Terahertz Sources and Systems PDF
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Terahertz Sources and Systems NATO Science Series ASeriespresentingtheresultsofscientificmeetingssupportedundertheNATOScience Programme. TheSeriesispublishedbylOSPress,Amsterdam,andKluwerAcademicPublishersinconjunction withtheNATOScientificAffairsDivision Sub-Series I. LifeandBehaviouralSciences lOSPress II. Mathematics,PhysicsandChemistry KluwerAcademicPublishers III.ComputerandSystemsScience lOSPress IV.EarthandEnvironmentalSCiences KluwerAcademicPublishers TheNATOScienceSeriescontinuestheseriesofbookspublishedformerlyastheNATOASISeries. TheNATOScienceProgrammeofferssupportforcollaboration incivil sciencebetweenscientistsof countriesoftheEuro-AtlanticPartnershipCouncil.Thetypesofscientificmeetinggenerallysupported are"AdvancedStudyInstitutes"and"AdvancedResearchWorkshops",andtheNATOScienceSeries collects together the results of these meetings.The meetings are co-organized bij scientists from NATOcountriesandscientistsfromNATO'sPartnercountries- countriesoftheCISandCentraland EasternEurope. AdvancedStudyInstitutesarehigh-leveltutorialcoursesofferingin-depthstudyoflatestadvances inafield. Advanced ResearchWorkshopsare expert meetingsaimedatcritical assessmentofafield, and identificationofdirectionsforfutureaction. AsaconsequenceoftherestructuringoftheNATOScienceProgrammein1999,theNATOScience Serieswasre-organizedtothefoursub-seriesnotedabove.Pleaseconsultthefollowingwebsitesfor informationonpreviousvolumespublishedintheSeries. htto://www.nato.inVscience http://www.wkap.nl http://www.iospress.nl http://www.wtv-books.de/nato-pco.htm seriesII:Mathematics,PhysicsandChemistry- Vol.27 Terahertz Sources and Systems edited by R. E. Miles p. Harrison University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom and D. Lippens Universite des Sciences et Technologies de lilie, lilie, France Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Terahertz Sources and Systems Chateau de Bonas, France 22-27 June, 2000 A C.1. P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-7923-7097-0 ISBN 978-94-010-0824-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0824-2 Printed on acid-free paper AII Rights Reserved © 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Contents OrganisingCommittee ix Sponsors xi Preface xiii Theme 1: Physics ofTerahertzDevices and Materials TerahertzDynamics in Quantum Structures:Towards a FundamentalTerahertz Oscillator SJ.Allen, 1.S. Scott, M.e. Wanke, K. Maranowski,A.e. Gossard, M.J.W Rodwell and D.H. Chow 3 SemiconductingTerahertz Emitters N.N. Zinov'ev 15 Theme 2: Generation ofTerahertz byMultiplication High Efficiency HBV Multipliers for MillimetreWave Generation L. Dillner, M. Ingvarson, E. Kollberg and1. Stake 27 High Performance Heterostructure BarrierVaractors D. Lippens, X. Melique, S.Arscott,T. David,V. Duez, 1. Carbonell, P. Mounaix, O. Vanbesien and F. Mollot 53 ActiveTwo-TerminalDevices forTerahertzPowerGeneration byMultiplication H. Eisele 69 Theme 3: Intersubband Sources Far-infrared Intersubband Luminescence from Quantum CascadeSources 1. Faist, M. Rochat, M. BeckandU. Oesterle 89 vi SuperlatticeQ C LasersTowards tbe Far-Infrared A Tredicucci, C. Gmacbl, M.e. Wanke, F. Capasso, AL. Hutchinson, D.L. Sivco, S.-N.G. Chu andAY. Cho 101 TerabertzEmission from Semiconductor Nanostructures 1 Ulrich, R. Zobl, G. Strasserand K. Unterrainer 115 Tbeme 4: CW Sources, Optical and Electronic Perspectives ofContinuous-Wave OptoelectronicTHzImaging K.l Siebert, H. Quastand H.G. Roskos 127 Continuous-WaveTerabertz Generation Using Pbotomixers S. Verghese, K.A McIntosh, S.M. Duffyand E.K. Duerr 145 Theme 5: EmergingTecbnologies - Sources and Circuits Emerging SolidStateTerahertz Electronics M.S. ShurandV. Ryzhii 169 PlasmaWave Electronics forTerabertzApplications M. Dyakonovand M.S. Shur 187 Prospects for theApplications ofMiniaturisedVacuum Technologies toTerahertz Sources 1.M. Chamberlain,1.1. Garcia, lR. Fletcher, RE. Miles, D.P. Steenson, lR Thorpe, E. Huq, e.M. Mannand M. Oldfield 209 Theme 6: Imaging Two-DimensionalTerahertzWave Imaging Q. Chen, Z. Jiang and x.