Textbook of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition: A Comprehensive Guide to Practice

889 Pages·2016·24.13 MB·English

by  Stefano Guandalini

Textbook of Pediatric Gastroenterology,
Hepatology and Nutrition
Stefano Guandalini • Anil Dhawan • David Branski †
Editors
Textbook of Pediatric
Gastroenterology,
Hepatology and Nutrition
A Comprehensive Guide to Practice
1 C
Editors
Stefano Guandalini David Branski†
Department of Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics
University of Chicago Hebrew University Hadassah Hospital
Chicago Jerusalem
Illinois Israel
USA
Anil Dhawan
Professor and Director
Pediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Center
Clinical Director
Child Health
King’s College Hospital
London
United Kingdom
ISBN 978-3-319-17168-5 ISBN 978-3-319-17169-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17169-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015939902
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
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Preface
This book would not have seen the light had it not been for
David Branski.
It was him who called Stefano asking him if he would
consider a second edition of the book ‘Textbook of Pediatric
Gastroenterology and Nutrition’, edited in 2004 by Taylor &
Francis, but expanding it to include hepatology. Stefano was
reluctant (it takes a huge commitment to edit such a book!),
but David had a way of convincing that was hard to resist, and
when he brought into the picture Anil as a prospective editor
for the liver part, resisting was futile!
The three of us laid out the design of the project together
and the enthusiasm about it grew: in fact, David’s knowledge,
his calm but confident demeanor, his never-ending energy to
learn and prolific writing skills were a guarantee of the book’s
success. Sadly, only few months later, when the details of this book had just been put together,
we heard the news of his untimely demise. We debated in panic whether to continue this com-
mitment or abort it, but it did not take us long to agree that we needed to carry this project to
completion as a tribute to the doyen of pediatric gastroenterology of our times.
Three sections of this edition, gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition cover the common
disease states with an updated emphasis on pathophysiology and any expected future advances.
The chapters are clinically oriented and aim at making easier the decision-making process for
trainees in pediatrics and pediatric gastroenterology, pediatricians and nurse practitioners.
The extensive section of gastroenterology covers the main congenital disorders with their
newer diagnostic techniques, with chapters specifically dedicated to the term or preterm new-
born; common conditions that every pediatric gastroenterologist is likely to face in his/her
practice; and conditions that are either relatively new, such as eosinophilic disorders, or in a
state of rapidly evolving treatment options like inflammatory bowel diseases. New treatment
paradigms (e.g. probiotics or fecal microbial transplantation) are also specifically dealt with.
The chapters on hepatology focus on newer diagnostic techniques, treatment advances and
quality of life issues: for instance, the chapter on transition of children with liver disease pro-
vides a unique view from a psychologist and adolescent hepatologist on how best to improve
the outcome of this group of patients. Some of the chapters like liver transplantation are delib-
erately longer to give the reader comprehensive information on the state of the art on indica-
tions, complications and the management of immunosuppression. Finally, the chapter on the
future of hepatology is particularly thought-provoking in that it discusses the role of genomics
and other ‘omics’ in the diagnosis and real options of small molecules, gene therapy and liver
cell transplantation in the management of liver disease.
We are humbly but surely confident that David would have loved this book, which we grate-
fully dedicate to him.
Stefano Guandalini Anil Dhawan
v
Acknowledgements
It’s hard to summarize in a few lines the gratefulness I feel to so many people whose roles
were instrumental in the realization of this book. From the distinguished colleague who picked
me and pushed me in the world of pediatric gastroenterology, the late professor Raffaele De
Luca, to my splendid mentors at the University of Naples, Salvatore Auricchio and Armido
Rubino, to the many, incredibly talented mentees I had the privilege to help as they developed
their career in our field, to the many supportive colleagues and friends who wanted me to lead
them within ESPGHAN and then FISPGHAN. But above all, had it not been for my wife
Greta, who supports and bears me since almost half a century, this work would not have been
accomplished. To all of you, and to my patients: thanks.
Stefano Guandalini
I would like to express my sincere thanks to the love of my life, my wife Anita. She has been
my friend and a critic who expects excellence only and continues to support me, rather put up
with me, to deliver projects like this one, again and again….
