TEXT-BOOKS OF ANIMAL BIOLOGY A General Zoology of the Invertebrates Vertebrate Zoology ...

351 Pages·2012·7.08 MB·English

TEXT-BOOKS OF ANIMAL BIOLOGY
*
Edited by JULIAN S. HUXLEY, F.R.S.
A General Zoology of the Invertebrates
by G. S. Carter
Vertebrate Zoology
by G. R. de Beer
Comparative Physiology
by L. T. Hogben
Animal Ecology
by Challes Elton
Life in Inland Waters
by Kathleen Carpenter
The Development of Sex in Vertebrates
by F. W. Rogers Brambell
*
Edited by H. MUNRO Fox, F.R.S.
Animal Evolution
/
by G. S. Carter
Zoogeography of the Land and Inland Waters
by L. F. de Beaufort
Parasitism and Symbiosis
by M. Caullery
PARASITISM
AND
~SYMBIOSIS
BY
MAURICE CAULLERY
Translated by Averil M. Lysaght, M.Sc., Ph.D.
SIDGWICK AND JACKSON LIMITED
LONDON
First Published 1952
!.lADE AND PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY
WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LlMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vii
PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION xi
CHAPTER I Commensalism
Introduction-commensalism in marine animals-fishes and sea
anemones-associations on coral reefs-widespread nature of
these relationships-hermit crabs and their associates
CHAPTER II Commensalism in Terrestrial
Animals
Commensals of ants and termites-morphological modifications
in symphiles-ants.and slavery-myrmecophilous plants . 16
CHAPTER III From Commensalism to
Inquilinism and Parasitism
Inquilinism-epizoites-intermittent parasites-general nature
of modifications produced by parasitism 30
CHAPTER IV Adaptations to Parasitism
in Annelids and Molluscs
Polychates-molluscs; lamellibranchs; gastropods 40
CHAPTER V Adaptation to Parasitism in
the Crustacea
Isopoda-families of Epicarida-Rhizocephala-Ascothoracica
-Copepoda 65
CHAPTER VI Temporary Parasitism
Monstrillida - Orthonectida - Eunicida - Unionida - Gor-
dian worms~entomophagous insects 108
CHAPTER VII Parasites which change their Host
Cestoda - Cestodaria - Trematoda - Nematoda - Acantho-
cephala-Pentastomida-Protozoa-parasitic plants 127
v
vi CONTENTS
CHAPTER VIII Adaptive Modifications in the
Reproduction of Parasites
Hermaphroditism and change 'Of sex-increase in egg numbers-
accessory reproductive phases-discussion 154
CHAPTER IX Specificity in Parasites and Modes
of Host Infestation
Strict specificity-modified specificity-trophic prophylaxis-host
parasite equilibrium-relative specificity-specificity and access
to the host-myiases-hereditary transmission 171
CHAPTER X Reciprocal Reactions of Parasite
and Host
Parasites and foreign bodies-phagocytosis in normal and
abnormal parasites-parasites and toxins-the effect of the
parasite on the general metabolism of the host-parasitic castra
tion-special cases of reaction of hosts to parasites-gall forma-
tiM 1~
CHAPTER XI Symbiosis between Animals and Plants
Introduction-symbiosis in animals and plants-ectosymbiosis
ants and fungi-termites and fungi-endosymbiosis-protozoa
and intestinal bacteria-termites and flagellates-ruminants and
infusoria-zoochlorella! and zooxanthella!-mycetomes of insects
-bloodsucking animals-animal luminescence-experimental
research on symbiosis 217
CHAPTER XII Symbiosis in Plants
Lichens-myxomycetes-myxobacteria-mycorrhiza 256
CHAPTER XIII Is Symbiosis a Primordial
Characteristic of the Cell ?
BIBLIOGRAPHY 277
INDEX 287
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Aspidosiphon and Heteropsammia cochlea 6
2 Hermit crab in an artificial glass shell, with its commensal
Nereilepas Jucata coming out to take part in a meal of sea
urchin ovary 8
3 Association of Eupagurus prideauxi and Adamsia palliata. 11
4 Melia tesselata holding a sea anemone in each of its chela: 13
5 Insects that live as commensals with ants 20
6 Larva of Pachycondyla vorax bearing a larva of Metopina
pachycondyke 21
7 Head and mandibles of workers of Polyergus ruJescens and
of Formica Jusca . 26
8 Ichthyotomus sanguinarius attached to the fin of Myrus
vulgaris . 41
9 The stylets forming the organ of fixation in Ichthyotomus . 41
10 Ellobiophrya donacis 42
11 Anterior region of Ichthyotomus 43
12. Thyca stellasteris and T. ectoconcha 50
13 Mucronalia palmipedis 52
14 Anatomy of Stylifer linckice . 54
15 Gasterosiphon deimatis 55
16 Structure of Entocolax, Entoconcha and Enteroxenos 58
17 Entoconcha mirabilis and its relationships with the host 59
18 Part of the gut of Stichopus bearing individuals of Enter-
oxenos of various sizes 60
19 Veliger larva of Entoconcha 61
20 Pcedophoropus dicfElobius 63
21 Gnathia maxillaris 67
22 Epicarid larva of Cancricepon elegans 69
23 Microniscus stage, on Calanus elongatus 70
24 Cepon elegans,' cryptoniscan larva and adult dwarf male 71
25 Bopyrus Jougerouxi, a parasite of Leander serratus '. 73
26 Cepon elegans,' adult female . 74
27 An adult entoniscid, Portunion mcenadis, in its normal posi-
tion inside the carapace of Carcinus mcenas 77
vii
Vlll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
28 Portunion manadis. Stages of development in the crab
Carcinus manas 78
29 Portunion manadis: very young female at the beginning of
its metamorphosis (asticot stage) . 79
30 Portunion kossmanni: adult female with the brood pouch
filled with embryos 79
31 Portunion kossmanni: adult male greatly enlarged 80
32 Epicarids of the family Dajidre 82
33 Ancyroniscus bonnieri: sub-adult female before egg de-
position; adult female after laying 84
34 Crab carrying Sacculina, showing the root system 86
35 Larval development of Sacculina . 88
36 J nternal stage of Sacculina 90
37 Thompsonia sp. on Synalpheus brucei 91
38 Cypris larva of Myriocladus 95
39 A. Fragment of the stem of Metacrinus rotundus bearing
two females of Synagoga metacrinicola; B. Female of Syna-
goga metacrinicola with half the carapace removed 96
40 Laura gerardim 98
41 Baccalaureus japonicus, female 99
42 Baccalaureus japonicus, male 100
43 Myriocladus okadai, female . 102
44 Myriocladus okadai, male 103
45 Xenocr.eloma brl/mpti attached to Polycirrus arenivorus 106
46 Monstrillid parasite in the dorsal vessel of Syllis gracilis. 109
47 Development of some Monstrillidre 111
48 Developmental cycle of Rhopalura ophiocomm 114
49 G10chidium larva 116
50 Primary larvre of various entomophagous Hymenoptera 125
51 Larval forms of Bothriocephalus latus 130
52 Caryophyllaus laticeps, a parasite in the gut of the carp 133
53 Miracidium of Parorchis avitus, a parasite of the gull Larus
argenta/us . 137
54 Schistosoma hmmatobium 140
55 Development of Schistosoma mansoni 141
56 Cycle of Porospora portunidarum . 146
57 Developmental cycle of Plasmodium cynomolgi 149
58 Dwarf males parasitizing females in the Ceratioidea 157
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix
)Y 8phcerularia bombi 159
60 Gyrodactylus elegans 164
61 Polyembryony in Encyrtus fuscicollis 166
62 Lithocystis schneideri . 194
63 Modifications in the abdomen of Carcinus mamas under
the influence of Sacculina 201
64 The abdomen of Inachus mauritanicus showing modifica-
tions due to Sacculina 202
65 Cellular reactions of the host to coccidIa and gregarines . 206
66 A. Fragment of the test of Phormosoma uranus with numer-
ous prominent spherical galls of Pionodesmotes phormo-
somce; B. Interior aspect of one of the galls . 209
67 Longitudinal section of the root of a melon attacked by
Heterodera radicicola . 211
70 Ciliates in the paunch of ruminants 227
71 Larva of a green-fly, Drepanosiphum platanoides, showing
the green body or mycetome 236
72 Symbiotic yeasts and mycetocytes in Homoptera 237
73 Sections of luminous organs in Rondeletia minor and
Sepiola intermedia 247
74 Cells of luminous tissue from Pyrosoma giganteum with
photogenic bacteria 250
75 LarVa! of Sitodrepa panicea ten weeks old 253
76 Louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, female 255
77 Intracellular termination (arbusc1e and sporangioles) of an
endotrophic mycorrhiza in Allium sphcerocephalum . 264
78 Seedling of Phalcenopsis grown in a sterile tube by being
sown on cotton wool steeped in a decoction of salep with
Rhizoctonia mucoroides 267
79 Lelio-Cattleya sown in sterile tubes inoculated with
Rhizoctonia of increasing activity . 272
80 Section of a germinating Odontoglossum, showing the
penetration of the suspensor after one month, and the intra
cellular coiling' of Rhizoctonia lanuginosa, as well as its
destruction by phagocytosis 273

PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION
IN the present work I have dealt with parasitism from the point
of view of general biology. Parasitism is a relationship of direct
and limited importance between two organisms, each usually
having a clearly defined role, either of host or parasite; the
parasite lives at the expense of the host. It is really a special case
of the relationship of every organism to its environment, in
this instance to another organism, an association which is
particularly precise. There exist other associations between
organisms, less restricted-but which are also very often
specific-that are described as commensalism and mutualism.
There are others again which are, on the contrary, more
restricted, more constant and less unilateral, to which the name
symbiosis has been given. Commensalism, parasitism and
symbiosis are man-made categories which in nature are not
discontinuous but are really different aspects of the same
general laws. This book seeks to make this clear by reviewing
these types of association one by one, within the framework of
the theory of evolution. Ignorant as we still are of the mecha
nisms by which evolution is brought about, its reality cannot
easily be controverted, and it imposes itself on us more and
more as our knowledge increases. Parasites are perhaps the
org<lonisms in which this is most evident. In effect they are
closely adapted to the very peculiar conditions in which they
live, and their organization, specialized as it may be, always
appears not like that of autonomous types forming an inde
pendent class of beings but as the transformation of various
types of animals living under normal conditions. The world of
parasites was formed gradually, after the differentiation of the
various groups of animals. It is the result of a secondary evolu
tion which is less remote. If this were not so it would be
necessary to assume that a capricious Providence had specially
attached to each animal a cortege of parasites curiously mal
formed according to a predetermined plan. And, in this case,
xi