Table Of Content

Temporal Expectations and their Violations Olivia Ladinig Temporal Expectations and their Violations ILLC Dissertation Series DS-2009-09 For further information about ILLC-publications, please contact Institute for Logic, Language and Computation Universiteit van Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam phone: +31-20-525 6051 fax: +31-20-525 5206 e-mail: [email protected] homepage: http://www.illc.uva.nl/ Temporal Expectations and their Violations Academisch Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op dinsdag 27 oktober 2009, te 10.00 uur door Olivia Ladinig geboren te Klagenfurt, Oostenrijk Promotiecommissie: Promotor: Prof. dr. R. Scha Co-promotor: Dr. H. Honing Overige leden: Prof. dr. R. Bod Prof. dr. R. de Groot Prof. dr. C.J. ten Cate Dr. B.H. Repp Drs. M. Sadakata Faculteit der Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Informatica The investigations were supported by the EmCAP (Emergent Cognition through Active Perception) project funded by the European Commission (FP6-IST, con- tract 013123). Copyright (cid:13)c 2009 by Olivia Ladinig Cover design by Olivia Ladinig. Printed and bound by Printpartners Ipskamp. ISBN: 978-90-5776-200-0 Contents Acknowledgments ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The role of time in music listening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Formation and violation of temporal expectations . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Competence in music listening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 Research methods used in this thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4.1 Behavioural methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4.2 Electrophysiological methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5 Thesis purpose and outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 Web-based music cognition research 11 2.1 Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3 Timing sensitivity 15 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.2 Listening Experiment Using a Comparison Task . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.3 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.3.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.3.2 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.3.3 Materials and Stimulus Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.3.4 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.3.5 Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.4.1 Effect of Exposure and Expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.4.2 Effect of Exposure and Expertise on Sure Judgments . . . 23 3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.6 Figures and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 v 4 Rhythmic complexity and metric salience 29 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.1.1 Musicians vs non-musicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.1.2 Rhythmic complexity and syncopation . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.2 Theoretical models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.2.1 Model A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.2.2 Model B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.2.3 Model C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.2.4 Model D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.3 Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.4 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.4.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.4.2 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.4.3 Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.4.4 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.5 Data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.5.1 Grouping by musical experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.6 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.6.1 Differences according to musical expertise . . . . . . . . . 37 4.6.2 Beat differentiation hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.6.3 Subbeat differentiation hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.6.4 Subbeat cluster differentiation hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.6.5 Beat/Subbeat relation hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.6.6 Conversion of complexity judgments into values of event salience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.6.7 Schematization of event salience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.7 Discussion and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.7.1 Metric processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.7.2 Serial processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.7.3 Analytic vs. heuristic listening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.8 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.9 Figures and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5 Meter induction in adults 49 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.2.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.2.2 Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.2.3 Procedures for the Behavioral Experiment . . . . . . . . . 54 5.2.4 Data Analysis for the Behavioral Experiment . . . . . . . 54 5.2.5 Procedures for the Electrophysiological Experiment . . . . 54 5.2.6 EEG Recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 5.2.7 EEG Data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 vi 5.3 Behavioral Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.3.1 Discussion of the Behavioral Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.4 Electrophysiological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.4.1 Discussion of the Electrophysiological Data . . . . . . . . . 58 5.5 General Discussion and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5.6 Figures and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 6 Beat induction in newborn infants 65 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 6.2 Results and Discussion of the Neonate Experiment . . . . . . . . 66 6.3 Results and Discussion of the Adult Control Experiment . . . . . 68 6.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 6.5 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 6.5.1 Neonate Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 6.5.2 Adult Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 6.6 Figures and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 7 Outlook 77 References 81 Samenvatting 89 Abstract 91 vii

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Temporal Expectations and their Violations [PhD Thesis] PDF

108 Pages·2009·2.049 MB·English
by  Olivia Ladinig
#Mathematics #Logic
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Temporal Expectations and their Violations Olivia Ladinig Temporal Expectations and their Violations ILLC Dissertation Series DS-2009-09 For further information about ILLC-publications, please contact Institute for Logic, Language and Computation Universiteit van Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam phone: +31-20-525 6051 fax: +31-20-525 5206 e-mail: [email protected] homepage: http://www.illc.uva.nl/ Temporal Expectations and their Violations Academisch Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op dinsdag 27 oktober 2009, te 10.00 uur door Olivia Ladinig geboren te Klagenfurt, Oostenrijk Promotiecommissie: Promotor: Prof. dr. R. Scha Co-promotor: Dr. H. Honing Overige leden: Prof. dr. R. Bod Prof. dr. R. de Groot Prof. dr. C.J. ten Cate Dr. B.H. Repp Drs. M. Sadakata Faculteit der Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Informatica The investigations were supported by the EmCAP (Emergent Cognition through Active Perception) project funded by the European Commission (FP6-IST, con- tract 013123). Copyright (cid:13)c 2009 by Olivia Ladinig Cover design by Olivia Ladinig. Printed and bound by Printpartners Ipskamp. ISBN: 978-90-5776-200-0 Contents Acknowledgments ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The role of time in music listening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Formation and violation of temporal expectations . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Competence in music listening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 Research methods used in this thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4.1 Behavioural methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4.2 Electrophysiological methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5 Thesis purpose and outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 Web-based music cognition research 11 2.1 Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3 Timing sensitivity 15 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.2 Listening Experiment Using a Comparison Task . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.3 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.3.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.3.2 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.3.3 Materials and Stimulus Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.3.4 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.3.5 Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.4.1 Effect of Exposure and Expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.4.2 Effect of Exposure and Expertise on Sure Judgments . . . 23 3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.6 Figures and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 v 4 Rhythmic complexity and metric salience 29 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.1.1 Musicians vs non-musicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.1.2 Rhythmic complexity and syncopation . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.2 Theoretical models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.2.1 Model A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.2.2 Model B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.2.3 Model C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.2.4 Model D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.3 Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.4 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.4.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.4.2 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.4.3 Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.4.4 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.5 Data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.5.1 Grouping by musical experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.6 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.6.1 Differences according to musical expertise . . . . . . . . . 37 4.6.2 Beat differentiation hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.6.3 Subbeat differentiation hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.6.4 Subbeat cluster differentiation hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.6.5 Beat/Subbeat relation hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.6.6 Conversion of complexity judgments into values of event salience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.6.7 Schematization of event salience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.7 Discussion and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.7.1 Metric processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.7.2 Serial processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.7.3 Analytic vs. heuristic listening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.8 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.9 Figures and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5 Meter induction in adults 49 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.2.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.2.2 Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5.2.3 Procedures for the Behavioral Experiment . . . . . . . . . 54 5.2.4 Data Analysis for the Behavioral Experiment . . . . . . . 54 5.2.5 Procedures for the Electrophysiological Experiment . . . . 54 5.2.6 EEG Recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 5.2.7 EEG Data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 vi 5.3 Behavioral Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.3.1 Discussion of the Behavioral Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.4 Electrophysiological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.4.1 Discussion of the Electrophysiological Data . . . . . . . . . 58 5.5 General Discussion and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5.6 Figures and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 6 Beat induction in newborn infants 65 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 6.2 Results and Discussion of the Neonate Experiment . . . . . . . . 66 6.3 Results and Discussion of the Adult Control Experiment . . . . . 68 6.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 6.5 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 6.5.1 Neonate Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 6.5.2 Adult Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 6.6 Figures and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 7 Outlook 77 References 81 Samenvatting 89 Abstract 91 vii

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