Texas and the World Fairs, 1851-1935

12 Pages·2016·0.82 MB·English

by  Edward H. Phillips

Volume 23 Issue 2 Article 5
10-1985
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Edward H. Phillips
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EAST TEXAS HISTORlCALASSOCIATION 3
TEXAS AND THE WORLD FAIRS, 1851-1935
by Edward Hake Phillips
As Texans approachthe Sesquicentennial ofthe founding ofthe
LoneStarRepublic,theyare showingmore andmoreinterestinthe
Texas Centennial of 1936 and the two great Fairs held to com
memoratethatevent. Equallyinterestingandinstructive,however,
is the experience Texans had in participating in World Fairs long
before they staged their own extravaganzas.
Attheturnofthecentury,FinleyPeterDunne'sapocryphalIrish
bartender, Mr. Dooley, took a realistic view ofWorld Fairs. When
askedby his friend, Hennessy, "Whydo they getthem up?" Dooley
replied: "Theygetthimupfr th' advancementivthoughtan'th'gate
l receipts ... But they're run fr a good time an' a deficit."l
Beginning with the London Crystal Palace Exposition in 1851,
Texans, as visitors andexhibitors, have partaken ofthe good times
and deficits ofthe various World Fairs, deriving an "advancement
ivthought" andculture and spreadinga significantimage ofTexas
to the world.
Handicappedatfirstbytheremoteness ofitslocation, thepover
ty of its American Civil War and Reconstruction ordeal, and the
restrictionsofitsrigidConstitution,Texasplayedonlya modestrole
atthegreatFairsofthenineteenth century,withonenotableexcep
tion, the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893. In the
twentiethcentury,aspetroleumenrichedtheLoneStarState,Texas
participatedmoresubstantiallyandevenstageditsowngiganticbir
thdayparties,theTexasCentennialandSanAntonio'sHemisFair'68.
TheLondonCrystalPalaceExpositionwasthegranddaddyofall
modernWorldFairs. Itissurprisingthatsuchayoung,frontierstate
as Texaswas represented at all atthis Fair, yet "two very common
I
Barrells"fromTexascreatedquitea stir. Theycontaineda newpro
duct,driedmeatbiscuits,inventedbyaningeniousTexaspatriot,Gail
Borden. Theywereexhibitedatthe CrystalPalaceby Borden'spart
ner and agent, Dr. Ashbel Smith, one ofTexas' most versatile and
remarkablemen.Thebiscuitswona goldmedalfor Bordenandsoon
were putto use inthe CrimeanWar.'Smith's keen mind musthave
beenstimulatedbythewondersexhibitedinthegreatCrystalPalace,
for uponhisreturntoTexasheorganizedthefirstTexasfair, which
opened at Corpus Christi in 1852 with Smith as general manager.
In 1876 Smith participated in the Centennial Exposition at
Philadelphiaasone oftheawardjudges,andin1878heattendedthe
World's Exposition at Paris as honorary commissionerfrom Texas.
One wondershowmuchthese stimulatingexperiencesatthe World
EdwardHake Phillips is from Sherman, Texas.
4 EASTTEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION
Fairs had on this statesman-scholar whoplayedsuch a large rolein
foundingtheUnivesityofTexas.'Anotherexhibitthatgainedinter
national attention at the Crystal Palace in 1851 was Samuel Colt's
revolver, the Colt .45, which the Texas Rangers, especially Samuel
Walker, had had considerable part in developing.·
The success ofthe London Exposition touched offa series ofim
itations throughout the world. It was inevitable that France would
attempt to outdo its English rival, and before the century was over
Parishadfive greatFairstoitscredit. Texashadnoofficialexhibits
atanyoftheseFairs,butseveralprivatecitizensprovideddistinguish
edrepresentationforthestate. AttheParisFairof1868ayounglady
of exceptional talent who was soon to become a Texan exhibited
severalfine piecesofsculpture, a bustofGaribaldi and a bustofthe
IronChancellor,OttovonBismarck.ThissculptresswasElisabetNey,
who two years later accompanied her husband, Dr. Edmund Mon
tgomery, to America and soon thereafter settled near Hempstead,
Texas, later maintaining a house and studio in Austin. She would
be heardfrom again at laterFairs.' Exhibitingat the Paris Exposi
tion of 1889 was Thomas Volney Munson of Denison, one of the
foremostviticulturalistsintheworld. Thisauthorityongrapespecies,
whodidsomuchtosavethegrapeandwineindustriesofFrancethat
hewasawardedtheLegionofHonor,presenteda noteworthydisplay
ofTexas grapevine specimens at the Fair and won a silver Medal.'
