Territories of Difference: Place, Movements, Life, Redes

419 Pages·2008·4.28 MB·English

by  Arturo Escobar

ArtuErsoc obar
TERRITORIOEFS DIFFERENCE
placmeo,v emenltisf,re e,d es
DUKEU NIVERSIPTRYE SSD urhamandLo2n0d0o8n
© 200D8u keU niverPsrietsys
Alrli ghrtess erved
Printientd h eU nitSetda toefAs m erica
ona cid-frpeaep e� r
DesignbeydC H. .W estmoreland
TypesienQt u adrawaittM ha gmaC ompacdti splay
byA chorInn ternatIinocn.a l,
LibraorfCy o ngress Cataloging-iDna-tPau blication
appeoanrt hlea sptr intpeadg oef t hibso ok.
Somem ateriinac lh apt5ep rr evioaupspleya red
inD aviNdu genatn dJ oaVni nceendts,A. C,o mpantioo n
thAen thropoofPl oolili!i(t Oixcfso Brlda:c kwell Publish­
ing2,0 042)4,8 -6a6n,di sr eprinhteerde
witphe rmissoifBo lna ckwell.
Frontisapnidet cietp laeg aer t:
pagiei b:a seodn a ni llustrfartoiLmoo snsi stemas
producdteli avc oosm unindeailddr earl I VOa lBlaeh,{ a
SolaCnhoa,c boyC, a rlToasp iRao,c IPoo lanacnod,
ClaudLieaa 1l9,9 7.
pagiei bia:s eodn a ne ngravpirnogd ucbeytd h Gee nte
EntintyaP daar lapnrtoej eTcutm,a coe,a r1l9y9 0s.
contents
abto uthev isie ries
prifiaxc e
acnkoewdlgmxeinitis
introduc1t ion
1 plac2e7
2 capit6a9l
3 natu1r1e1
4 developm1e5n6t
5 ident2i0t0y
6 networ2k5s4
conclus2i9o9n
not3e1s3
riferceint3ce8ed1s
ind4ex1 7

Aboutth See ries
Thsiesr aideedssr stewtsoer dnsc:r ictnoivceatrlis oiaanncs da emic
feiladbso nuatrt eus,ut snaiaibtigyll,o btailoainnzc,dau let,iu nr­
culdicnotgnr csuteie vnagegmesbn etetewtnh nea rtauslo,lc a,in ad
humsacni eesan;nci dtn ecltluaeanldi tpcionoclvaeltr isoaanmso ng
solcm iovaemenatnosdt rhn eonc-daeamkioncw dlgepeor deurcs
about taeipl vartcetrainncasdeo sc- niaortawulo rlIdtossjb. e ctive
itso e staabs lyingsyebh re tewnte hetshoeeer tiacnapdlo litical
deevloepnmitnbso tahcd aemaincnd o -naceamdiacra esnT.h is
syngyeia rss iqnuea fnonoren tw hn ikianbgot uhrtee parlo moifs e
emgeerencto loTghseie ersii.ne cslw uodrtekhssea ntv imsoeir on
latsingj utwas anyodsfb ei-nnip-glaacnbed e inn-egnt-rwiokwsi th
ad vieroshfi utmya annosdt rhl eivainnndog nv -iblneigis n.g
New EcolfoogtrihT eews ne yt-sFCtie rntauirtmyosp roomtae
dioaglubee tewnte howsheoa e rt arnfosrmtihnuegn dsaetnrding
ofth rele aotnhisibpe etewnna eta unrcdu ltTuhsreee r.ri eevsi sits
exinsgfet ilisdushca se novnimrteahnli rsyth,oi steocroiylc,oa gl
enovnimrnetaanlht ropyo,el ocolgogeiccoanlo amnicdcu sla,tl u r
anpdo tliieccaoolgl yIa.t d edsrseemsge irtnegn dieesnsuhc,ca s
the oufcs opeml etxhioetrtyyor entkahr i angqeu eosfot ni otnhse
ntauer-cueal xtIiuatsrl .ds eoaw liestiph es mtoglioacnaodltn ologi­
caclo ncbeurdinilsbn,rg i dbgeeteewstn hv eao rufiso romfks on w­
inagnw da yosfb eienmgb edidtneh mdeu tlilpicoifpat rcyt oifc es
solca icastw oordrwliTdhesi.es r hioeptseo fs o sctnoevre nrcgees
amodnfigefe rntlcloayt aecdrta son tdop o rviafd roeu fmoa ru tsh or
anrde adteow risdt ehnfei seo lftd hoeretiincqyaup,lo ire frssli ona
pracatnisdco ecs,it arlut ghgcalhtaea csrt etrhcieruz reee vnnoitn r­
mentaaerln a.
