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Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation – Volume II Medical Neurorehabilitation SecondEdition Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation – Volume II Medical Neurorehabilitation SecondEdition Edited by MichaelE.Selzer Director,ShrinersHospitalsPediatricResearchCenterandProfessorofNeurology, TempleUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Philadelphia,PA,USA StephanieClarke ProfessorandHeadofNeuropsychologyandNeurorehabilitation, ServicedeNeuropsychologieetdeNeuroréhabilitation,CHUV,Lausanne,Switzerland LeonardoG.Cohen ChiefoftheHumanCorticalPhysiologySectionandtheStrokeRehabilitationClinic, NationalInstituteofNeurologicDisordersandStroke,NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,MD,USA GertKwakkel ProfessorinNeurorehabilitation,DepartmentofRehabilitationMedicine, VUUniversityMedicalCenter,Amsterdam,theNetherlands RobertH.Miller Professor,DepartmentofNeurosciences, CaseWesternReserveUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Cleveland,OH,USA UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledge inthepursuitofeducation,learningandresearchatthehighestinter- nationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107010475 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2014 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtothe provisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionof anypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridge UniversityPress. Firstpublished2006 Secondedition2014 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd.Padstow Cornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Textbookofneuralrepairandrehabilitation/[editedby] MichaelE.Selzer,StephanieClarke,LeonardoG.Cohen,GertKwakkel, RobertH.Miller. p.;cm. Includesbibliographicalreferences. ISBN978-1-107-01047-5(set)–ISBN978-1-107-01167-0(v.1)– ISBN978-1-107-01168-7(v.2) I.Selzer,MichaelE.,editorofcompilation.II.Clarke,Stephanie,editorof compilation.III.Cohen,LeonardoG.,editorofcompilation.IV.Kwakkel, Gert(Professor),editorofcompilation.V.Miller,RobertH.(Professor), editorofcompilation. [DNLM:1.NerveRegeneration.2.NeuronalPlasticity.3.CentralNervous SystemDiseases–rehabilitation.4.NeuralProstheses.5.Trauma,Nervous System–rehabilitation.WL102] QP363.3 573.805384–dc23 2013027045 ISBN–2VolumeSet978-1-107-01047-5Hardback ISBN–VolumeI978-1-107-01167-0Hardback ISBN–VolumeII978-1-107-01168-7Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. .............................................................................................. Everyefforthasbeenmadeinpreparingthisbooktoprovideaccurateand up-to-dateinformationwhichisinaccordwithacceptedstandardsand practiceatthetimeofpublication.Althoughcasehistoriesaredrawnfrom actualcases,everyefforthasbeenmadetodisguisetheidentitiesofthe individualsinvolved.Nevertheless,theauthors,editorsandpublisherscan makenowarrantiesthattheinformationcontainedhereinistotallyfree fromerror,notleastbecauseclinicalstandardsareconstantlychanging throughresearchandregulation.Theauthors,editorsandpublishers thereforedisclaimallliabilityfordirectorconsequentialdamages resultingfromtheuseofmaterialcontainedinthisbook.Readersare stronglyadvisedtopaycarefulattentiontoinformationprovidedbythe manufacturerofanydrugsorequipmentthattheyplantouse. – Contents (Volume I Neural Repair and Plasticity) Contributor affiliations ix Preface xvii Introduction to Neural Repair and Rehabilitation xviii Section 1 – Neural plasticity: cellular and 10. Plasticityin auditory functions 125 Josef P. Rauschecker molecular mechanisms of neural 11. Cross-modal plasticity in the visual system 140 plasticity KrishnankuttySathian 1. Degenerativechangesandreactivegrowthresponses ofneuronsfollowingdenervationandaxotomy: – Section 3 Plasticity after injury to the central historicalconceptsandtheirmodernembodiments 1 OswaldSteward nervous system 