Atthe ParisExpositionof1900Texaswasrepresentedbyanoutstan
dingpainter, Stephen Seymour Thomas, a native ofSan Augustine
who had settled in Paris. Thomas won a bronze medal at the Fair
fortheportraitofhiswife,"LadyinBrown,"whichhungintheGrand
Palais des Beaux-Arts.' At that great fair over eighty Texas in
dividuals or firms exhibited their products, especially cotton and
grains as well as pecans, coal, and granite.
B
Forthe most part Europe was toofar for heavy Texas participa
tion in the great Fairs, but in the United States it was a different
story. The Centennial ofthe United States was the occasion ofthe
first large American Fair, the Philadelphia Exposition of 1876. A
numberofstatesappropriatedorraisedmoneyforsubstantialexhibits
at this Fair, including a number of state buildings. Most of the
Southern states, still reeling from the bitter, grinding effects of
Reconstruction,passedupthisopportunity.ThefifteenthLegislature
refusedto make an appropriationfor the representation ofTexas at
Philadelphia,buta numberofprivategroupssuchastheUnitedCon
federate Veterans andtheKnightsTemplar attended the fairfrom
Texas under the inducements of special excursion rates by the
railroads.' OneoftheexhibitsattheFairbecamea Texasheirloom,
for in 1887 Walter Gresham installeda prize-winning mantle from
theCentennialFairinhisnewpalatialhome,the"Bishop'sPalace,"
EASTTEXASmSTORICAL ASSOCIATION 5
in Galveston.1o
By 1884 the spirit ofthe New South encouraged dynamic com
mercialgrowthandthepromotionoftheresources andopportunities
ofthe Southland. Out ofthis movement grew several large Exposi
tions, particularly the World's Industrial and CottonCentennial at
New Orleans, 1884-5, andtheAtlantaExpositionof1895-6.Thepro
ximity ofNew Orleans and the interest ofTexas inthe commercial
l development ofthe South caused Texans to take a sizable interest
intheNew OrleansFair.TheEighteenthLegislaturerepudiatedthe
strict construction ofits predecessors and read the State Constitu
tion liberally enough to authorize an expenditure of $20,000 "to
assemble '" and maintain ... an exhibit ofresources, etc., ofTexas
• ...""ColonelHenry Exall, a leadingcattlemanandbankerofDallas,
l
wasnamed"Vice-PresidentforTexastotheCottonCentennial,"and
hereturnedsoenthusedoverthevalueofgreatFairsastohelpfound
and later head (1889) the State Fair ofTexas." Among Texans ex
l
hibiting at the New Orleans Fair were T.V. Munson, with another
ofhisfine botanicalexhibits, Anna Dial Hearne, one ofthecultural
leaders of Austin whose paintings won for her a gold medal, and
I
StephenSeymourThomas,thenonlysixteenyearsold,whoexhibited
his remarkable painting, "San Jose Mission," which he raIDed off
to finance his first formal training in art."
AlthoughtheStategovernmentofTexasdidnotappropriatefunds
l
for the other great Cotton States and International Exposition at
Atlantain 1895-6,a numberofTexans, especiallyfromtheGalveston
area,stronglysupportedtheFairandhelpedtopersuadetheFederal
Government to appropriate $200,000 for the Exposition."