preface
Thibso ohka bse etwne lyveea irnts h mea kiInhtga .gs r oawnns dat lled
ovetrhp iesr iinot dad newmi tthhd ee manadnvsdi scstiiudoefms y i n­
tellaelpc,et rusoannapdlr e,os fosniallei I.fs atrtoend jtohnueer tyh at
reseudil ntt hbioso ikn1 9-9912w,h eInfi rsdteev loptehpder oposal
whitcohom ket oC olombiiJnaa nuoaf1r 9y9f or3 yae oafrfi erledsr ec,ah
thesnip mleyni ltte"dAr f-ooClombRiesapno ntsoMe osed rnizaantdi on
Devleopemn"tD .uirntgh ati ayilen aiIrat ,s semabs lmaeldrl e search
teatmow oriknt hseuo thePranc irfieicgo nt,h paaotti snittlc lu stom­
aridlecysr iabseap d o ofror,g oetnht,o htu,m iforde csirts rsocssbye d
innumerriavbaelnreids n habbiyt ebdl aicnkgd eioanungdsr osu-pa
litlro ercia6t,ano sdS oofnfYaa c,u lpaco aaluh toarn pdo ilti,cp iuiatitn n
th1e9 3B0y1s 9.,9 t 3hreei gowna fsul liym merisnae nad m bitsitoruast ­
egoyfd elvoepmtehnhatat sd at rtientd h mei -d198a0rsm;e d twhiet h
toolgsi vteorn e searbcyth hdeeir sssc iucvrreii qtuoefd evoeplmeonft
th1e9 8I0s se,t tooi untv esethtingoragathpeil clbayoh tt hceu ltaunrda l
ecoilcoiagmlp aocftt hv eai ropurseo csjat ntdh feor mosfr e sainsctteh ey
fcaefdor mt hbel agcrukop osft hrei vceorm muine.iOs trs oIt hought.
WhaItd isvceorseodoa ntf emry a rriwvaatslh tahtse iu atitowna fsra
morceo mptlheaxn rIe ahlafiordzm ae d di asntce.
Ind,ei ehtda nso cte asteogd r oiwnc omlpexpiotys,iu nngp rece­
deendtc hallteonr geeesasr mcehht odp,o ilcisat,n udn dearnsdting.
Firtswtoo,rt hrmeoenh tsi ntthope r jocetw,er ecogtnhiazte db esides
stea-tsproenddse eovlopmaennndta scceanpti teanltieisrst(pe crsh iefly
Africoainl pplaalainmtot nasn id ndruissathlir mpfra mi)na,g lbeit
cleollsyi endtk ote hmt,h eret wwcoer ruecf caitaolir nts hs et ruogvgelre
three psreeanttiaonnfdta oe ft hreei goTnh.fie r wsatts h ceo ncweirtnh
three igo'nbsi ovdeirys;ti htree giwoanis d einfiteadso noef t hmeo st
improta"nibtdo irvseyih tot sipnto htes "w aonrodlu dar,r ritvhaelr e'
coincwiidttehhbd ee ignnoinfang o vieneltr,n iaotlnlafyun decdo n­ser
vaitosnt raotfae mgbyi tsicoouApssei .no thheorst p soo tft hkiisdn ,
lcano saedr6vn bdievo esdlriiadh aadbd e cotmhebe at tclreoy ft hea tset,
nonogvemrennatlog raniizoan(tsNO GS,a) cadcesam,ni ldo cal leaders
ali.Ck leolsryee lattoce odnv saietorwna ass malbluh ti gcholmym tietd
anadri tcuels aoitcamlo evmeonfbt l accokm miutn.iO eusirn iiactlo n­
verisoawntist ahc tsitivsnti hmiosv meenwth,i nloeit m medeiltyars tu­t
inwge,r neve ehretlessi oauIusnsm. pi id-cJoufn teh a(t1 9)y9o,e3u arr
smarleelsa rch hteeltadhfim er sdatly onwgor khsowpi tahg rooufp
tehsaeci tvssit anhda nuadlo f fb laicnektl lueacflortsm t hPea cwihfioc
wercel otsote h meo vemenOtu.er x pliinctiwetan stt o d isccuosns­
