testing effects of aerial spray technologies on biting flies and nontarget insects at the parris island

195 Pages·2008·2.33 MB·English

TESTING EFFECTS OF AERIAL SPRAY TECHNOLOGIES ON BITING FLIES
AND NONTARGET INSECTS AT THE PARRIS ISLAND MARINE CORPS
RECRUIT DEPOT, SOUTH CAROLINA, USA.

A dissertation submitted
to Kent State University in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy

by
Mark S. Breidenbaugh
December 2008
Dissertation written by
Mark S. Breidenbaugh
B.S., California State Polytechnic University, Pomona 1994
M.S., University of California, Riverside, 1997
Ph.D., Kent State University, 2008

Approved by

_____________________________, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee
Ferenc A. de Szalay

_____________________________, Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee
Benjamin A. Foote

_____________________________
Mark W. Kershner

_____________________________
Scott C. Sheridan

Accepted by

______________________________, Chair, Department of Biological Sciences
James L. Blank

______________________________, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences
John R.D. Stalvey
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………viii

LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………xii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………….…………………………………………xiv

CHAPTER I. An introduction to the biting flies of Parris Island and the use of
aerial spray technologies in their control……………………………………………..1
Biology of biting midges .....……..……………………………………………..1

Culicoides as nuisance pests and vectors……………………………3

Biology of mosquitoes…………………………………………………………..5

Mosquitoes as nuisance pests and vectors…………………………..6

Integrated pest management…………………………………………………..7

Physical barriers…………………………………………………………8

Cultural control of midges and mosquitoes…………………………..8

Biological control………………………………………………………...9

Chemical control……………………………………………………….10

Biting fly adulticides applied by aircraft……………………...11

Content and scope of dissertation…………………………………………...13

References cited……………………………………………………………….14

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Page

CHAPTER II. Seasonal and diel patterns of biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) and
mosquitoes (Culicidae) on the Marine Corps Recruit Depot,
Parris Island, SC……………………………………………………………………….22

Abstract………………………………………………………………………....22

Introduction……………………………………………………………………..23

Methods…………………………………………………………………………26

Research site description……………………………………………..26

Seasonal biting fly abundance……………………………………….26

Diel activity of biting flies……………………………………………...28

Results………………………………………………………………………….29

Seasonal patterns of biting fly abundance………………………….29

Diel activity of biting flies……………………………………………...33

Discussion……………………………………………………………………...34

Management implications…………………………………………….37

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………39

References cited…………………………………………………………….…39

CHAPTER III. Characterization of a new ultra-low volume fuselage spray
configuration on Air Force C-130H aircraft used for adult mosquito control…….63

Abstract………………………………………………………………...............63

iv
Page

Introduction……………………………………………………………………..64

Methods…………………………………………………………………………67

Study site description………………………………………………….67

Field characterization of droplet size………………………….…..…67

AGDISP computer model…………………………………………..…70

Results……………………………………………………………………….…71

AGDISP computer model predictions and field-trial results…….…72

Discussion………………………………………………………………………74

References cited……………………………………………………………….79

CHAPTER IV. Efficacy of aerial spray applications with fuselage booms on
Air Force C-130 aircraft against mosquitoes ( Culicidae) and biting midges
(Ceratopogonidae)…………………………………………………………………….96
Abstract………………………………………………………………...............96

Introduction……………………………………………………………………..97

Methods…………………………………………………………………………99

Study site descriptions………………………………………………...99

Bioassays…………………………………………………….............100

Aircraft applications…………………………………………..………101

Craney Island trials…………………………………………….…….101

Parris Island trials………………………………………………….…103

Dibrom applications………………………………………….103

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Page

Anvil applications……………………………………………………..103

Statistical analyses…………………………………………………..104

Results………………………………………………………………………...105

Craney Island trials………………………………………………..…105

Parris Island trials…………………………………………………….106

Dibrom applications………………………………………….106

Anvil applications……………………………………………..107

Discussion…..………………………………………………………………...108

Craney Island trials…………………………………………………..108

Parris Island trials…………………………………………………….110

References……………………………………………………………………113

CHAPTER V. Effects of Aerial Applications of Naled on Nontarget Insects at
Parris Island, South Carolina………………………………………………………..131
Abstract……………………………………………………………….............131