t
Texas' main effort in the Fairs ofthe 1890swas its remarkable
showingattheWorld'sColumbianExpositioninChicago, 1893.This
l
Faircaught the nation's fancy as no other Fairbefore orsince, and
notonlywereTexansattractedtoitingreatnumbers,butTexascame
forth with a fine exhibit. Although the Legislature and Governor
l
Hogg read the Constitution too strictly to find a loophold for State
financial aid, a gallanteffortwasmadewiththeGovernor'sblessing
toraisethe moneyfrom privatesources. Businesses, women's clubs,
l
school children, all rallied to the campaign that was conducted
primarily by the Texas World's Fair Commission and its Women's
Association, headedby Mrs. BenedetteB. Tobin, a most active civic
leader and artist from Austin. Over $30,000 was raised, enough to
t
finance a large, handsome building and to provide for a number of
fine exhibits." The Texas building was designed by a rising young
architectofSanAntonio,J. RielyGordon,whoseachievementswere
later to number more than sixty courthouses, including fifteen in
Texas, and the state capitol buildings of Arizona, Montana, and
Mississippi." Overthe entranceofthe buildingwas a symbolic pair
6 EASTTEXAS mSTORICALASSOCIATION
I
TexasBuildingattheWorld'sFairExpositioninChicagoin1893.Itwasdesignedby
J. Riely OordJJn ofSan Antonio.
of Longhorns and inside was an impressive carved figure of Sam
Houston. The latterwastheworkofElisabetNey, whohad sunk in
toobscurityinTexasuntilhercareerwasrenewedbytheopportuni
ty of exhibiting at the World's Columbian Exposition. The Texas
World'sFairCommission,undertheurgingofMrs.Tobinandformer
Governora.M. Roberts,commissionedMissNeytodotwofigures for
the Texas exhibit, one ofSam Houston and the other ofStephenF.
Austin. The latterfigure was not finished in time for the Fair, but
both figures later were placed inthe State Capitol and replicas are
in the National Capitol."
Also exhibitedin the Texas Building was a huge questrian por
trait ofGeneral Houstonwhich had been paintedthe previousyear
byStephenSeymourThomas.LaterthepaintingwastakentoFrance
by the artist where it had a "place ofhonor in the French 'Salon,'''
butin1920ThomasdonatedittothecityofHoustonwhereitcreated
somethingofaproblembecauseofitshugesize(lO'x 14').Afterhang
ing in the University Club, the Fine Arts Museum, and the Public
Library, the paintingfound a permanent home in 1951 at the San
JacintoMonument."Anotherpaintingofnote intheTexasBuilding
was LouisEyth's "The Speech ofTravis to His Men at the Alamo."
This painting by Eyth has been lost, but a copy of it is in the
Daughters ofthe Republic ofTexas Library in San Antonio!'
Texans also were exhibiting in other buildings at the Fair.
SeymourThomas' painting,"TheInnocentVictim," displayed inthe
EASTTEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 7
FineArts Building, wona medal, Mrs. Tobinexhibiteda number of
her works of art in the Women's Building, and Frank Reaugh, a
brilliantyoungartistoftheTexasrange, madehisfirst nationalim
pactattheFair.'"ThomasV.Munsonhadanoutstandingviticultural
exhibit,saidto be "themostcompletebotanicaldisplay ofthewhole
grape genus ever made."" Some red snappers and croakers from
Galveston Bay splashed merrily in the tanks of the Fisheries
•
l Building,and"cowboysfromTexas"performeddailyin"BuffaloBill"
Cody's Wild West Show that stoodjust outside the Midway."
"Texas Day" at the Fair was celebrated on September 16 after
l
a number ofpostponements. Governor Hogg was too worn outfrom
theLegislativesessionto attend." Thathe might nothavebeenen
tirely welcome canbejudgedfrom thefact that a few weeks earlier
I a disgruntled Texan had sat in the doorway ofthe Texas Building
l informingpassers-by,"ThisbuildingwillbeopentovisitorsnextMon
day ...TheGovernoroftheStatewillnotbehere. Wedon'twanthim.
Ifhe comes we will throw him out. He vetoed the appropriation ...
againstthewillofthepeople ofTexas ....""Though Governor Hogg
was missing, former Governors John Ireland and Richard Hubbard
served in his place on Texas Day.25
Two Texans had especially prominent roles at the World's Col
umbianExposition. OnewasColonelHenryExall,whowasappointed
byPresidentBenjaminHarrisontobe CommissioneratLargetothe
World's Fair Commission, the body responsible for the Fair." The
other was JohnT. Dickinson, who had the very active andresponsi
ble role of Secretary to the Commission, serving from 1889-1893.
Dickinson had been a former editor of the Houston Telegram,
t
Secretary ofthe Texas House ofRepresentatives, and Secretary of
the State Capitol Board. His experiences with Fairs began in 1888
l
whenhedirected"thefamous Inter-StateMilitaryEncampmentand
International Music Contest" that celebrated the completionofthe
Texas State Capito!. Later that year he served as Secretary and
l
GeneralManager of"the International FairAssociation at San An
tonio" anddirected"itsfirst greatTexan-MexicanExposition ... held
inNovember, 1888.""To someextentone couldsay JohnT. Dickin
l son was the great-grandfather ofHemisFair '68.
Texashadonly modestexhibitsatOmaha'sTrans-MississippiEx
positionin1898andthePanAmericanExpositioninBuffaloin1901,
l
another Fair that exploited the Hemisphere theme. Edward G.