creew tayosfa rticulparteoicjnwtgi tohui nrtt heear neadsg tesn odfa
thmeo vemFernto.m mteheiitnsog n t,h ger ooufap c tsitkvsni owans
ProceCsomou ndied Naedgers(a Posrc eosBfsl aCcokm muineipste,N )
becaomuecr l osiensltteo rcourOt.nJ anyu3 a1,r99w4ec, o ncluded our
firysetoa frre searacnhi nwtsieeptn,rh o diuvdceatl yonign terwviitehw
abotuetpn e Nl eadoenir sss ruaensg fiornmge thniecnivntyim,re ont,
ancdu ulrtadlife frentcoge e ndsetrr,a taenmgdoy ev,m ehnette roge­
neyiT.th ree souftl htfii rsys etao rfw orpkl,ufi sva ed ditmioonhntsa l
in1 99w4a,as c ocltlievvouelm eP,a cffidcseoar,lro l0 doi rvdseaidEs?dt oa,
capyim toavlei nmtsiooscs ei neaP lla ecfficcool om,pb uibalnioisnBh oeogadt
in1 99w6i,tc ho rnitbiuotnforsm a cade,im nitceslsla,en cadtc iutvsasitl
formt hreei gon.
Myr elatpieoNrn e mtaoci lnoss teh ditasoIy .n detehdbi,os o okw es
asm ucthot hgirso 'ukspn owlaendadgc eu ptoielt isceanlis liaibstt yo
schaorfilleyl .Td hsbeo ocka n sebeei nnf,ca t, eatsh naong orfa pthhye
praicc,tes striaetasen,gvd i siooftn ihsps a rtigcruolouafapr c itssiivt,n ­
cluding ktnhoewilrpe rdoogwdeinu o cWnth.i tleheb ooikls a rgceolny­
ceifvoremdt hpiesr escpthiovwee,vi ietmsr o ,r teh an Itnhfuaswtei.dt h
peNc oncueapltiioznaasnte dn gagviainrogus st rainncd rsi tsicchaoll ­
ars,ht ihbpeo opkr opoaws aeyos fa nalyszoimonefgt hmeo ssta lient
soica,cl uulrtaaln,ed c oilcoiagsls oufte hspe r esdeanyHt.o wd oes one
examainnuden dertshtaen mdo omu,esc notmpxp lreoceesnsgeusl fing
reigonssu cahst hPea cificI s thoolddusa ayay?tt hpiosi tnhtfia ntd ing
bidoivertshsiecoty i,ma olv emeannatdc, t ikvnioswtl weadsng oett h e
enodft hceo mpxlieficaotfti hoienn v esitoiFngu.ar ttlhaeyroe fcr osm ­
plxeictya mfeor mb ohts oica(lr" ewaollr da"n)sd c lhaorsluoyr c.Se tes­
tings oitcahalen t dh sec lhaorilnpytr oo diuvcet diiarsla orageneul aeys y
tsaku,n less otnoea ddoaepr ctei ldaetssit vretaoflirwyga hrfdrm aework
ofin teriporBneu.htt ea trthese uo rcoefsm cpolicwaetrmieuo lnte Fi.po lr
inasntcheo,wd oeosn e go abnebdhe oiynntddh f eor ceefumleg renocfe
blaicdkei nttioefs 1t h9e9t 0oiS l luemb iohnth aitosrtipcraolc eosfs es
sulbtaerannipdtyo sbslwiea yfsor wairntd h set rugogvlederies ffr ence?
Secopnadr,t icgiuvlteahnrse lp yr eoafad r mceodn fliincttthos e o huetrn
Pacitfiec2r 0 a0af0n tdh een sumianssgi dvies plaocfeolmceanlt peoples
formt hree igohno,w d oe veinntt shP ea cirfiecfl aencedtn aicndt i s­
tinwcatyf sor caenscd o nidointtshga otw elbyle ontdhr eei goTno?c ite
anhoeterax mplteht,er annast ionaolfti hzreae itgoinos'nois cam lo ve­
mentasft e1r9 9ce5r traasiienidlsy s tuhecasot u nlodbt ea ccoomdmated
withtihoner igriensaelda eriscgahnn cda lflore da cmoomrpeal pe­x
proatcobh oh tt hmeo vemsea nnttdh reei gon.
