Textbook of Adult Emergency Medicine PDF
Preview Textbook of Adult Emergency Medicine
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Access to the eBook is limited to the first individual who redeems the PIN, located on the inside cover of this book, at expertconsult.inkling.com and may not be transferred to another party by resale, lending, or other means. 2015v1.0 Textbook of ADULT EMERGENCY MEDICINE This page intentionally left blank Textbook of ADULT EMERGENCY MEDICINE Fifth Edition EDITED BY Peter Cameron MBBS MD FACEM Professor of Emergency Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Emergency Physician, Emergency and Trauma Centre, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Mark Little MBBS FACEM MPH&TM DTM&H IDHA Emergency Physician and Clinical Toxicologist, Department of Emergency Medicine, Cairns Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia; Clinical Toxicologist, New South Wales Poisons Information Service, New South Wales, Australia Biswadev Mitra MBBS MHSM PhD FACEM Emergency Physician, Alfred Hospital Emergency and Trauma Centre; Professor, Critical Care Research, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Conor Deasy MB DCH Dip IMC Dip Tox FRCEM PhD Clinical Lead and Consultant in Emergency Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland; Senior Lecturer, Emergency Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Deputy Medical Director, National Ambulance Service, Dublin, Ireland; Associate Adjunct Professor, School of Primary Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia For additional online content visit ExpertConsult.com EDINBURGH LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PHILADELPHIA ST LOUIS SYDNEY 2020 © 2020, Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. First edition 2000 Second edition 2004 Third edition 2009 Fourth edition 2015 Fifth edition 2020 No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions poli- cies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Chapter 26.2 Exotic snakebite © Julian White. All rights reserved. Published with permission of Julian White. Chapter 29.3 Medical issues in disasters © 2020 World Health Organization. All rights reserved. Published with permission of the World Health Organization. Notice Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or contributors for any injury and/ or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein ISBN 978-0-7020-7624-4 Content Strategist: Laurence Hunter Content Development Specialist: Fiona Conn Senior Project Manager: Karthikeyan Murthy Designer: Amy Buxton Illustration Manager: Narayanan Ramakrishnan Marketing Manager: Deborah Watkins Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface xi 2.8 Anaphylaxis 59 SECTION 4 Contributors xiii Anthony F.T. Brown Orthopaedic Acknowledgements xxi emergencies 147 Introduction xxiii SECTION 3 Editor: Conor Deasy SECTION 1 Trauma 67 4.1 Injuries of the shoulder 147 Resuscitation 1 Editor: Peter Cameron Crispijn van den Brand Editor: Conor Deasy 3.1 Trauma overview 67 4.2 Dislocations of the elbow 151 Peter Cameron, Gerard O’Reilly Timothy H. Rainer, Raymond Chi 1.1 Basic life support 1 Hung Cheng Sameer A. Pathan 3.2 Neurotrauma 72 Gerard O’Reilly, Peter