Textbook of Pediatric Rheumatology

1066 Pages·2015·46.728 MB·English

by  Ross E. Petty, Ronald M. Laxer, Carol B. Lindsley, Lucy Wedderburn

Textbook of
PEDIATRIC
RHEUMATOLOGY
SEVENTH EDITION
Textbook of
PEDIATRIC
RHEUMATOLOGY
Ross E. Petty
Ronald M. Laxer
Carol B. Lindsley
Lucy R. Wedderburn
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
TEXTBOOK OF PEDIATRIC RHEUMATOLOGY, ISBN: 978-0-323-24145-8
SEVENTH EDITION
Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such
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With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most
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contained in the material herein.
Previous editions copyrighted 2011, 2005, 2001, 1995, 1990, 1982.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Textbook of pediatric rheumatology.
Textbook of pediatric rheumatology / [edited by] Ross E. Petty, Ronald M. Laxer, Carol B. Lindsley,
Lucy Wedderburn. – 7th edition.
p. ; cm.
Textbook of pediatric rheumatology
Pediatric rheumatology
Preceded by Textbook of pediatric rheumatology / [edited by] James T. Cassidy … [et al.]. 6th ed. c2011.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-323-24145-8 (hardcover : alk. paper)
I. Petty, Ross E., editor. II. Lindsley, Carol B., editor. III. Laxer, Ronald M., editor. IV. Wedderburn,
Lucy, editor. V. Title. VI. Title: Textbook of pediatric rheumatology. VII. Title: Pediatric rheumatology.
[DNLM: 1. Rheumatic Diseases. 2. Arthritis. 3. Child. 4. Connective Tissue Diseases. 5. Vasculitis.
WE 544]
RJ482.R48
618.92′723–dc23
2015004728
Content Strategist: Michael Houston
Content Development Specialist: Laura Schmidt
Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian
Project Manager: Kate Mannix
Design Direction: Paula Catalano
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To the memory of James Thomas Cassidy: scholar, mentor, colleague, and friend.
To
Beryl, Edda, Bart, and Jerry.
And to
our patients, who continue to inspire us.
P R E FAC E
The publication of the seventh edition of the Textbook of Pediatric contributions to previous editions of the book have been so important:
Rheumatology marks 33 years since the publication of the first edition. Dr. Balu Athreya, Dr. Michael Dillon, Dr. Allison Eddy, Dr. Fernanda
The changes in the discipline of pediatric rheumatology during that Falcini, Dr. Edward Giannini, Dr. Wietse Kuis, Dr. Deborah Wenkert,
time have been profound, and the Textbook has attempted to keep up and the late Dr. David Glass. The editors are indebted to the current
with important developments in our understanding of rheumatic authors for their willingness to share their expertise and for the time
diseases in childhood and their diagnosis and management. The Text- and effort put into their contributions.
book will provide an up-to-date synthesis of the state of knowledge of The death of Jim Cassidy, the founding editor, is noted with sadness
rheumatic diseases of childhood for students, physicians, and health and a sense of loss, and the editors have endeavored to maintain and
care professionals involved in the management of these children and enhance the intellectual standard and clarity of writing he espoused in
adolescents. the first six editions.
To that end, this edition incorporates new chapters and contribu- The editors and authors are grateful to the thousands of readers of
tions from new authors. The challenge of maintaining a book of rea- the Textbook who have made it the standard reference in the field of
sonable size while incorporating new information has necessitated pediatric rheumatology.
