Textbook of Critical Care : Expert Consult Premium. PDF
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TEXTBOOK OF CRITICAL CARE TEXTBOOK OF CRITICAL CARE S i x t h E d i t i o n JEAN-LOUIS VINCENT, MD, PhD Professor of Intensive Care Medicine Université Libre de Bruxelles Head, Department of Intensive Care Erasme University Hospital Brussels, Belgium EDWARD ABRAHAM, MD Professor and Chair Spencer Chair in Medical Science Leadership Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine Birmingham, Alabama FREDERICK A. MOORE, MD, FACS, FCCM Professor of Surgery Head, Acute Care Surgery College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville, Florida PATRICK M. KOCHANEK, MD, FCCM Professor and Vice Chairman Department of Critical Care Medicine Professor of Anesthesiology, Pediatrics, and Clinical and Translational Science Director, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania MITCHELL P. FINK, MD Professor of Surgery and Anesthesiology Vice Chair for Critical Care, Department of Surgery David Geffen School of Medicine University of California–Los Angeles Los Angeles, California To Hac and Amélie, hoping for better care of the critically ill throughout the world — JEAN-LOUIS VINCENT To Norma-May, my true love. To Claire and Erin, who bring me the greatest joy, and to my mother, Dale Abraham, for her support throughout my life — EDWARD ABRAHAM To my father, Ernest E. Moore, who was a family practitioner for 50 years in Butler, Pennsylvania. He inspired me by his dedication to self education, humility, and service to his community — FREDERICK A. MOORE To my parents, Stella and Julius Kochanek, for leading by example on the value of hard work; to my wife, Denise, and my children, Ashley, Stanton, and Jillian, for their many sacrifices; and to the late Dr. Peter Safar, for encouraging each of us to bring promising new therapies to the bedside of the critically ill — PATRICK M. KOCHANEK To my two grown-up children, Emily and Matthew; may their lives be as professionally rewarding and personally satisfying as mine has been. To the memory of my parents, Walter and Betty, who taught me the virtues of honesty and hard work. And to Judy Rochlin, who I loved 40 years ago, and love again even more now — MITCHELL P. FINK CONTRIBUTORS Edward Abraham, MD Gustavo G. Angaramo, MD Professor and Chair Assistant Professor in Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Spencer Chair in Medical Science Leadership Department of Anesthesiology Department of Medicine Former Instructor in Cardiothoracic Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Surgery School of Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical School Birmingham, Alabama Worcester, Massachusetts Peter Abrams, MD Derek C. Angus, MD, MPH, FRCP Fellow in Abdominal Transplantation Chair, Department of Critical Care Medicine Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute The Mitchell P. Fink Endowed Chair in Critical Care Medicine Department of Surgery Professor of Critical Care Medicine, Medicine, Health Policy and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Management, and Clinical and Translational Science Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Graduate School of Public Health Kareem Abu-Elmagd, MD Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Professor of Surgery Director of Intestinal Rehabilitation and Transplant Center Anastasia Antoniadou, MD, PhD Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department of Surgery Athens University Medical School University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine University General Hospital ATTIKON Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Athens, Greece Yasir Abu-Omar, MBChB, DPhil, FRCS(C-Th) Anupam Anupam, MBBS Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Attending Physician, Department of Medicine Papworth Hospital Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center Cambridge, United Kingdom Chicago, Illinois Carlos Agustí, MD, PhD Andrew C. Argent, MBBCh (Wits), MMed (Paeds)(Wits), Pneumology Department DCH (SA), FCPaeds (SA), FRCPCH(UK) Clinic Institute of Thorax (ICT) Professor, School of Child and Adolescent Health Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques University of Cape Town August Pi i Sunyer Medical Director University of Barcelona-Ciber de Enfermedades Paediatric Intensive Care Barcelona, Spain Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa William C. Aird, MD Department of Medicine John H. Arnold, MD Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Senior Associate Boston, Massachusetts Department of Anesthesia Medical Director of ECMO, Respiratory Care, and Philip Alapat, MD, DABSM, FCCP Biomedical Engineering Assistant Professor Children’s Hospital Boston Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Associate Professor of Anaesthesia and Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Harvard Medical School Ben Taub General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Houston, Texas Anna Arroyo, MD Ali H. Al-Khafaji, MD, MPH Department of Medicine Associate Professor and Consultant Division of Hospital Medicine Director Washington University School of Medicine Transplant Intensive Care Unit St Louis, Missouri Department of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Stephen Ashwal, MD Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics and Chief of the Division of Child Neurology Department of Pediatrics Loma Linda University School of Medicine Loma Linda, California vii viii Contributors Mark E. Astiz, MD Robert Bartlett, MD Chief, Division of Critical Care Medicine Professor of Surgery, Emeritus Lenox Hill Hospital University of Michigan New York, New York Ann Arbor, Michigan Professor of Medicine New York Medical College John G. Bartlett, MD Westchester County, New York Professor of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Elie Azoulay, MD, PhD Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis Baltimore, Maryland Université Paris-7 Paris-Diderot UFR de Médecine