Cameron 4.3 Fractures of the humerus 152 1.2 Advanced life support 5 Raymond Chi Hung Cheng, Sameer A. Pathan 3.3 Spinal trauma 76 Timothy H. Rainer Pieter van Driel 4.4 Fractures of the forearm and 3.4 Facial trauma 88 SECTION 2 carpal bones 156 Mark Putland, Kiran Veera Crispijn van den Brand Critical care 12 3.5 Abdominal trauma 92 4.5 Hand injuries 161 Editor: Conor Deasy Garry Wilkes Arthur Hennessy 2.1 Airway and ventilation 3.6 Chest trauma 96 4.6 Pelvic injuries 165 management 12 Mark Fitzgerald, Jeremy Stevens, Stephen Cusack Christopher Groombridge, Robert Gocentas Amit Maini, Peter Fritz 4.7 Hip injuries 169 3.7 Limb trauma 101 Stephen Cusack 2.2 Oxygen therapy 21 Amit Maini, Christopher David R. Smart Groombridge 4.8 Femoral injuries 173 Stephen Cusack 2.3 Haemodynamic monitoring 30 3.8 Radiology in major Craig Hore trauma 107 4.9 Knee injuries 174 Anthony P. Joseph, Brett Lurie Michael Baker, Dean Fulford 2.4 Shock overview 35 Gerard McCarthy 3.9 Trauma in pregnancy 122 4.10 Tibial and fibular injuries 180 Steven Troupakis Michael Baker, Dean Fulford 2.5 Sepsis and septic shock 43 Alan Watts 3.10 Wound care and repair 125 4.11 Ankle joint injuries 183 Gim Tan Michael Baker, Dean Fulford 2.6 Arterial blood gases 48 Anthony D. Holley 3.11 Burns 137 4.12 Foot injuries 186 Gerard O’Reilly, Biswadev Mitra Michael Baker, Dean Fulford 2.7 Cerebral resuscitation after cardiac arrest 55 3.12 Massive transfusion 141 4.13 Osteomyelitis 190 Stephen A. Bernard Biswadev Mitra Arthur Hennessy v CONTENTS 6.5 Chronic obstructive pulmonary SECTION 5 SECTION 8 disease 285 Cardiovascular emergencies 193 Neurology emergencies 352 Katie Walker, Christine Jackman Editor: Conor Deasy Editor: Conor Deasy 6.6 Pneumothorax 290 Anne-Maree Kelly 5.1 Chest pain 193 8.1 Headache 352 Rohan Laging 6.7 Pleural effusion 294 Anne-Maree Kelly Shammi Ramlakhan 5.2 Acute coronary syndromes 199 8.2 Stroke and transient ischaemic Rohan Laging 6.8 Haemoptysis 298 attacks 356 Katie Walker, Christine Jackman Philip Aplin, Mark Morphett 5.3 Assessment and management of acute pulmonary oedema 205 8.3 Subarachnoid haemorrhage 364 David Lightfoot Íomhar O’Sullivan SECTION 7 5.4 Arrhythmias 209 8.4 Altered conscious state 368 Digestive emergencies 301 Marcus Ong Eng Hock, Desmond Ruth Hew Mao, Gayathri Devi Nadarajan Editor: Biswadev Mitra 8.5 Seizures 374 5.5 Pulmonary embolism 223 7.1 Dysphagia 301 Garry Wilkes David Mountain Graeme Thomson 8.6 Syncope and vertigo 379 5.6 Pericarditis, cardiac tamponade 7.2 Approach to abdominal pain 302 Rosslyn Hing and myocarditis 230 Rebecca Day, James Fordyce 8.7 Weakness 383 C. Geraldine McMahon 7.3 Bowel obstruction 309 Tim Green, Eileen M. Rogan 5.7 Heart valve emergencies 237 Kim Yates Kevin K.C. Hung, Colin A. Graham 7.4 Hernia 312 SECTION 9 5.8 Peripheral vascular disease 245 Neil A. Goldie Kevin K.C. Hung, Colin A. Graham Infectious disease 7.5 Gastroenteritis 314 emergencies 390 5.9 Hypertension 250 Arun Ilancheran Editor: Peter Cameron Francis O’Keeffe 7.6 Haematemesis and melaena 318 5.10 Aortic dissection 254 Kevin K.C. Hung, Colin A. Graham 9.1 Approach to undifferentiated Eoin Fogarty fever in adults 390 7.7 Peptic ulcer disease and Arun Ilancheran 5.11 Aneurysms 259 gastritis 323 