Eisenlohr, a rising young Texas painter who studied under Frank
Reaugh,madea creditableshowingatBuffalo,andSeymourThomas
wona medal withhis "Babyafterthe Bath,"thoughthe Exposition
isbetterknownforthe assassinationofPresidentWilliamMcKinley
than for anything cuitura!."
TheLouisianaPurchaseExpositionof1904atSt. Louis afforded
8 EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION
Texans an opportunity to partake more fully of a Fair than ever
before, as the distance was not great and Texas' ties with St. Louis
were strong. Once again a struggle developed over the question of
statefinancial aid.ThoughGovernorJosephSayreswassympathetic
andthe HouseJudiciary Committee reportedfavorably Ona propos
edgrantof$200,000fora properrepresentationofTexas,theTwenty
EighthLegislaturestruckdownthemeasuremoreforlackofrevenue
than on constitutional grounds."
Once again private forces came forward. John H. Kirby, the
leading East Texas lumberman and banker, was named President
of the Texas World's Fair Commission. He rallied bankers,
lumbermen,railroadexecutives,andotherbusinessmentocontribute
generouslytothepromotionofTexasattheFair. AttheLumbermen's
State Convention in Galveston, Kirby exhorted the gathering to
subscribe to the Texas World's FairCommissionon thebasis ofthe
numberofboardfeet of!umbermanufactured orsold, andhis Kirby
LumberCompanytookthe leadwith apledgeof$5000."Thewomen,
too, played a large role in enlisting support for the Texas exhibit,
holding teas, socials, and other money-raising parties around the
state.3t
. TheTexasCommissionnumberedmany prominentleaderssuch
as Paul Waples and B.B. Paddock ofFort Worth, Royal Ferris and
Barnet Gibbs of Dallas, and L.J. Polk of Galveston." Serving as
General-Managerofthe CommissionanddirectingtheTexasexhibi
tions was Louis J. Wortham, a versatile man who was one of the
founders andeditors oftheFort Worth Star-Telegram, astatesenator,
andanhistorianwhosework includedafive-volume HistoryofTexas.
33
Thanksto Kirby's influence, Wortham's energeticleadership, and
the interestedefforts ofthousands ofTexascitizens,Texas was able
tomake a'verycommendabledisplay atthe LouisianaPurchase Ex·
position. The Texas Building was one ofthe most handsome struc
tures at the Fair. Designed by Charles H. Page, Jr., and built at a
cost ofover $45,000, the edifice was quite distinctive. It sat atop a
hilloverlookingthe otherstatebuildingsandwasbuilt inthe shape
ofa great star, withfive long pointed wings radiatingfrom the cir
cular rotunda above which was a great dome crowned with a large
bronze statue of Liberty."
Insidethebuildingwasasplendiddisplayofart.StatuesofAustin,
Houston, and Governors Sayres, Roberts, and Ross, all done by
ElisabetNey, stood "onpedestalsaboutthe outeredgeofthe Rotun
da.""InthecenterofOne ofthewingswasherfinefigure ofGeneral
AlbertSidney Johnston lying in state. Miss Ney had some competi
tion from a young San Antonio Sculptor, Pompeo Coppini, who had
severalfiguresondisplay, includinga tragicgroupentitled"Victims
ofthe Galveston Flood.""
EAST TEXAS mSTORlCAL ASSOCIATION 9
Thevictimsofthatterriblefloodwererecognizedinanotherquite
different way at the Fair. One ofthe main attractions on the Mid
way, or"Pike,"as itwascalled, was"TheGalvestonFlood," avivid
recreation ofthe disasterby slides, sounds, and unusual lightingef
fects, a sort of "Cinerama" produced in a large building by the
Criterion Concession Company.37
• The Texas Building contained, besides its sculpture, many fine
paintings by Texas artists, including"The Battle ofthe Alamo" by
l
San Antonio's R.J. Onderdonk.38 There were also many exhibits of
theproducts,achievements,andprospectsoftheState.Aboveall,the
l
building served as a hospitality house for the thousands of Texas
visitors who flocked to the Fair. A hostess committee ofprominent
Texasladiestookturnsdirectingthehospitalityandsocialactivities.