Gianluigi Li Bassi, MD Réanimation Médicale Researcher Paris, France Respiratory Intensive Care Unit Institut Clinic del Tòrax Omer A. Bajwa, MD Hospital Clinic of Barcelona Senior Fellow, Department of Critical Care Medicine Institut d’investigacions Biomèdiques University of Pittsburgh August Pi i Sunyer Allegheny General Hospital Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Red Enfermedades Respiratorias Barcelona, Spain Anthony Baldea, MD Chief Resident Sarice L. Bassin, MD Department of Surgery Assistant Professor Loyola University Medical Center Department of Neurology Maywood, Illinois Northwestern Memorial Hospital Chicago, Illinois Marie R. Baldisseri, MD, FCCM Associate Professor of Critical Care Medicine Julie A. Bastarache, MD University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Assistant Professor of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine Department of Medicine Zsolt J. Balogh, MD, PhD, FRACS Vanderbilt University Professor of Traumatology Nashville, Tennessee Department of Traumatology University of Newcastle Colin Bauer, MD John Hunter Hospital Resident Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia Department of Anesthesiology University of California–Los Angeles Rasheed Abiodun Balogun, MD Los Angeles, California Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Nephrology Daniel G. Bausch, MD, MPH&TM Medical Director, Renal Unit and Extracorporeal Therapies Associate Professor University of Virginia Health System Department of Tropical Medicine and Section of Charlottesville, Virginia Adult Infectious Diseases Tulane University Health Science Center Arna Banerjee, MD New Orleans, Louisiana Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology Assistant Professor of Surgery Hülya Bayır, MD Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Associate Professor Nashville, Tennessee Department of Critical Care Medicine Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Philip S. Barie, MD, MBA, FIDSA, FCCM, FACS Director, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Research Professor of Surgery and Public Health Associate Director Weill Cornell Medical College Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health Chief, Preston A. Wade Acute Care Surgery Service Safar Center for Resuscitation Research New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania New York, New York David T. Bearden, PharmD Brendan Barrett, MB, MSc Clinical Associate Professor Professor of Medicine Department of Pharmacy Practice Division of Nephrology Oregon State University Memorial University of Newfoundland Portland, Oregon St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada Contributors ix Gregory J. Beilman, MD Frank Bloos, MD, PhD Professor and Vice Chair of Surgery Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Chief of Critical Care/Acute Care Surgery Jena University Hospital University of Minnesota Jena, Germany Minneapolis, Minnesota Desmond Bohn, MB, FRCPC Rinaldo Bellomo Chief Department of Intensive Care Department of Critical Care Medicine Austin Hospital and University of Melbourne The Hospital for Sick Children Melbourne, Australia Professor Anesthesia and Pediatrics E. David Bennett, MB, FRCP University of Toronto Visiting Professor of Intensive Care Toronto, Ontario, Canada Kings College Honorary Consultant Physician Nicole C. Bouchard, MD, FPCPC Intensive Care Unit Assistant Clinical Professor St. Thomas’ Hospital Assistant Site Director London, United Kingdom Director of Medical Toxicology Emergency Medicine Gordon R. Bernard, MD New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center Professor of Medicine New York, New York Associate Vice Chancellor for Research Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Arthur J. Boujoukos, MD Nashville, Tennessee Professor, Department of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Jay K. Bhama, MD Medical Director, Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania William J. Brady, MD Joost J.L.M. Bierens, MD Professor Anesthesiologist Department of Emergency Medicine and Medicine Medical Commission International Life Saving Federation University of Virginia Advising Governer Maatschappij tot Redding van Drenkelingen Operational Medical Director The Netherlands Charlottesville-Albemarle Rescue and Albemarle County Fire-Rescue Chair, Resuscitation Committee Walter L. Biffl, MD University of Virginia Director of Surgery/Trauma Outreach Charlottesville, Virginia Assistant Director of Patient Safety and Quality Denver Health Medical Center Serge Brimioulle, MD, PhD Professor of Surgery Professor Associate Residency Program Director Department of Intensive Care University of Colorado Erasme Hospital Denver, Colorado Free University of Brussels Brussels, Belgium Thomas P. Bleck, MD, FCCM Professor of Neurological Sciences, Neurosurgery, Medicine, Daniel E. Brooks, MD and Anesthesiology Co-Medical Director Assistant Dean Banner Good Samaritan Poison and Drug Information Center Rush Medical College Department of Medical Toxicology Associate Chief Medical Officer for Critical Care Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center Rush University Medical Center Phoenix, Arizona Chicago, Illinois Richard C. Brundage, PharmD, PhD Thomas A. Bledsoe, MD Distinguished University Teaching Professor Clinical Assistant Professor Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Brown University School of Medicine University of Minnesota Providence, Rhode Island Minneapolis, Minnesota Karen C. Bloch, MD, MPH Jeffrey P. Burns, MD, MPH Assistant Professor Chief Departments of Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and Division of Critical Care Medicine Preventive Medicine Children’s Hospital Boston Vanderbilt University Medical Center Associate Professor of Anaesthesia Nashville, Tennessee Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts x Contributors Belén Cabello, MD Edward D. Chan, MD Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Associate Professor of Medicine Hospital de Antequera National