Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth PDF
Preview Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth
Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth Fourth Edition Edited by J. O. Andreasen F. M. Andreasen L. Andersson © 1981,1994 by Munksgaard,Copenhagen,Denmark © 2007 Blackwell Munksgaard A Blackwell Publishing Company Blackwell Publishing editorial offices: Blackwell Publishing Ltd,9600 Garsington Road,Oxford OX4 2DQ,UK Tel:+44 (0)1865 776868 Blackwell Publishing Professional,2121 State Avenue,Ames,Iowa 50014-8300,USA Tel:+1 515 292 0140 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd,550 Swanston Street,Carlton,Victoria 3053,Australia Tel:+61 (0)3 8359 1011 The right ofthe Author to be identified as the Author ofthis Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved.No part ofthis publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording or otherwise,except as permitted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,without the prior permission ofthe publisher. Second edition published 1981 by Munksgaard Third edition published 1994 by Munksgaard Fourth edition published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd ISBN:978-1-4051-2954-1 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library and the Library ofCongress For further information on Blackwell Publishing,visit our website: www.blackwellmunksgaard.com Contents Contributors x Pulp-dentin regeneration after trauma 126 Preface xiii Growing teeth 129 Implant/transplant teeth 130 1 Wound Healing Subsequent to Injury 1 Essentials 130 F.G,S.SJ& References 131 J.O.A Definition 1 4 Osteoclastic Activity 137 Nature ofa traumatic injury 1 S.F.L,C.W.D,A.M.P, Wound healing biology 1 M.T& S.S Dynamics ofwound repair 4 Osteoclast histogenesis 137 Types ofwound after injury 8 Osteoclast morphology 138 Tissues and compounds in wound healing 9 Odontoclast function 139 Inflammatory phase mediators 13 Regulation ofosteoclast activity 143 Cells in wound healing 18 Identification ofosteoclasts and odontoclasts 146 Angiogenesis 29 Osteoclast activity in general 148 Wound strength development 32 Inflammation and mediators ofhard tissue Remodeling phase 35 resorption 148 Microenvironnent in wounds 37 Essentials 160 Factors affecting the wound healing process 39 References 160 Optimizing oral wound healing 43 Essentials 43 5 Physical and Chemical Methods to References 44 Optimize Pulpal and Periodontal Healing After Traumatic Injuries 172 2 Response ofOral Tissues to Trauma 62 J.O.A& H.L M.T Treatment strategies 173 Repair and regeneration oforal tissues 62 General strategies 175 Developing teeth 63 Fluoride pre-treatment ofthe root 189 Teeth with developed roots 72 Essentials 194 Dentin-pulp complex 84 References 194 Essentials 95 References 96 6 Socio-Psychological Aspects ofTraumatic 3 Stem Cells and Regeneration of Dental Injuries 197 Injured Dental Tissue 114 W.M& U.R H.L,W.V.G, Introduction 197 M.J.S,Q.J& J.O.A Socio-psychological impacts oftraumatic dental Introduction 114 injuries 198 The stem cell 114 Stages ofpsychological development 199 Tissue engineering 121 Implications for treatment 200 Periodontal tissue regeneration 123 Treatment plan 201 Cementum engineering 124 Talking to children 203 v vi Contents Essentials 204 Provisional treatment ofcrown fractures 288 References 205 Definitive treatment ofcrown fractures 288 Reattachment ofthe original crown fragment 290 7 Child Physical Abuse 207 Laminate veneers in the treatment ofcrown R.R.W fractures 297 Prognosis ofcrown fractures 301 Child physical abuse – a definition 207 Essentials 303 Child physical abuse – historical aspects 207 References 304 Prevalence 207 Etiology 208 11 Crown-Root Fractures 314 Diagnosis 208 J.O.A,F.M.A & M.T Types oforofacial injuries in child physical abuse 