Headingtheladies'workwasMissKatieDaffan,outstandingwriter,
educator, and socialworker, who laterbecameVice Presidentofthe
TexasStateHistoricalAssociation(1912-14)andservedasChairman
ofthe Lady Commissioners from Texas to the World's Fair." Each
hostessinauguratedherweekofhospitalitywitha receptiontowhich
thesocialleadersofTexaswere invited. The mostprominentfigures
found themselves invitedbymanyofthecharmingladies, and some
made morethanonetripto St. Louisratherthandispleasea worthy
Texas matron. Mrs. W.F. Robertson, Dick Dowling'sonly daughter
and a leading socialite ofAustin, had a particularly distinguished
assemblage for herinauguralreception, including FormerGovernor
FrancisLubbock,former GovernorHoggandhisdaughterIma,Judge
and Mrs. John H. Reagan, and Senator Morris Sheppard."
l NotonlydidTexans attendtheFairindrovesbuttheyexhibited
inmanydepartmentsoftheFair.SamH. Dixon,authorofThePoets
andPoetryofTexas, wasinchargeoftheTexasHorticulturalexhibits
l
and enlisteda great numberofentries, many ofwhich won prizes.41
T.V. Munson had another fine exhibit of grapes, and Professor
William B. Phillips of the University of Texas had a splendid
l
mineralogyexhibitthatlaterbecamethenucleusforthe geologycol
lection ofthe University." Seymour Thomas served on the Jury of
AwardsintheArtSectionoftheFair,andFrankReaughwasamong
l
Texans exhibiting there."
One Texan who had a particularly active part in the St. Louis
FairwasyoungKarl St. John Hoblitzelle, whowas Secretaryto the
l
DirectorofWorks,IsaacTaylor. ForseveralyearsHoblitzellediligent
ly assisted inthe constructionand operationofthe Fair, and his ex
periencesandtheacquaintanceshemadetherepointedthedirection
ofhisfuture careerinTexas andthe Southwest. In 1905hebrought
a number ofthe Exposition entertainers to Dallas and began what
wouldbecomeanempireoftheaters,entertainment,andphilanthropy
inthe Southwest. ThirtyyearslaterHoblitzelleconstributedmightily
10 EASTTEXAS HISTORICALASSOCIATION
to Texas' own great Fair, the Centennial Exposition of 1936.4'
In 1915 the completion ofthe Panama Canal was the occasion
ofa major Fairat San Francisco, the Panama-Pacific International
Exposition. The distance between San Francisco and Texas andthe
limited association Texans had with the West Coast were largely
responsible for Texas havingonly a modest part in this Fair. An in
expensive Texas Building was erected, modeled after the Alamo,
whichfitted well with the Spanish American motifofthe Fair. Ed
ward Eisenlohr was one of the exhibitors in the Art Palace, and
another distinguishedTexan, Professor Charles W. Hackett, read a
scholarlypaperattheCongressofHistorians, one ofmany such con
ventions held at the various World's Fairs. Hackett later became
director ofthe Latin-American Institute atthe University ofTexas
(1940-1951)."
WorldWarIputadamperonWorldFairsandnoteventhe "Roar
ing Twenties" showed much interest in this form ofeducation and
amusement. The Sesquicentennial Fair at Philadelphia was rather
a bust and Texas played little part in it. The Great Depression,
however,provedtobea stimulanttoWorldFairs, asitwasbelieved
thattheFairsmightrevivethesluggisheconomy, andtheNewDeal
was receptive to almost any form ofpump-priming.
Chicagosoughttoduplicateorsurpassitsfeat of1893witha Cen
tury ofProgress Exposition in 1933. The Fair was by no means as
beautifulastheColumbianExposition,butitsmanyattractionsfrom
the Sky-RidetoSallyRanddrewa surprisinglylargenumberofTexas
visitors. One such visitors was Leslie C. McDonald, a West Texas
farmer from Floydada, whoproved to be the 20,000,00Dthcustomer
to gothrough the Fair'sturnstiles and received as a prize-another
farm'"AmongotherTexasvisitorstotheFairwastheHoustonCivic
OperaAssociation,whichpresentedan"elaborateproduction"ofAida
thereonAugust23. PartlybecauseoftheDepression,the individual
states did not have separate buildings at this Fair but shared one
hugestructure,theHall ofStates.Texaswasone oftwentythreestates
to exhibit in this way, and its pavilion, designed by Ivan Riley and
WalterWolfe,tastefully emphasizeditshistoryunderSixFlagsand
calledattention to its products, its resources, and its governor.Mrs.
