Territorial Crisis Management: From Emergency to Reconstruction

255 Pages·2022·5.549 MB·English

by  Yvette Veyret, Richard Laganier

Territorial Crisis Management

SCIENCES
Geography and Demography, Field Director – Denise Pumain
Geography of Risk, Subject Head – Samuel Rufat
Territorial Crisis Management
From Emergency to Reconstruction
Coordinated by
Richard Laganier
Yvette Veyret
First published 2022 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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© ISTE Ltd 2022
The rights of Richard Laganier and Yvette Veyret to be identified as the authors of this work have been
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author(s), contributor(s) or editor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ISTE Group.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2022939248

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78945-080-4
ERC codes:
SH2 Institutions, Values, Environment and Space
SH2_1 Political systems, governance
SH2_5 International relations, global and transnational governance
SH2_11 Human, economic and social geography
Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Samuel RUFAT
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Richard LAGANIER
Chapter 1. Territorial Crisis, Elements of Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Richard LAGANIER and Yvette VEYRET
1.1. Crisis and catastrophe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2. Disasters of natural origin: a circumscribed crisis territory . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3. Localized crises of natural origin aggravated or provoked by
human activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4. Industrial, technological and nuclear disasters and crises: localized crises
and spatial consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.5. More diffuse environmental, food and health crises on a regional
or continental scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.6. “Reticular” crises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.7. The “mega-crises” on a global scale, the domino effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.8. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Chapter 2. General Principles of Crisis Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Freddy VINET and Anne-Marie LEVRAUT
2.1. Nature of the crisis and forms of crisis management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1.1. The nature of the crisis: cycle, trajectory or “black swan”? . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1.2. The nature of the crisis: scale of the crisis versus scale
of its management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2. Preparing for the crisis: the prevention/preparation link . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
vi Territorial Crisis Management
2.2.1. Preparation: the imperative link between prevention and
crisis management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2.2. Monitoring: choosing the right indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2.3. From monitoring to forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2.4. Forecasting tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3. Information in times of crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3.1. Upstream information in times of crisis: monitoring tools . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3.2. Alert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.3.3. Infodemia, misinformation and controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.4. Crisis management: an integrated approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4.1. Conditions for a shared vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4.2. Integration of populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.4.3. The importance of logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.4.4. Population management: the issue of evacuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Chapter 3. Learning from Crisis Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Freddy VINET, Alain CHEVALLIER, Hoilid LAMSSALAK and Dimitri LAPIERRE
3.1. Feedback: objectives, contents, actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.1.1. Objectives of feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.1.2. Feedback times: feedback and territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.1.3. Feedback methods and contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.1.4. Feedback: a tool for sharing and disseminating learning . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.1.5. Conclusions on feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.2. Crisis management exercises and simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.2.1. Objectives and prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.2.2. Organizing a crisis management exercise: methodology . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.2.3. Types of exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.2.4. Communication and media awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.2.5. Stress management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.2.6. A community-wide exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.3. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Chapter 4. Crisis Management Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Jérémy ROBERT, Pauline GLUSKI, Sébastien HARDY, Pascale METZGER and Alexis SIERRA
4.1. The reason for a shift from risk to crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.1.1. Why be interested in crises? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.1.2. From stakes to resources: conceptual framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.2. How to identify crisis management resources? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2.1. Different types of crisis management resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2.2. Methodological aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Contents vii
4.3. The benefits of a resource-based approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.3.1. Understanding the vulnerability of the territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.3.2. An operational interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.4. Conclusion: thinking about a “risk–crisis–development” continuum . . . . . . 107
Chapter 5. Post-disaster Recovery: Challenges and Resources . . . . . . . 109
Annabelle MOATTY
5.1. The challenge of coordinating a multitude of actors with inadequate regulatory
frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.1.1. The actors and temporalities of the reconstruction process . . . . . . . . . 111
5.1.2. Legislative and regulatory frameworks for recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.2. Financial resources for reconstruction and the weight of solidarity in individual
recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.2.1. Government resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.2.2. International aid directed mainly to developing countries . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.2.3. The influence of solidarity mechanisms on the recovery of individuals and
communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.3. Land resources and territorial restructuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.3.1. Relocation of areas deemed too dangerous for population settlement . . . 122
5.3.2. On-site reconstruction, in the continuity of pre-existing structures . . . . . 125
5.3.3. Post-disaster as a catalyst for inequality? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Chapter 6. Crises and Territories: Legacies, Inertia and Dynamics . . . . . 131
Nancy MESCHINET DE RICHEMOND and Yvette VEYRET
6.1. Crises and territories: always complex articulations, in constant renewal . . . 132
6.1.1. Crises and territories: scales, actors and contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6.1.2. Obstacles linked to conflicts and the interplay of actors
in crisis management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.1.3. Crises and urban territories: rupture, bifurcation,
sustainability, resilience? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.2. Inertia of representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.2.1. Inertia of representations on the role of the population
and its vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.2.2. Inertia of the representations of the crisis itself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.2.3. Territorial inertia feeds crises: a territorialization of data unsuited
to management? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.3. Crises feed territorial inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
6.3.1. When crises and emergency become everyday life:
the example of Haiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
viii Territorial Crisis Management
6.3.2. Instrumentalization and resilience: the root causes
of crises are still present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Chapter 7. Founding Crisis of Territorial Renewal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Yvette VEYRET and Richard LAGANIER
7.1. Managing a risk territory on a global scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
7.1.1. The age of risk management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.1.2. SYMADREM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
7.1.3. The Rhône Plan, a global vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
7.1.4. Crisis management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.1.5. Evolution of the legislation, the future of SYMADREM . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.2. Reducing risk through protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7.2.1. Dikes and diking systems, regulation, management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.2.2. The equipment of rivers with polders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.2.3. Soft management of coastal risk areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.3. Adapting the habitat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
7.3.1. Responses to natural hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.3.2. Housing and technological risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
7.3.3. Adapting buildings to the effects of climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.4. Adapting the neighborhood and the city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7.4.1. Flood-safe neighborhoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7.4.2. Urban technical networks and resilient critical infrastructures . . . . . . . 194
7.4.3. Responses to climate risks – the urban heat island,
“green” neighborhoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
7.4.4. Eco-neighborhoods, resilient neighborhoods? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.4.5. From the eco-neighborhood to the “smart city” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
7.5. Strategic retreat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
List of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235