209 Terminology,frequency and etiology 314 Bruising 209 Clinical findings 314 Human hand marks 209 Radiographic findings 315 Bizarre bruises 210 Healing and pathology 318 Abrasions and lacerations 210 Treatment 318 Burns 211 Essentials 332 Bite marks 211 References 334 Dental trauma 211 Eye injuries 211 12 Root Fractures 337 Bone fractures 212 F.M.A,J.O.A& M.C Differential diagnosis 213 The dentist’s role in the management ofchild Terminology,frequency and etiology 337 physical abuse 213 Clinical findings 337 Essentials 214 Radiographic findings 338 References 215 Healing and pathology 340 Treatment 351 8 Classification,Epidemiology and Etiology 217 Prognosis 358 U.G,W.M& J.O.A Follow-up 358 Orthodontic treatment ofroot fractured teeth 364 Classification 217 Predictors ofhealing 364 Epidemiology 223 Essentials 366 Etiology 228 References 367 Unintentional traumatic dental injuries 229 Intentional traumatic dental injuries 233 13 Luxation Injuries ofPermanent Teeth: Mechanisms oftraumatic dental injuries 235 General Findings 372 Essentials 243 F.M.A& J.O.A References 244 Terminology,frequency and etiology 372 Clinical findings 372 9 Examination and Diagnosis ofDental Radiographic findings 373 Injuries 255 Healing and pathology 374 F.M.A,J.O.A& Periodontal ligament (PDL) 374 M.T Pulp 374 History 255 Treatment 376 Clinical examination 258 Prognosis 376 Radiographic examination 267 Pulp necrosis 377 Effect oftreatment delay 271 Pulp canal obliteration 385 Essentials 273 Root resorption 386 References 274 Loss ofmarginal bone support 393 Essentials 395 10 Crown Fractures 280 References 397 F.M.A& J.O.A 14 Concussion and Subluxation 404 Terminology,frequency and etiology 280 F.M.A& J.O.A Clinical findings 281 Radiographic findings 282 Definitions 404 Healing and pathology 282 Healing and pathology 404 Treatment 285 Concussion 404 Contents vii Subluxation 404 18 Injuries to the Supporting Bone 489 Radiographic findings 404 J.O.A Treatment 404 Terminology,frequency and etiology 489 Follow-up 405 Clinical findings 489 Complications 405 Radiographic findings 492 Predictors for healing 409 Pathology 495 Essentials 410 Treatment 498 References 410 Fractures ofthe mandible or maxilla 500 Prognosis 504 15 Extrusive Luxation and Lateral Luxation 411 Fractures ofthe mandible or maxilla in children 505 F.M.A& J.O.A Fractures ofthe mandible or maxilla in adults 507 Essentials 511 Definitions 411 References 511 Healing and pathology 411 Clinical findings 411 19 Injuries to the Primary Dentition 516 Radiographic findings 411 M.T.F,G.H,M.B& Treatment 412 J.O.A Prognosis 415 Pulp necrosis 418 Introduction 516 Pulp canal obliteration 418 Epidemiology and etiology 517 Root resorption (external) 418 Clinical and radiographic findings and treatment Marginal bone loss 418 ofvarious injury types 523 Predictors ofhealing 425 Fractures secondary to chin trauma 533 Tooth survival 425 Complications in the primary dentition 533 Essentials 426 Essentials 537 References 427 References 539 16 Intrusive Luxation 428 20 Injuries to Developing Teeth 542 J.O.A& F.M.A J.O.A& M.T.F Definition 428 Terminology,frequency and etiology 542 Healing and pathology 428 Clinical,radiographic and pathologic findings 546 Clinical findings 428 Treatment 564 Radiographic findings 429 Essentials 569 Treatment 432 References 571 Prognosis 437 Diagnosis ofhealing complications 438 21 Soft Tissue Injuries 577 Predictors for healing 442 L.A& J.O.A Essentials 442 Terminology,frequency and etiology 577 References 443 Types ofsoft tissue trauma 578 Emergency management 579 17 Avulsions 444 Wound closure materials and principles 587 J.O.A& F.M.A Antibiotic prophylaxis 592 Tetanus prophylaxis 594 Terminology,frequency and etiology 444 Essentials 594 Clinical findings 444 References 595 Radiographic findings 444 Healing