Jewish Health Antequera, Spain Staff Physician Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center Karen H. Calhoun, MD, FACS, FAAOA Denver, Colorado Professor Staff Physician Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery University of Colorado Denver The Ohio State University Medical Center Anschutz Medical Center Columbus, Ohio Aurora, Colorado Clifton W. Callaway, MD, PhD Sanjay Chawla, MD, FCCP Associate Professor Assistant Professor of Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine Weill Cornell Medical College Safar Center for Resuscitation Research Assistant Attending Physician University of Pittsburgh Critical Care Medicine Service Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Peter M.A. Calverley, MBChB New York, New York Professor of Respiratory Medicine School of Clinical Sciences Lakshmipathi Chelluri, MD University of Liverpool Associate Professor Liverpool, United Kingdom Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine University of Pittsburgh Medical Center John Camm, MD Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Professor of Clinical Cardiology St. George’s University of London David C. Chen, MD Honorary Consultant Cardiologist Assistant Clinical Professor St. George’s Healthcare Trust Department of Surgery London, United Kingdom University of California–Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Diane M. Cappelletty, PharmD Associate Professor Annie S. Chevrier, RN, MScA Pharmacy Practice Clinical Nurse Specialist The University of Toledo Internal Medicine, Medical Mission Toledo, Ohio McGill University Health Centre Montreal, Quebec, Canada Joseph A. Carcillo, MD Associate Professor of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics Su Min Cho, MD, MRCP(UK) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Anthony J. Carlese, DO, FCCP Robert S.B. Clark, MD Division of Critical Care Medicine Professor and Chief, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC of Medicine Associate Director Bronx, New York Safar Center for Resuscitation Research University of Pittsburgh Juan Carlos-Puyana, MD Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Department of Surgery University of Pittsburgh Michael A. Coady, MD Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Attending Cardiac Surgeon Heart and Vascular Institute Franco A. Carnevale, RN, PhD Stamford Hospital Associate Professor Stamford, Connecticut School of Nursing McGill University Stephen M. Cohn, MD, FACS Associate Member Witten B. Russ Professor of Surgery Pediatric Critical Care University of Texas Health Science Center Montreal Children’s Hospital San Antonio, Texas Montreal, Quebec, Canada Alan D. Cook, MD Trauma Surgeon Trauma Services East Texas Medical Center Tyler, Texas Contributors xi Deborah J. Cook, MD, FRCPC, MSc(Epi) Pirouz Daeihagh, MD Professor Associate Professor of Internal Medicine-Nephrology Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology, and Biostatistics Wake Forest University Baptist Academic Chair, Critical Care Medicine Winston Salem, North Carolina McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Joseph M. Darby, MD Professor of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery Robert N. Cooney, MD, FACS, FCCM University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Professor of Surgery Medical Director, Trauma ICU Department of Surgery UPMC-Presbyterian Hospital SUNY Upstate Medical University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Syracuse, New York James M. Dargin, MD Susan J. Corbridge, PhD, ACNP, AE-C, FAANP Fellow Clinical Assistant Professor of Nursing Critical Care Medicine Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Coordinator, Acute Care Nurse Practitioner Program Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois Michaël Darmon, MD, PhD Attending Physician Thomas C. Corbridge, MD, FCCP Medical-Surgical ICU Professor of Medicine Saint-Etienne University Hospital Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Jean Monnet University Department of Medicine Saint-Priest-en-Jarrez Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine France Chicago, Illinois Joseph F. Dasta, MSc, FCCM, FCCP Howard L. Corwin, MD Professor Emeritus Professor of Medicine and Anesthesiology The Ohio State University Dartmouth Medical School College of Pharmacy Hanover, New Hampshire Columbus, Ohio Mark A. Crowther, MD, MSc, FRCPC John D. Davies, MA, RRT, FAARC Professor Clinical Research Coordinator Department of Medicine Duke University Medical Center McMaster University Durham, North Carolina St. Joseph’s Hospital Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Robert W. Derlet, MD Professor Burke A. Cunha, MD, MACP Emergency Medicine Chief, Infectious Disease Division University of California–Davis Winthrop-University Hospital Davis, California Mineola, New York Professor of Medicine Mark Dershwitz, MD, PhD State University of New York School of Medicine Professor and Vice Chair of Anesthesiology Stony Brook, New York Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology University of Massachusetts Cheston B. Cunha, MD Worcester, Massachusetts Department of Medicine Brown University Alpert School of Medicine Anne Marie G.A. de Smet, MD, PhD Rhode Island Hospital and The Miriam Hospital Department of Intensive Care Providence, Rhode Island Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis Amsterdam, The Netherlands J. Randall Curtis, MD, MPH Professor of Medicine Monica Dhand, MD Section Head, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Tulane University School of Medicine Harborview Medical Center New Orleans, Louisiana University of Washington Seattle, Washington Anahat Dhillon, MD Assistant Clinical Professor Vincenzo D’Intini, MD Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Renal Medicine University of California–Los Angeles Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital Los Angeles, California Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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