MiriamA. "Ma"Ferguson."ThoughtheChicagoFairwasextended
a secondyear, theTexasexhibitwasdiscontinued. TheFairofficials
triedtopersuade TexasRangerFrank Hamer to appear atthe 1934
ExpositionwithBonnyandClyde'sbullet-riddencar,butthenational
ly famous peace officer scorned such publicity."
By 1934 Texas had become absorbed in its own approaching
centennial celebration, and a great Fair (indeed two!) became part
ofits plans. No constitutional scruples prevented the state govern
mentfrom appropriating$3,000,000for Texas' onehundredthbirth-
EASTTEXASHISTORICAL ASSOCIATION I1
day, nordidloyaltytothetheoryofstates'rightspreventTexansfrom
•
seekingand accepting $3,000,000for the celebrationfrom Franklin
l Roosevelt's New Deal. Benefitingfrom the experiences ofparticipa
tionintheCentennialsandWorldFairsofthepreviousninedecades,
Texans wouldputon a birthday party worthy ofthe vast state and
worthy also ofseparate treatment by this and other historians. In
the future lay not only the Centennial but also HemisFair '68 and
many other World Fairs where Texans would continue their "ad
vancement iv thought," culture, and "a good time."
NOTES
lFinley Peter Dunne, Mr. Dooley's Opinions(New York, 1901), 140.
2Joe B. Frantz, Gail Borden, Dairyman to a Nation (Norman, 1951), 208-210;
Elizabeth Silverthorne, Ashbel Smith ofTexas (College Station, 1982), 122-125.
3HarrietSmither,"AshbelSmith,"HandbookofTexas, WalterP.Webb(Austin,
1952),II,621;Silverthorne,AshbelSmithofTexas. 197-199;H.PaulDellingerFairs
Are for Everybody, (Waco, 1965), 46.
4Dellinger,Fairs Are for Everybody, 209.
5ElizabethBrooks, ProminentWomen ofTexas (Akron, 1896), 76-77.
SC.V.Riley,(ed.),ReportsoftheUnitedStatesCommissionerstotheUniversalEx
position of1889 (5 vols., Washington, 1891), V, 864-65 and 885; T,C, Richardson,
"Thomas Volney Munson," Handbook ofTexas. II, 249-250.
'Esse Forrester O'Brien, Artand Artists ofTexas (Dallas, 1935), 209.
sReportofthe Commissioners-General for the United States to the International
Universal Exposition. Paris, 1900, Senate Documents, 56th Congress, 2nd Session
(1900-01), No. 232 (4 vols., Washington 1001),II.
AttheViennaFairin1873theSanAntonioMeatExtractCompanyhadanex
hibitofpreservedmeatandwonanaward. RobertH. Thurston, (00.), Reportsofthe
Commissionersofthe UnitedStates to theinternationalExhibitionHeld in Vienna,
1873, House Reports, 44thCongress, 1stSession (4 vols., Washington, 1876),208.
9<'TexasAgencyofLouisville,NashvilleandGreatSouthernR'y"Broadside,May
15,1876,inTexasCollection,EugeneC, BarkerCenter,UniversityofTexas;Texas
andPacificRailroadBroadside, 1876,inErnestW.Winkler, Check ListofTexasIm
l prints(2 vols., Austin, 1948-63), II, 664; C.W, Raines, Year Book for Texas, 1903(2
vols., Austin, 1903),II, 226-27.
l"Texas Highway Department, Texas Travel Handbook (Austin, 1968), 79.
l uRaines, Year Book for Texas, II, 226-27.
lJ.FrankW.Johnson,EugeneC.Barker,andErnestW.Winkler,AHistoryofTcxas
and Texans (5 vols., Chicago, 1916),V, 2049·2050.
13Richardaon,"Munson,"Handbook ofTexas, II,249;Brooks,ProminentWomen
ofTexas, 153;PaulineA.Pinckney,Paintingin Texas:TheNineteenthCentury(Austin,
1967), 168-69.
14ClarkHowell,"TheWorld'sEventfor1896:TheCottonStatesandInternational
Exposition," Review ofReviews, Xl, No.2 (February, 1895), 160-61.
lSGovernorJamesS.HoggtoJudgeE.P, HillandtoW.A.Shaw,February11,1893,
JamesStephenHoggPapers,Universityof.Texas;RobertC. Cotner,James Stephen
Hogg:A Biography(Austin,1959),351-52; Brooks,PromimentWomen ofTexas, 202;
World's Columbian ExpositionIllustrated, September 1893, 161.