Adrian Murphy Win Sen Kuan, Shirley Ooi 9.2 Meningitis 395 Andrew Singer 7.8 Biliary tract disease 327 Stacy Turner 9.3 Septic arthritis 400 SECTION 6 Christopher Carman Respiratory emergencies 262 7.9 Acute pancreatitis 330 Kenneth Heng 9.4 Urinary tract infections 402 Editor: Biswadev Mitra Sean Arendse 7.10 Acute appendicitis 333 6.1 Upper respiratory tract 262 Ashis Banerjee 9.5 Skin and soft-tissue Kenneth Ooi infections 409 7.11 Inflammatory bowel Cecil S. Johnny 6.2 Asthma 267 disease 336 Anne-Maree Kelly Kim Yates, Louise Finnel 9.6 Hepatitis 415 Helen E. Stergiou, Biswadev Mitra 6.3 Community-acquired 7.12 Acute liver failure 339 pneumonia 272 John M. Ryan, John J. Cronin 9.7 Human immunodeficiency virus Mark Putland, Karen and acquired immune deficiency 7.13 Haematochezia 343 Robins-Browne syndrome 420 Francis Chun-Yue Lee Carl Luckhoff 6.4 Influenza and emerging 7.14 Perianal conditions 348 respiratory infections 282 9.8 Sexually transmitted Michael R. Augello Michelle van den Driesen, infections 427 Nicola Walsham Jane Terris vi CONTENTS 9.9 Antibiotics in the emergency SECTION 13 SECTION 16 department 433 Haematology Ocular emergencies 549 John Vinen emergencies 497 Editor: Peter Cameron 9.10 Needlestick injuries and Editor: Mark Little related blood and body fluid 16.1 Ocular emergencies 549 exposures 443 13.1 Anaemia 497 Mark J. Walland, R.C. Andrew Sean Arendse Mark Little Symons, James K. Galbraith, 9.11 Tropical infectious David V. Kaufman 13.2 Neutropaenia 503 diseases 448 Mark Little Sander Manders 13.3 Thrombocytopaenia 505 SECTION 17 Mark Little Dental emergencies 557 SECTION 10 13.4 Haemophilia 508 Editor: Peter Cameron Genitourinary Sean Arendse emergencies 457 17.1 Dental emergencies 557 13.5 Blood and blood products 511 Ian Hewson Editor: Biswadev Mitra Sean Arendse, Biswadev Mitra 10.1 Acute kidney injury 457 Nicholas Adams SECTION 18 SECTION 14 Ear, nose and throat 10.2 The acute scrotum 466 Rheumatology and emergencies 561 Gino Toncich musculoskeletal Editor: Peter Cameron 10.3 Renal colic 469 emergencies 517 Sean Arendse Editor: Conor Deasy 18.1 Ear, nose and throat emergencies 561 14.1 Rheumatological Carmel Crock, Nadine de Alwis SECTION 11 emergencies 517 Endocrine emergencies 472 Michelle C. Papandony, Editor: Mark Little Michael J. Gingold, SECTION 19 Flavia M. Cicuttini Obstetrics and gynaecology 11.1 Diabetes mellitus and 14.2 Monoarthritis 523 emergencies 567 hypoglycaemia: an Michelle C. Papandony, Editor: Biswadev Mitra overview 472 Michael J. Gingold, Anthony F.T. Brown Flavia M. Cicuttini 19.1 Pelvic pain 567 11.2 Diabetic ketoacidosis and Anusch Yazdani 14.3 Polyarthritis 526 hyperosmolar, hyperglycaemic Michelle C. Papandony, 19.2 Pelvic inflammatory disease 571 state 474 Shom Bhattacharjee, Erica Kreismann, Gar Ming Chan Anthony F.T. Brown Flavia M. Cicuttini 19.3 Abnormal vaginal bleeding in the 11.3 Thyroid and adrenal 14.4 Musculoskeletal and soft-tissue non-pregnant patient 573 emergencies 478 emergencies 533 Erica Kreismann, Gar Ming Chan Andrew Maclean Anthony Tzannes 19.4 Ectopic pregnancy and bleeding in early pregnancy 576 Gim Tan SECTION 12 SECTION 15 Metabolic emergencies 484 19.5 Bleeding after the first trimester Dermatology of pregnancy 