2. Learningand memory: basic principles and 12. The role of extracellular matrixin plasticity model systems 22 in the spinal cord 155 KimberlyM. Christian, Andrew M. Poulos,and Melissa R. Andrews,Difei Wang,Chin Lik Tan, RichardF. Thompson and James W.Fawcett 3. Short-term plasticity: facilitation, augmentation, 13. Spinalplasticity underlyingthe recovery potentiation, anddepression 36 of locomotion after injury 166 GavrielDavid andEllen Barrett Serge Rossignol, Brian J.Schmidt, and 4. Long-term potentiationand long-term Larry M. Jordan depression 50 14. Cellularmechanismsofplasticityafterbrainlesions 196 Gareth Thomas and RichardL. Huganir S.Thomas Carmichael 5. Cellularandmolecularmechanismsofassociativeand 15. Pathophysiology andplasticity in cerebral palsy 211 nonassociative learning 63 Wenbin Deng and Frances E. Jensen John H. Byrne,Diasinou Fioravante, and Evangelos G. Antzoulatos 16. Noninvasive brainstimulationin cognitive rehabilitation: guiding plasticity after injury to the – centralnervous system 218 Section 2 Functional plasticity in the central Anna-Katharine Brem, JaredC.Horvath, and nervous system Alvaro Pascual-Leone 6. Plasticityof matureand developing somatosensory 17. From bench to bedside: influenceof theories systems 75 of plasticity onhuman neurorehabilitation 240 Jon H. Kaas and Hui-Xin Qi Agnes Floel and Leonardo G. Cohen 7. Activity-dependent plasticity in the intact spinal cord 83 Section 4 – Neural repair: basic cellular and Jonathan R. Wolpaw and Aiko K.Thompson molecular processes 8. Plasticityof cerebral motor functions: implications for repair and rehabilitation 99 18. Neuronal death andrescue: neurotrophic factors and RandolphJ. Nudo anti-apoptotic mechanisms 255 ThomasW. Gould andCarolMilligan 9. Plasticityin visualconnections:retinal ganglion cell axonal development andregeneration 114 19. Axon degeneration and rescue 274 Martin Munz, Edward S.Ruthazer,and Kurt Haas Erika Timar and AhmetHöke v Contents 20. Adult neurogenesis andneuralprecursors, 32. Dysfunction and recovery in demyelinated and progenitors, and stem cells in the adult central dysmyelinated axons 457 nervous system 283 Stephen G.Waxman Jeffrey D. Macklis and Gerd Kempermann 33. Role ofSchwanncells in peripheral nerve 21. Axon guidanceduringdevelopment and regeneration 472 regeneration 301 Young-Jin Son andWesleyJ. Thompson Simon W. Moore and Timothy E. Kennedy 34. Transplantation of Schwann cells andolfactory 22. Synaptogenesis 317 ensheathing cells as a therapeutic strategy in spinal Matthew S. Kayser and Matthew B.Dalva cord injury 496 Jeffery D. Kocsis and Mary Bartlett Bunge Section 5 – Determinants of regeneration 35. Trophicfactor delivery bygene therapy 514 Christopher Trimbyand GeorgeM. Smith in the injured nervous system 36. Assessment of sensorimotor functionafter 23. Non-mammalian models ofnerveregeneration 329 experimental spinal cord injury andrepair 529 Jennifer Morgan and Michael Shifman Michael S.Beattie and Jacqueline C.Bresnahan 24. Myelin-associated axon growth inhibitors 339 – Binhai Zheng and Karim Fouad Section 7 Translational research: application 25. Inhibitors ofaxonal regeneration 349 to human neural injury Marco Domeniconi, Tim Spencer, and Marie T. Filbin 37. Biomimetic design of neural prostheses 541 26. Glial development andaxon regeneration 367 Joseph J. Pancrazioand P. HunterPeckham Robert H. Miller 38. Brain responses to neural prostheses 554 27. Effectsof the glial scar and extracellular matrix Jeffrey R. Capadona and Paul D. Marasco moleculeson axon regeneration 376 39. Brain–computer interfaces 565 Himanshu Sharma, Bradley Lang, and Jerry Silver Jonathan R. Wolpaw and Chadwick B.Boulay 28. The role of the inflammatory response incentral nervous system injury and regeneration 392 40. Intracranial brain–computer interfacesfor communicationand control 577 Charbel E-H. Moussa Beata Jarosiewicz and Leigh R. Hochberg 29. Neurotrophin repair