-e. Zhang 225 THz Imaging ofBiological Samples M. Koch, K. Scbmalstieg, P. Knobloch, S. Hunsche, M.e. Nuss, E. Rehberg, 1. Sautter, 1. Fromm, M. Hempel, R Haferkom, 1. Libon, N.E. Heckerand1. Feldmann 241 vii Theme 7: Towards CommunicationSystems TowardsTerahertz Communications Systems C.M. Mann 261 TowardsTerahertz Communications- Systems Requirements J.W Bowen 269 Micromachining forTerahertzCircuits and Systems R.E. Miles, D.P. SteensonandJ.M. Chamberlain 285 Theme 8: THz Sensing and Spectroscopy WidebandTerahertz Sensing and Spectroscopy with Electronic Sources and Detectors D.W vanderWeide 301 Time-DomainTerahertz Spectroscopy and Sensing P. Haring Bolivar, M. Brucherseifer, M. Nagel, H.P.M. Pellemans and H. Kurz 315 Overview TerahertzTechnology, QuoVadis? WTh. Wenckebach 331 List ofspeakers 337 List ofParticipants (and group photo) 339 Index 345 ORGANISING COMMITTEE Co-Directors: DLippens(Universitedes Sciencesde Lille) NN Zinovev (UniversityofLeeds RE Miles(Leeds) Secretary PHarrison (Leeds) Treasurer JM Chamberlain (Leeds) Proceedings M C Quirke (Leeds) Workbook ix SPONSORS We wish to thank the following for their contribution to the success ofthis conference: European Office of Aerospace Research and Development, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, United States Air Force Research Laboratory Agilent Technologies UK Limited Marconi Materials Technology Spectra-Physics Lasers C RL Ltd xi PREFACE This ARW on "Terahertz Sources and Systems" is a follow up to the ASI on "New Directions inTerahertzTechnology" heldin 1996, also at the Chateau de Bonas. The contributions to this volume show how, during the intervening years, Terahertz Technology hasmovedonfrombeingausefulbutexpensivecircuittechnique, applied largely to astronomy and space science, to a subject in its own right with important applications. Ifone thing stands out in particular it must be Terahertz Imaging - an application of Terahertz Technology that was not even mentioned during those pioneering sessions back in 1996. It is perhaps a measure ofthe "coming ofage" of TerahertzTechnologythattherewas hardlyamentionofspace scienceandastronomy inthe2000ARW! The first two days of the Workshop concentrated on terahertz sources, discussing the state ofthe art in frequency conversion (i.e. up from millimetre waves and down from infra-red) and direct generation. As far as the latter is concerned the "terahertz gap" is still with us but tremendous advances have been made in down conversion,bothpulsedandCWo WorkontheHeterostructureBarrierVaractor(HEY) for electronic upconversion continues but the generation ofpower above about 0.25 THzbythismethodstilleludesus. The driving force in Terahertz Technology is currently in imaging and spectroscopy. We now have the means to obtain images and chemical information in this frequency band which, until recently, has been difficult to access. The images shown at the workshop (and reproduced in this volume) are striking and not surprisingly the clinical and analytical uses are already the subject ofintense activity. Imagingsystemsmustsurelybethefirst commerciallyviableterahertzproducts. Many of us who participated in the 1996 ASI were of the opinion that terahertz systems would have their first impact in the area ofcommunications where their wide bandwidth potential would be an advantage. In practice, communications applications have notyet materialised, mainlybecausewe still do not havea complete range of active terahertz electronic components: sources and amplifiers being particularlyconspicuousbytheirabsence. However, anencouragingconclusionofthe Workshop was that, in the foreseeable future, terahertz frequency electronics will be necessaryincommunicationssystems. Thiscouldbeintheformofdirect transmission at terahertz frequencies for a local area network or terahertz modulation on optical fibre. It is quite likely that spin-offfrom the imaging technology will in due course providethe necessarycomponents. The organisers would like to thank all ofthe speakers, every one of whom captured the spirit ofthe Workshop to create, once again, the uniquely stimulating atmosphere that is a NATO ARWat the Chateaude Bonas. Suggestionsthat this may also have had something to do with Patrice and his staffs hospitality should not be discounted. Thanks also to the participants for their contributions to the discussions and poster session. We also thank the NATO Science Committee for their support, withoutwhichthisARWwouldnothavebeenpossible. Welookforwardtoanexcitingfutureforterahertztechnology. xiii
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