallucinogenic Plants 516–521
PART – J Traditional Drugs of India 523–554
Chapter 35 Detail Study of Traditional Drugs of India 525–554
Index 555
Biological Index 572
A
INTRODUCTION TO

T
R
PHARMACOGNOSY
A
P