and pathology 444 22 Endodontic Management and the Use Treatment ofthe avulsed tooth 459 ofCalcium Hydroxide in Traumatized Prognosis 466 Permanent Teeth 598 Tooth loss 466 M.C Pulp necrosis 466 Root resorption 470 Crown fractures with dentin exposure 598 Root development and disturbances in root growth 475 Crown fractures with pulp exposure 600 Gingival healing and loss ofmarginal attachment 476 Clinical evaluation ofpulp healing 610 Complications due to early loss ofteeth 476 Root fractures 611 Essentials 478 Luxated or avulsed and replanted teeth 615 References 480 Treatment ofimmature teeth 621 viii Contents Timing ofendodontic procedure after replantation 625 Factors influencing the survival ofresin-bonded Treatment ofmature teeth 632 bridges 736 External inflammatory root resorption 632 Essentials 736 Late external inflammatory root resorption 636 References 737 Root canal resorption (internal resorption) 638 Pulp necrosis following pulp canal obliteration 639 27 Autotransplantation ofTeeth to the Crown malformations 643 Anterior Region 740 Discoloration ofnon-vital teeth 644 J.O.A,L.A& M.T Essentials 645 Treatment planning 740 References 647 Surgical procedure 743 Orthodontic treatment oftransplanted teeth 749 23 New Endodontic Procedures using Prognosis 754 Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) for Essentials 759 Teeth with Traumatic Injuries 658 References 759 L.K.B 28 Implants in the Anterior Region 761 Introduction 658 J.O.A,J.Ö,C.H, Pulp capping and partial pulpotomy 659 D.B,T.VA,J.J,S.E.N& Apexification 662 O.S Root fractures 663 Essentials 666 Indications for implants in trauma patients 761 References 666 Treatment with implants in a trauma situation – when to give up? 761 Treatment planning 763 24 Orthodontic Management ofthe Timing ofimplant insertion in relation to jaw Traumatized Dentition 669 O.M& B.M growth 763 Timing ofimplant placement following tooth Diagnosis and treatment planning 669 extraction 764 Factors in treatment planning 670 Biologic and surgical aspects for implant therapy General treatment principles 675 after loss oftraumatized teeth 767 Specific treatment principles for various trauma Ideal implant position in esthetic sites 769 types 684 The concept ofcomfort and danger zones 770 Replanted teeth 696 To create and maintain a normal appearing gingiva 771 Prognosis 703 To create and maintain a normal appearing alveolar Essentials 709 process 771 References 711 Preoperative evaluation 772 Standard insertion in single gaps with good bone 25 Restoration ofTraumatized Teeth with volume 773 Resin Composites 716 Surgical procedure in single tooth gaps with U.P& J.W.V.VD doubtful bone volume 773 Horizontal augmentation 776 Long-term prognosis ofcomposite restorations 716 GBR technique:simultaneous approach 777 Material considerations 718 GBR technique:staged approach 777 Clinical implications 721 Rationale for the described techniques 779 Critical points in the restorative procedure 721 Vertical augmentation by bone transplantation 781 Essentials 726 Vertical augmentation by alveolar distraction References 727 osteogenesis 783 Long-term results 785 26 Resin-related Bridges and Conventional Causes and predictors offailure 785 Bridges in the Anterior Region 729 Patient satisfaction 789 N.H.J.C& C.M.K Essentials 789 References 790 Treatment planning 729 The ‘dynamic treatment’concept 729 29 Esthetic Considerations in Restoring Direct resin-bonded bridges 731 the Traumatized Dentition:a Biologic Indirect resin-bonded bridges 731 Approach 798 Conventional bridges 735 B.U.Z& S.T Prognosis ofresin-bonded bridges and comparison with alternative prosthodontic Replacement ofa missing maxillary central incisor 798 treatments 735 Orthodontic space closure treatment 798
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