deleting some old information. Some chapters have been shortened,
and all chapters have been thoroughly revised, updated, and, in some Ross E. Petty
instances, rewritten. The globalization of the specialty of pediatric Ronald M. Laxer
rheumatology is recognized by the inclusion of information about Carol B. Lindsley
diagnosis and management of childhood rheumatic diseases in the Lucy R. Wedderburn
southern hemisphere. We wish to acknowledge senior authors whose
vi
C O N T R I B U TO R S
Jonathan Akikusa, MBBS Mara L. Becker, MD, MSCE
Paediatric Rheumatologist Director, Division of Rheumatology
Rheumatology Service, Department of General Medicine Department of Pediatrics
Paediatrician Children’s Mercy Kansas City
Department of General Medicine Kansas City, Missouri
Royal Children’s Hospital
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Susanne M. Benseler, MD, PhD
Section Chief, Rheumatology
Salvatore Albani, MD, PhD Department of Pediatrics
Director Alberta Children’s Hospital;
Translational Research for Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Associate Professor
Center Department of Pediatrics
Adjunct Professor University of Calgary
Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute Calgary, Alberta, Canada
La Jolla, California
Timothy Beukelman, MD, MSCE
Roger Allen, MBBS, FRACP Associate Professor
Department of Rheumatology Department of Pediatrics
Royal Children’s Hospital Division of Rheumatology
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama
Khaled Alsaeid, MD
Professor of Pediatrics Paul Brogan, PhD, FRCPCH
Department of Pediatrics Reader in Vasculitis
Kuwait University Honorary Consultant Paediatric Rheumatologist
Jabryah, Kuwait Infection Immunity and Rheumatology Section
University College London Institute of Child Health
Tadej Avčin, MD, PhD London, Great Britain
Professor of Pediatrics
Department of Pediatrics Hermine I. Brunner, MD, MSc, MBA
University of Ljubljana; Professor of Pediatrics
Head Division of Rheumatology
Department of Allergology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center University of Cincinnati
Ljubljana, Slovenia Cincinnati, Ohio
Paul S. Babyn, MDCM, FRCPC Rubèn Burgos-Vargas, MD
Professor and Head of Medical Imaging Investigator in Medical Sciences
Saskatoon Health Region Department of Rheumatology
University of Saskatchewan General Hospital of Mexico;
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Professor of Medicine
National Autonomous University of Mexico
Arvind Bagga, MD Mexico City, Mexico
Professor
Department of Pediatrics Jill Buyon, MD
All India Insitute of Medical Sciences Director
New Delhi, India Division of Rheumatology
Director
Karyl S. Barron, MD Lupus Center
Deputy Director, Division of Intramural Research Departments of Joint Disease and Medicine
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Center for Musculoskeletal Care
National Institutes of Health New York University Langone Medical Center
Bethesda, Maryland New York, New York
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS
David A. Cabral, MBBS Ciarán M. Duffy, MBBCh, MSc, FRCPC, FRCPI
Ross Petty Chair and Clinical Professor Professor and Chairman
Department of Pediatrics Department of Paediatrics
Division of Rheumatology University of Ottawa;
British Columbia Children’s Hospital Chief of Paediatrics
University of British Columbia Department of Paediatrics
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Sharon Choo, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA
Departments of Allergy and Immunology and Laboratory Services Despina Eleftheriou, MBBS,PhD
Royal Children’s Hospital Senior Lecturer
Parkville, Australia Paediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology Department
Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital
Rolando Cimaz, MD London, United Kingdom
Associate Professor
Department of Pediatrics Brian M. Feldman, MD, MSc, FRCPC
University of Florence Division Head, Rheumatology
Florence, Italy Department of Rheumatology
The Hospital for Sick Children;
Robert Allen Colbert, MD, PhD Professor
Senior Investigator Departments of Pediatrics & Medicine and Health Policy
National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, and Skin Diseases Management & Evaluation
National Institutes of Health Dalia Lana School of Public Health
Bethesda, Maryland University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
William G. Cole, MBBS, MSc, PhD, FRCSC
Director Polly J. Ferguson, BS, MD
Pediatric Surgery Director
University of Alberta Pediatric Rheumatology