My two wonderful sons Atin and Ashish who have been a source of joy and encouragement
and I think have forgiven me for not spending much time with them.
To my patients who have helped me to understand the complexity of liver disorders and my
personal assistant, Mrs. Kathleen Meader for her hard work that helps me deliver professionally.
Anil Dhawan
vii
Contents
Part I Gastroenterology and Nutrition
1 Microvillus Inclusion Disease and Tufting Enteropathy ...................................... 3
Agostino Nocerino and Stefano Guandalini
2 The Spectrum of Autoimmune Enteropathy ....................................................... 13
Natalia Nedelkopoulou, Evangelia Farmaki, Maesha Deheragoda and Babu
Vadamalayan
3 Congenital Problems of the Gastrointestinal Tract .............................................. 23
Nigel J. Hall
4 Pyloric Stenosis ....................................................................................................... 35
Shailee Sheth and Ashish P. Desai
5 Gastrointestinal Problems of the Newborn ......................................................... 41
Christophe Dupont, Nicolas Kalach and Véronique Rousseau
6 Enteral Nutrition in Preterm Neonates ................................................................ 53
Gianluca Terrin, Thibault Senterre, Jacques Rigo and Mario De Curtis
7 Parenteral Nutrition in Premature Infants .......................................................... 73
Thibault Senterre, Gianluca Terrin, Mario De Curtis and Jacques Rigo
8 Infectious Esophagitis ............................................................................................ 87
Salvatore Cucchiara, Giovanni Di Nardo and Salvatore Oliva
9 Eosinophilic Esophagitis ........................................................................................ 93
Natalia Nedelkopoulou, Alberto Quaglia and Babu Vadamalayan
10 Gastroesophageal Reflux ....................................................................................... 105
Yvan Vandenplas
11 Esophageal Achalasia ............................................................................................. 131
Efstratios Saliakellis, Keith J. Lindley and Osvaldo Borrelli
12 Helicobacter pylori Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease ....................................... 143
Iva Hojsak
13 Menetrier Disease ................................................................................................... 157
Yvan Vandenplas
ix
x Contents
14 Viral Diarrhea ........................................................................................................ 159
Alfredo Guarino and Eugenia Bruzzese
15 Bacterial Infections of the Small and Large Intestine ........................................ 171
Vittoria Buccigrossi and Maria Immacolata Spagnuolo
16 Intestinal Parasites ................................................................................................. 185
Margot L. Herman and Christina M. Surawicz
17 Persistent Diarrhea in Children in Developing Countries ................................. 195
Jai K. Das, Christopher Duggan and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
18 HIV and the Intestine ............................................................................................ 203
Andrea Lo Vecchio, Antonietta Giannattasio and Alfredo Guarino
19 F unctional Abdominal Pain and Other Functional
Gastrointestinal Disorders .................................................................................... 215
Mark P. Tighe and R. Mark Beattie
20 Disorders of Sucking and Swallowing .................................................................. 233
Francesca Paola Giugliano, Erasmo Miele and Annamaria Staiano
21 D efecation Disorders in Children: Constipation and Functional
Fecal Incontinence ................................................................................................. 247
Shaman Rajindrajith, Niranga Manjuri Devanarayana and Marc A. Benninga
22 Hirschsprung’s Disease and Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasias ............................. 261
Massimo Martinelli and Annamaria Staiano
23 Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction in Childhood ........................................ 269
Efstratios Saliakellis, Osvaldo Borrelli and Nikhil Thapar
24 Gastrointestinal and Nutritional Problems in Neurologically
Handicapped Children .......................................................................................... 281
Paolo Quitadamo and Annamaria Staiano
25 Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome .................................................................................... 285
Bhanu Sunku and B U. K. Li
26 Food Allergy ........................................................................................................... 295
Whitney M. Rassbach and Scott H. Sicherer
27 Eosinophilic Gastroenteropathy ........................................................................... 307
Alfredo J. Lucendo
28 Crohn’s Disease ...................................................................................................... 323
Salvatore Cucchiara and Marina Aloi
29 Indeterminate Colitis/Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unclassified (IBD-U) ...... 335
Barbara S. Kirschner
30 Ulcerative Colitis .................................................................................................... 341