579 Editor: Mark Little emergencies 540 Fatima Rahman Editor: Biswadev Mitra 12.1 Acid–base disorders 484 19.6 Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia 581 Alan Gault 15.1 Emergency dermatology 540 Marian Lee 12.2 Electrolyte disturbances 488 Ryan De Cruz, Vanessa Morgan, 19.7 Emergency delivery and John Pasco George Varigos complications 584 Stephen Priestley vii CONTENTS SECTION 20 SECTION 22 SECTION 25 Psychiatric emergencies 595 Pain relief 660 Toxicology emergencies 731 Editor: Biswadev Mitra Editor: Conor Deasy Editor: Mark Little 20.1 Mental state assessment 595 22.1 General pain management 660 25.1 Approach to the poisoned Blair Hobbs Adrian Murphy patient 731 Alan Gault 20.2 Distinguishing medical from 22.2 Local anaesthesia 665 psychiatric causes of mental Anthony F.T. Brown 25.2 Cardiovascular drugs 737 disorder presentations 600 Betty S.H. Chan, Angela L. Chiew 22.3 Emergency department David Spain procedural sedation 671 25.3 Antipsychotic drugs 744 20.3 Deliberate self-harm/ Anthony J. Bell, Greg Treston, Dino Druda suicide 604 Adam Michael 25.4 Antidepressant drugs 748 Jennie Hutton, Grant Phillips, Shaun Greene Peter Bosanac SECTION 23 25.5 Lithium 753 20.4 Depression 610 Jessamine Soderstrom Evan Symons Emergency imaging 678 Editor: Biswadev Mitra 25.6 Paracetamol 756 20.5 Psychosis 618 Andis Graudins, Anselm Wong Evan Symons 23.1 Emergency department 25.7 Salicylate 760 20.6 Pharmacological management of ultrasound 678 Andis Graudins, Digby Green the aroused patient 624 James Rippey, Adrian Goudie John C. Spencer 25.8 Antidiabetic drugs 763 23.2 Computed tomography Jason Armstrong scanning in emergency medicine 689 25.9 Colchicine 766 SECTION 21 Stephen J. Dunjey, Swithin Song Dushan Jayaweera, Mark Salter Challenging situations 628 23.3 Magnetic resonance imaging in 25.10 Theophylline and caffeine 768 Editor: Biswadev Mitra emergency medicine 694 Gopi Mann, Satish Mitter, James Rippey Naren Gunja 21.1 Death and dying 628 William Lukin, Carol Douglas 25.11 Iron 770 Zeff Koutsogiannis, 21.2 Sexual assault 631 SECTION 24 Yit Hung Leang Jeremy Stevens Environmental emergencies 700 25.12 Drugs of abuse 773 21.3 Family violence 635 Editor: Mark Little Kerry A. Hoggett Evan Symons, De Villiers Smit, Kellie Muir, Catherine Smith 24.1 Heat-related illness 700 25.13 Cyanide 778 Ian Rogers George Braitberg 21.4 Alcohol-related illness 638 Ioana Vlad 24.2 Hypothermia 702 25.14 Hydrofluoric acid 781 Ian Rogers Andis Graudins, Sam Alfred 21.5 The challenging patient 645 24.3 Dysbarism 706 25.15 Pesticides 784 Georgina Phillips, David R. Smart Darren M. Roberts, Matthew Bode Kirsten Cassidy 24.4 Radiation incidents 713 25.16 Herbicides 789 21.6 End-of-life decision Paul D. Mark Katherine Isoardi, Geoffrey making and palliative Isbister, Darren M. Roberts 24.5 Drowning 719 care 653 David Mountain 25.17 Ethanol and other ‘toxic’ William Lukin, Ben White, alcohols 792 Carol Douglas 24.6 Electric shock and lightning David McCoubrie, injury 724 21.7 Organ and tissue Mohan Raghavan Daniel M. Fatovich donation 656 25.18 Carbon monoxide 798 Martin J. Dutch, 24.7 Altitude illness 728 Nicholas Buckley David Pilcher Ian Rogers viii
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