Wharte sulttehdi sfr opmr aos ceersoisfne e swes adfts rma ewortkhsa t
araer ticiuntl habeto eoidkn v airowuasy asn adts evelreavle lss-on ot
mucahsi nt hper ovelrabyieoarnlei doa nlt,h otuhfgearh m ewodrikds
groswo mwehaotr ganicailntl hyfesa, h ibooufant h ypertfeorx­tual
maitoTnh.e sien clfuardmee wocroknsnc ienprgo ilcieatclo yl,so ogical
moevmnet,ds eevlopmpeoinlttie,cc aolny om,mo dernainctydo laolniity,
scieannctdcee h noyl,co ugltpuorilcaislst, p aacnepd l aicdeei,nt ntye­,t
wor,kg slobailoiannz,cda o tmlpexTihtyim.se atnhsbe o oikps r ooufdnly
indteicrsinpalroiyra ,sIe xplianoi none ft h ceh ap,ti fetolr lsotwhtser end
towa"rnudd ciisplipnraorpiotybs"yte hLdea tAimne rigcraonou npm o­
derync/iotnlioaydl/eictnoilaolOinmtyei. g ahrtg tuhea tm uttlhriiafsm ing
itsh kei nodfa pprotahcaahnt t ohproylo orcg ultsuutrdaialel sl ows one
tod elvoetpo dtahyii;tss r uupet oap oinwti tbchul tel airms iitnsac tfee,r
al,al nthorologpyp,a rtiicnutlh Uaenr iltSyaet etdsw ,a nttors e maadi ins ­
ciplOivneterh.p e a tsetyn er a,s haIv wer itast reeinoe fslg aertlehyo rie­t
capla petrhsca to nisttubtieatdns pd i eocfet shfr ea mewporreks eedn t
herienam orceo mprevheae nnidsn itegmraantneIedn1r 9.9 I9s ,t arted
thinakbiontught bi oso iknt eromfss i x ckoceneyp: pt lsaccaep,,i n taa­l
turdee,vo eplmeindtei,nt atyn,d nkes.twT ohrise sreeanpttriono-nteh e
int hbioso- iknterwbeohate vtehsna opghrrieecsa racnhtd h eaorroyu nd
eacnhoi toAnt.t htemi em,y d ecitsosi tornu ctthteue raxert o utnehds e
sicxoc nepstgusg esttome edt hatb otochkoe u blesd e eansat reaitni se
poiltieccaolyl t;oo gdIafi yn,id dt i fficult itttoo rotenhdfieiue scl ed- or
toa noyt hfeortr,h maatt ter.
Anothero fta hsbepo eocckth' asr aictsth meaartn oyft hfear meworks
summonheedrh ea vbee edne voeplecdo cltlievTehelsyie.n cltuhdee
farmewoorf"k opsl iotfpi lcas(c dee"ov peewldi tthh" eW omaenntd h e
PoliotfPi lca,scW" eP Pp,r eocjsti nclea 1tt9eh9 e0w Sh,i Ich ha ve dcio­or
natweidtW he ndy Haortfch oSeuoi rcetftyor, I nternDaetvoieopl�nmnatl
inR ome;)" moedrnciotynl/ioa/ldietycioall"oio ntyrM, cn( dveeolpebdy
thLea tin AMmcenrg ircpoa;u)"n id veercsoen eosm("io rigpirnoa­lly
posbeydJ K.. G ibs-oGnrahaanmed l aabtoeirdns pecwiafiywcsi thin
thWeP Pp reocjt tahnCedul tuorfEe cso nogmrioeaustpC h apHeil;l l)
woralndt hrop(ooluottgh iWeoeo fsr A lndt hproolioeNgse twoWrAkN,,
prjocet;) anpda rat iacnuallaoyrfss oiicsam lo veme(nwthsilo cwhet o
myw orwki tbhoh tt hleo orseeesa rgcrho ounpL atAimne risccoaina l
movemsem,na tintaiungehdo tuthythee r aowristS hno iEa.A lvaarnedz
EvelDianngai naon,td h vei brianntte rldiinsSacoriicyapM lov ements
tehsaec tsistv ianhda nuadlo f fb laicnektl lecfotrmut ahlPesa cwihfioc