Leslie M Higuchi, Brian P Regan and Athos Bousvaros
Contents xi
31 Vasculitides Including Henoch–Schönlein Purpura ........................................... 369
Keith J. Lindley and Jutta Köglmeier
32 Lymphonodular Hyperplasia ................................................................................ 377
Tuomo J. Karttunen and Sami Turunen
33 Acute Pancreatitis .................................................................................................. 385
Alisha Mavis, Praveen S. Goday and Steven L. Werlin
34 Hereditary Pancreatitis and Chronic Pancreatitis .............................................. 395
Aliye Uc and Michael Wilschanski
35 Fecal Microbial Transplant: For Whom, How, and When ................................. 405
Stacy A. Kahn and Jess L. Kaplan
36 Congenital Disorders of Intestinal Electrolyte Transport .................................. 415
Vincenza Pezzella, Tommaso Cozzolino, Ylenia Maddalena, Gianluca Terrin,
Rita Nocerino and Roberto Berni Canani
37 Immunodeficiency Disorders Resulting in Malabsorption ................................ 425
Margherita Di Costanzo, Marinita Morelli, Monica Malamisura, Maria
Giovanna Puoti and Roberto Berni Canani
38 Congenital Disorders of Lipid Transport ............................................................ 437
Nicholas O. Davidson and Emile Levy
39 Pancreatic Insufficiency ........................................................................................ 445
Praveen S. Goday and Steven L. Werlin
40 Celiac Disease ......................................................................................................... 453
Stefano Guandalini and Valentina Discepolo
41 Cystic Fibrosis ........................................................................................................ 471
Michael Wilschanski and Aliye Uc
42 Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth ................................................................ 487
Jon A. Vanderhoof and Rosemary Pauley-Hunter
43 Short-Bowel Syndrome .......................................................................................... 495
Jon A. Vanderhoof and Rosemary Pauley-Hunter
44 Malnutrition: A Global Problem .......................................................................... 505
Jai K. Das, Rehana A. Salam and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
45 Probiotics ................................................................................................................ 515
Yvan Vandenplas, Geert Huys and Georges Daube
46 Enteral Nutrition .................................................................................................... 529
Timothy A. Sentongo, Olivier Goulet and Virginie Colomb
47 Parenteral Nutrition in Infants and Children ..................................................... 551
Susan Hill
xii Contents
48 Intussusception ....................................................................................................... 561
Lydia O’Sullivan and Ashish P. Desai
49 Meckel’s Diverticulum ........................................................................................... 567
Ashish P. Desai
50 Acute Appendicitis ................................................................................................. 571
Rakesh Kumar Thakur and Ashish P. Desai
51 Gastrointestinal Vascular Anomalies ................................................................... 581
Indre Zaparackaite and Ashish P. Desai
52 Polyps and Other Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract .................................... 587
Warren Hyer, Marta Tavares and Mike Thomson
Part II Hepatology
53 Normal Liver Anatomy and Introduction to Liver Histology ............................ 609
Corina Gabriela Cotoi and Alberto Quaglia
54 Diagnostic Procedures in Pediatric Hepatology .................................................. 613
Annamaria Deganello and Maria E. K. Sellars
55 Infantile Cholestasis: Approach and Diagnostic Algorithm ............................... 625
Sona Young and Ruba K. Azzam
56 Biliary Atresia and Choledochal Malformations ................................................ 633
Elke Zani-Ruttenstock and Mark Davenport
57 Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis, Caroli’s Disease, and Other
Fibrocystic Liver Diseases ..................................................................................... 647
Nathalie Rock, Ino Kanavaki and Valérie McLin
58 Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis ......................................................................... 663
Tassos Grammatikopoulos and Richard J. Thompson
59 Alagille Syndrome .................................................................................................. 671
Binita Maya Kamath
60 Chronic Viral Hepatitis B and C .......................................................................... 681
Stefan Wirth
61 Bacterial, Fungal and Parasitic Infections of the Liver ...................................... 693
Anita Verma
62 Liver Disease in Primary Immunodeficiencies .................................................... 701
Nedim Hadzic
63 Autoimmune Liver Disease ................................................................................... 705
Giorgina Mieli-Vergani and Diego Vergani
64 Inherited Metabolic Disorders and the Liver ...................................................... 721
Hugh Lemonde and Mike Champion