of spinal cord damage 400 41. Stem cell therapies for brain disorders 586 Vanessa S.Boyce,Joel M. Levine, and Lorne M.Mendell LianhuaBai,Brandon Delia, Jordan Hecker, and 30. Intraneuronaldeterminantsofaxonregeneration 413 Robert H. Miller Toby A. Ferguson, Michael E. Selzer, and ZhigangHe 42. Understandingmotor recovery andcompensation in neurorehabilitation 599 – Section 6 Promotion of regeneration in the MindyF. Levin injured nervous system 31. Cellular replacement in spinal cord injury 435 Joseph F. Bonner, AngeloC. Lepore,MahendraS. Rao, Index 609 and Itzhak Fischer See color plate section in between pages 328 and 329. vi Contents (Volume II – Medical Neurorehabilitation) Contributor affiliations ix Preface xvii Introduction to Neural Repair and Rehabilitation xviii Section 1 – Technology of neurorehabilitation: 12. Functionalelectrical stimulation in neurorehabilitation 120 outcome measurement and Peter H. Gorman and P. HunterPeckham diagnostic technology 13. Peripheral nervestimulation 135 1. Clinicaltrials inneurorehabilitation 1 LeonardoG. Cohen andAdriana B. Conforto Bruce H.Dobkin 14. Brain stimulation 141 2. Understandingthe mechanismsunderlying recovery Friedhelm C.Hummel andPablo Celnik after stroke 7 15. Assistivedevices 150 Gert Kwakkel,FloorE. Buma, andMichael E. Selzer William C.Mann and Glenn S.Le Prell 3. Genetics in neurorehabilitation 25 16. Wheelchair design andseating technology 161 Kristin M. Pearson-Fuhrhop and Steven C.Cramer Rory A. Cooper, RosemarieCooper, Michael L. 4. Outcomes measurement: basic principles and Boninger,Tasia Bobish, LauraMcClure, applications in stroke rehabilitation 35 Annmarie Kelleher, andTamara L. Pelleshi Carol L. Richards, Sharon Wood-Dauphinee, and 17. Rehabilitation robotics,orthotics, andprosthetics Francine Malouin for the upper extremity 177 5. Human voluntary motor controlanddysfunction 51 HermanoI. Krebs, Glauco A. P. Caurin,and LinamaraBattistella Catherine E. Lang and Marc H. Schieber 18. Rehabilitation robotics,orthotics, andprosthetics: 6. Assessments, interventions, andoutcome measures lower limb 190 for walking 61 Jan Mehrholz and Marcus Pohl Bruce H.Dobkin 19. Virtual reality applications in 7. Clinicalpathways 70 neurorehabilitation 198 ThomasPlatz Patrice L. (Tamar) Weiss, Rachel Kizony,Uri Feintuch, 8. Electromyography in neurorehabilitation 77 Debbie Rand,andNoomi Katz AmparoGutierrez and Austin J. Sumner 20. Communication devices 219 9. Functionalneuroimaging 84 SheelaStuartand Beth Mineo Nick S. Ward andRichard S.J. Frackowiak 21. Requirementsfor valid clinical trials 231 John D. Steeves – Section 2 Therapeutic technology 22. Spinalcordinjury:mechanisms,cellularand 10. Evolving insightsinto motor learningand their molecular therapies, and human implications for neurorehabilitation 95 translation 242 Peter J.Beek andMelvyn Roerdink Erna A. van Niekerk and Mark H. Tuszynski 11. Balancetraining 105 23. Motor neuroprosthetics 253 Margaret Mak andFay B. Horak Dejan B.Popovićand Thomas Sinkjær vii Contents Section 3 – Organization of rehabilitation 37. Apraxia 447 ThomasPlatz services 38. Unilateral neglect and anosognosia 463 24. Neurorehabilitative interventions in the acute stage StephanieClarke and Claire Bindschaedler of diseases 261 Heinrich Binder 39. Memorydysfunction 478 Jonathan J. Evans 25. The rehabilitationteamand the economics of neurological rehabilitation 278 40. Neurorehabilitation ofexecutive functions 489 RichardD. Zorowitz and Anthony B. Ward Gary R. Turner andMark D’Esposito 41. Rehabilitation ofvisual field impairment 500 Section 4 – Symptom-specific neurorehabilitation: Arash Sahraie and Ceri T. Trevethan sensory and motor dysfunctions – Section 7 Disease-specific neurorehabilitation 26. Chronic pain 289 systems Herta Florand Frank Andrasik 27. Loss ofsomatic sensation 298 42. Rehabilitation ofdementia 509 LeeanneM. Carey MijailD.Serruya,CatherineVerrierPiersol,TraceyVause