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Associate Professor of Pediatrics—Rheumatology
University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine
Iris Davidson, BSR Iowa City, Iowa
Children’s Program
Mary Pack Arthritis Center Robert Fuhlbrigge, MD, PhD
Pediatric Rheumatology Division Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Dermatology
British Columbia Children’s Hospital Harvard Medical School;
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Attending in Rheumatology
Division of Immunology
Fabrizio De Benedetti, MD, PhD Boston Children’s Hospital
Division of Rheumatology Boston, Massachusetts
Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital
Rome, Italy Marco Gattorno, MD
Pediatria II
Andrea S. Doria, MD, PhD, MSc G. Gaslini Institute
Radiologist University of Genoa
Clinician-Scientist Genoa, Italy
Research Director
Diagnostic Imaging Alexei A. Grom, MD
The Hospital for Sick Children; Professor
Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics
Medical Imaging University of Cincinnati College of Medicine;
University of Toronto Attending Physician
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Rheumatology
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Frank Dressler, Dr. Med Cincinnati, Ohio
Pediatric Rheumatologist
Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology, and Neonatology
The Children’s Hospital of MHH
Hannover, Germany
CONTRIBUTORS ix
Philip J. Hashkes, MD, MSc Marisa Klein-Gitelman, MD, MPH
Head, Pediatric Rheumatology Unit Professor of Pediatrics
Department of Pediatrics Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine;
Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Head, Division of Rheumatology
Associate Professor of Pediatrics Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago
Hebrew University Medical School Chicago, Illinois
Jerusalem, Israel;
Associate Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics Gay Kuchta, OT
Cleveland Clinic Lerner School of Medicine Children’s Program
Case Western Reserve University Mary Pack Arthritis Center
Cleveland, Ohio Pediatric Rheumatology Division
British Columbia Children’s Hospital
Kristin Houghton, MD, MSc, FRCPC, Dip Sports Med, FAAP Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Clinical Associate Professor
Department of Paediatrics Jerome Charles Lane, MD
British Columbia Children’s Hospital Associate Professor of Pediatrics
University of British Columbia, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Division of Kidney Diseases
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago
Hans-Iko Huppertz, MD Chicago, Illinois
Professor of Pediatrics
Head and Director Ronald M. Laxer, MDCM, FRCPC
Children’s Hospital (Prof.-Hess-Kinderklinik) Professor
Bremen, Germany; Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine
Children’s Hospital University of Toronto;
Georg-August-University Division of Rheumatology
Göttingen, Germany The Hospital for Sick Children
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Norman T. Ilowite, MD
Professor Claire LeBlanc, MD, Dip Sports Med, FRCPC
Department of Pediatrics Associate Professor
Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics
Division Chief McGill University
Pediatric Rheumatology Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Children’s Hospital at Montefiore
New York, New York Steven J. Leeder, PharmD, PhD
Marion Merrell Dow Endowed Chair in Pediatric Clinical
Edgar Jaeggi, MD Pharmacology
Staff Cardiologist Director, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology,
Department of Cardiology & Therapeutic Innovation
Head Department of Pediatrics
Fetal Cardiac Program Children’s Mercy Kansas City
The Hospital for Sick Children; Kansas City, Missouri
Professor
Department of Paediatrics G. Elizabeth Legger, MD
University of Toronto Consultant Pediatric Rheumatologist
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Pediatric Rheumatology
University Medical Center Groningen
Daniel L. Kastner, MD, PhD Beatrix Children’s Hospital
Scientific Director University of Groningen
Division of Intramural Research Groningen, The Netherlands
National Human Genome Research Institute
Bethesda, Maryland Suzanne C. Li, MD, PhD
Senior Attending
Adam Kirton, MD, MSc, FRCPC Department of Pediatrics
Associate Professor Joseph M. Sanzari Children’s Hospital
Pediatrics & Clinical Neurosciences Hackensack University Medical Center
University of Calgary Hackensack, New Jersey;
Calgary, Alberta, Canada Associate Professor
Department of Pediatrics
Rutgers-University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
Newark, New Jersey