wercel otsote h meo evmenOtu.er x pliinctiwetan stt o d iscuss con­
crewtaeyo sfa rticuoluparrt eoicjnwtgi tthhi en tearneadsg tesn odfa
the movFermoetmnh ti.s i nmogen et,th ger ouapc tosisftkv niowans
PrcoesdoeC omunidNaedgers(a Posrc eosBfsl aCcomkm uniietpse,N )
becaomuecr l osiensltteour ctoOrnJ. a nyu3 a1,r99w4ec, o nucdleodu r
firysetoa frr e sewairtachnhi nntseper,o cdtuidvaleyo nign terwviitehw
abotuetpn e Nl eadoenir sss ruaensg fiornmge thnyi,ec nrivotinment,
ancdu ulrtadlife frentcoge e ndsetrr,a taenmgdoy v, emheenettr oge­
neyiT.th ree souftl htfii rsys etao rfw orpkl,ufi sva ed diiotnmaolnh ts
in1 99w4a,as c olilveveco mtleuP,a cffldcseoa,lr lr0 dooi sviedrEasddt?oa ,
cap!Iim toavlin mtsiooiesca sel neeP Ia cfflccool ompbuibalnioisn,Bh oeogdt a
in1 99w6i,tc ho ntiroinfborsum ta cadcesim,nie tlelctsua,an ladc tsistv i
formt hreei gon.
Myr elattopi eoNrn e macilnoss teh ditasoIy n. detehdbi,os o okw es
asm ucthot hgirso 'ukspn owlaendadgc eu ptoeil cisateln isliaibstt yo
sclhaorfileyl dsb.o ocTkah bene s eeinnf,ca ta,sa ne thnogorfta hpeh y
pracsts,it creiaetasen,gvd i sioofn stp hairst igcruuoplo afar c itsisivt,n ­
cluding ktnhoewilrpe rdoogwdeinu o cWnth.i tlhebe o oikls a rgceolny­
ceifvoremdt hpiesr escpthiovwee,vi etmr o,ir ste h an Itnuhfsaewtdi. t h
peNc oncueapltiioznaasnt d envgaaorguiissnrt ga nidncs r itsicchaoll ­
asrhitphb,eo opkr opoaws aeoysf a nalyszoimonefgt hmeo ssta lient
socciuallat,lau ,nr d eiccoialslos goufte hspe r esdeanHyt.o wd oes one
examainnuden dresttahnmedo meonutcso,m pxpl reoceesnsgeusl fing
reigonssu cahst hPea citfiocdI as yh?o uslaadytt hpiosi tnhtfia ntd ing
biovdeirstihtysec,o i maolv emeannatdc, t ivist wkannso otwthl ee dge
enodft hceo mpxlieficaotfti hioenn v esitoiFngu.tar htleary oefcr osm ­
plexciatymf eor mb ohts oica(lr" ewaollr da"n)sd hc ollaysr our.Sc tee­s
titnhgse oi caaln tdh sec lhaorilnpytr oo diuvdceit aliorsga ureae nl ye asy
tsaku,n loensdese citdoae dso apr te latsitvrteaoflirygwh afarrmde work
ofin teriporBneu.htt ea trthese o urocfcem osp licwaetrmieuo lnpt lie. For
inasntcheo,wd oeosng eob ehiannbddye ontdhf eor ceefumle rgoefn ce
blaicdkei intetosft h1e9 9t0oiS l luemb iohnth aitosrtipcraeolsc soefs
sbualtearnnpdio stysi bwlaeyf sor wairntd h set rugogvlederies ffr ence?
Secopnadr,t icgiuvlteahnrse lpe yra odfa rmceodn fliincttthos e o huetrn
Pacaiftfiec2r 0 0a0nt dh een sumiansvgse di isplaocfeolmcpeanelto ples
formt hree igohno,w d oe veinntts hP ea cifica rneedn flaeiccndtt i s­
tinwcatyfs or caenscd o nditthigaootwn eslb leoy ntdh reei goTno?c ite
anotehxmeapr lteh,te r ansnatiooftn harele iigozanst'oiiscao mlno ve­
menatftse1 r9 9c5er traasiienildsy s tuhecasot u ldb ean cocto mamtoedd