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Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century helps readers understand terrorism, responses to it, and current trends that affect the future of this phenomenon. Putting terrorism into historical perspective and analyzing it as a form of political violence, this text presents the most essential concepts, the latest data, and numerous case studies to promote effective analysis of terrorist acts. Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century objectively breaks down the who- what-why-how of terrorism, giving readers a way both to understand patterns of behavior and to more critically evaluate forthcoming patterns. New to the Eighth Edition: • Provides a more thoroughgoing exploration of religion as a primary cause of contemporary terrorism • Focuses on the role of social media in recruitment and propaganda • Examines the radicalization and recruitment by ISIS of domestic young people for fighting and for carrying out attacks at home • Explores the growing threat—and reality—of cyber attacks • Offers an interactive map of terrorism as an e-Resource along with a Test Bank and other online materials. Cynthia C. Combs is Bonnie E. Cone Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of North Carolina-Charlotte. Praise for the Eighth Edition Taking the hysteria out of the debate on this subject, Cynthia Combs provides a comprehensive overview of terrorism, the best on the market to date, setting it in its historical, political, and philosophical contexts. Through a plethora of excellent case studies, Combs provides cogent analysis that demystifies modern terrorism, while capturing the horrors of this crime against innocents. In this new edition, discussion questions in every chapter challenge the student to reassess what they think about this phenomenon. Jerry Pubantz, University of North Carolina at Greensboro This is the best book to understand the contemporary terrorist threat, its evolution, and the range of state responses to it. Cynthia Combs’ mastery of the subject makes this an easy-to-read book for students, instructors, and terrorism analysts. Rohan Gunaratna, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore; Author of Inside al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror In one of the best introductions to the study of terrorism on the market, Combs provides an up-to-date, well-organized, and thought-provoking overview of the discipline… The expanded discussion of religion as a potential cause of terrorism and the addition of a section on the role of social media in radicalization and recruitment further strengthen this new edition. Thomas J. Badey, Randolph-Macon College This admirably up-to-date new edition offers a compelling and uniquely readable account of terrorism and counter-terrorism. … Cynthia Combs places the U.S. response to terrorism in comparative context by considering other developed dem - ocracies’ responses. Reminding the reader that terrorism is hardly new, she also points to social and technological changes that make understanding terrorism today especially urgent. Susan J. Siena, Indiana University Cynthia Combs has written a highly readable and accessible introductory text to the study of terrorism, with an excellent synthesis of the research literature and deft use of case studies to illustrate points that are broad enough for beginners to political science and international relations and, simultaneously, deep enough for advanced students. This new edition expands on issues such as radicalization, social media, cyber terrorism, and lone wolves. Christopher R. Cook, University of Pittsburgh-Johnstown Having used this excellent text for nearly six years, I can state that this new edition is a satisfying update. … The book’s focus on technology and how that applies to the potential infringement on personal safety as well as government operations, finances, and infrastructure is always popular with students. Melissa F. Gayan, Georgia Southern University Once again, Cynthia Combs’ timely revisions reflect the evolving issues and current trends in terrorism and its study. This methodically written work is the one terrorism text that always maintains my student’s interest. Patrick J. Reynolds, Fairleigh Dickinson University Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century Eighth Edition COMBS CYNTHIA C. University of North Carolina-Charlotte Published 2018 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 Taylor & Francis The right of Cynthia C. Combs to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Pearson Education, Inc. 1997 Second edition published by Pearson Education, Inc. 2000 Third edition published by Pearson Education, Inc. 2002 Fourth edition published by Pearson Education, Inc. 2006 Fifth edition published by Pearson Education, Inc. 2009 Sixth edition published by Pearson Education, Inc. 2010 Seventh edition published by Pearson Education, Inc. 2012 and Routledge 2016 Visit the eResources: www.routledge.com/9781138671393 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Combs, Cindy C., author. Title: Terrorism in the twenty-first century / Cynthia C. Combs, University of North Carolina-Charlotte. Description: Eighth Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. | “First edition published by Pearson Education, Inc. 1997”—T.p. verso. | “Seventh edition published by Pearson Education, Inc. 2012 and Routledge 2016”—T.p. verso. Identifiers: LCCN 2017025914| ISBN 9781138671386 (hardback) | ISBN 9781138671393 (paperback) | ISBN 9781315617053 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Terrorism. | Terrorism—Forecasting. Classification: LCC HV6431 .C6472 2018 | DDC 363.325—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017025914 ISBN: 9781138671386 (hbk) ISBN: 9781138671393 (pbk) ISBN: 9781315617053 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon, UK BRIEF CONTENTS List of Figures List of Tables List of Case Studies Preface Acknowledgments PART I Terrorism in Perspective CHAPTER 1 An Idea Whose Time Has Come? CHAPTER 2 Not a Modern Phenomenon CHAPTER 3 Ideology and Terrorism: Rights from Wrongs? PART II Who Are the Terrorists? CHAPTER 4 Criminals or Crusaders? CHAPTER 5 Terrorism by the State PART III How Do They Operate? CHAPTER 6 Terrorism, Inc. CHAPTER 7 Terrorist Training CHAPTER 8 The Media: A Weapon for Both Sides? CHAPTER 9 Domestic Terrorism in the United States PART IV Responses to Terrorism CHAPTER 10 International Legal Perspectives on Terrorism CHAPTER 11 The Use of Force to Combat Terrorism CHAPTER 12 The Use of National Law and Intelligence Resources to Combat Terrorism CHAPTER 13 Security Measures: A Frail Defense PART V Current Trends and Future Prospects CHAPTER 14 The New Terrorist Threat: Weapons of Mass Destruction CHAPTER 15 Future Trends Index