Introduction……………………………………………………………………132

Methods…………………………………………………………………….…135

Insect trapping methods……………………………………………..136

Experimental design…………………………………………………137

Statistical analyses…………………………………………………..138

Results………………………………………………………………………..140

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Page

Nontarget species……………………………………………………140

Target species………………………………………………………..141

Discussion…………………………………………………………………….142

Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………..149

References cited……………………………………………………………..149

CHAPTER VI. General Discussion and Conclusions…………………………….169

General discussion and conclusions……………………………………….169

General conclusions…………………………………………………………176

References cited……………………………………………………………..177
vii
LIST OF FIGURES

Page

CHAPTER II. Seasonal and diel patterns of biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) and
mosquitoes (Culicidae) on the Marine Corps Recruit Depot,
Parris Island, SC

Figure 1. The Marine Corps Recruit Depot on Parris Island, South Carolina…..49

Figure 2. Seasonal abundance of Culicoides furens at Parris Island …..………50

Figure 3. Seasonal abundance of Culicoides hollensis at Parris Island………...51

Figure 4. Seasonal abundance of Culicoides melleus at Parris Island…………..52

Figure 5. Seasonal abundance of Aedes taeniorhynchus at Parris Island……..53

Figure 6. Seasonal abundance of Aedes sollicitans at Parris Island……………54

Figure 7. Seasonal abundance of Culex salinarius at Parris Island……………..55

Figure 8. Seasonal abundance of Aedes vexans at Parris Island……………….56

Figure 9. Seasonal abundance of Culex quinquefasciatus at Parris Island…….57

Figure 10. Correlations between Culicoides numbers and meteorological data.
A. Culicoides furens vs. air temperature B. C. hollensis vs. air temperature C.
C. melleus vs. air temperature D. Culicoides furens vs. rainfall E. C. hollensis
vs. rainfall……...……………………………………………………………………58-59
Figure 11. Correlations between Culicidae numbers and meteorological data. A.
Aedes taeniorhynchus vs. temperature B. Ae. taeniorhynchus vs. rainfall
C. Culex salinarius vs. Palmer's Drought Severity Index (PDSI)………………..60

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Page
Figure 12. Diel activity patterns of Culicoides furens, C. hollensis, and C.
melleus…………………………………………………………………………………61
Figure 13. Diel activity patterns of Aedes spp. and Culex spp………………….. 62

CHAPTER III. Characterization of a new ultra-low volume fuselage spray
configuration on Air Force C-130H aircraft used for adult mosquito control
Fig. 1. View of field trial location at Avon Park Air Force Range, Florida……….84

Fig. 2. Drop size distribution for droplet spectra produced by 8001 and 8005 flat-
fan nozzles……………………………………………………………………………..85
Fig. 3. Distribution of drop sizes in spray cloud from A) 8001 nozzles; B) 8005
nozzles……………………………………………………………………...................86
Fig. 4. Average droplet size recovered from USAF C-130 fuselage sprays using
8005 flat-fan nozzles…………………………………………………………………..87
Fig. 5. Predicted deposition from AGDISP model of droplets sprayed with C-130
fuselage booms released at (A) 46 m and (B) 91 m above ground………………88
Fig. 6. AGDISP model predicted trajectory of an A) 22.3 µm droplet (DV );
10
B) 54.3 µm droplet (DV ); and C) 104.7 µm droplet (DV ) from 46 m release
50 90
height………………………………………………………………………………..89-90
Fig. 7. AGDISP model predicted trajectory of an A) 22.3 µm droplet (DV );
10
B) 54.3 µm droplet (DV ); and C) 104.7 µm droplet (DV ) from 91 m release
50 90
height………………………………………………………………………………..91-92

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CHAPTER IV. Efficacy of aerial spray applications with fuselage booms on
Air Force C-130 aircraft against mosquitoes ( Culicidae) and biting midges
(Ceratopogonidae)
Fig. 1. Overview of experimental design for USAF C-130 single-pass Dibrom
sprays………………………………………………………………………………….119
Fig. 2. Diagrammatic representation of flight path, sampling line, and wind
direction on a magnetic grid for A. June 3-trial 1. B. June 3-trial 2. C. October 6
D. October 7, 2004……………………………………………………………..……120
Fig. 3. Relationship between (A) droplet density and mortality (B) droplet size
and mortality (B) determined from bioassay cages…………………………124-125
Fig. 4. Relationship between mosquito mortality and distance downwind from
pesticide release point following Dibrom applications…………………………….126
Fig 5. Relative numbers of Culicoides spp. before and after Anvil sprays on Parris
Island and a no-spray area……………………………………………………..……127
Fig. 6. Flight path of aircraft (black lines) while making an Anvil insecticide
application……...…………………………………………………………………128-129
Fig. 7. Daily biting midge density monitored on Parris Island and a no-spray
area……………………………………………………………………………………..130
CHAPTER V. Effects of Aerial Applications of Naled on Nontarget Insects at
Parris Island, South Carolina

x