Earland,and KeithM. Robinson 28. Management of deforming spastic paresis 312 Nicolas Bayle and Jean-Michel Gracies 43. Traumatic brain injury 535 Maulik Purohit, Seth Herman,and Ross D.Zafonte 29. Contemporary concepts in upper extremity rehabilitation 330 44. Neurorehabilitation inepilepsy 550 Aimee Reiss,Sarah Blanton,and Steven L.Wolf AndresM. Kanner 30. Gait disorders andrehabilitation 343 45. Parkinson’s disease andothermovement Volker Dietz disorders 567 Michael Jöbges, Georg Ebersbach, and JörgWissel 31. Balancefunction anddysfunction and the vestibular system 355 46. Predictingactivities afterstroke 585 C.D. Hall and Susan J. Herdman GertKwakkel,BoudewijnJ.Kollen,andJohnW.Krakauer 32. Deconditioningand energy expenditure 367 47. Evidence-basedbenefit of rehabilitation after MarilynMacKay-Lyons stroke 601 Robert W. Teasell andRicardo Viana Section 5 – Vegetative and autonomic 48. Rehabilitation inspinalcordinjury 615 Diana D. CardenasandArmin Curt dysfunctions 49. Multiple sclerosis 637 33. Acute neurorehabilitation for disorders of Serafin Beer, Fary Khan, and Jürg Kesselring consciousness 385 50. Neuromuscular rehabilitation: diseasesofthe motor TheresaPape neuron, peripheral nerve, neuromuscular junction, 34. Plasticityin the neuralpathways for swallowing: role and the muscle 655 in rehabilitation of dysphagia 405 Helmar C.Lehmann, Hubertus Köller, and John C. Rosenbek Hans-Peter Hartung 35. Autonomic dysfunction 415 Christopher J. Mathiasand David A. Low Index 674 – See color plate section in between pages 360 and 361. Section 6 Cognitive rehabilitation 36. Rehabilitation for aphasia 437 StefanoF. Cappa,Ana Inés Ansaldo,and Edith Durand viii Contributor affiliations Frank Andrasik Peter J.Beek Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Memphis, TN, USA Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands MelissaR. Andrews Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Serafin Beer Cambridge, UK Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Rehabilitation Center, Valens, Switzerland Ana Inés Ansaldo Centre de recherche, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de HeinrichBinder Montréal et Departement d’Orthophonie et d’Audiologie, Department of Neurology, Otto Wagner Hospital, Faculté de Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Vienna, Austria QC, Canada Claire Bindschaedler Evangelos G.Antzoulatos Service de neuropsychologie et de neuroréhabilitation, DepartmentofNeurobiology,Physiology,andBehavior,Center Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, forNeuroscience,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,CA,USA Université de Lausanne, Switzerland Lianhua Bai Sarah Blanton Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, Atlanta, GA, USA Cleveland, OH, USA Tasia Bobish Ellen Barrett University of Pittsburgh and VA Pittsburgh Healthcare Department of Physiology & Biophysics and Neuroscience System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Program, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA MichaelL. Boninger University of Pittsburgh and VA Pittsburgh Healthcare Linamara Battistella System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Joseph F.Bonner Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Nicolas Bayle University of California at Irvine, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Laboratoire de Biomécanique, Irvine, CA, USA and Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC) and AP-HP, Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Chadwick B.Boulay Unité de Neurorééducation, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Laboratory of Neural Injury and Repair, Mondor, Créteil, Paris, France Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA MichaelS. Beattie Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Vanessa S. Boyce Department of Neurological Surgery, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA ix