Telescope Messenger, Summer, 2012

2012·5.2 MB·English

by  Evangelical United Brethren Heritage Center, Dayton , Ohio

Center for the Evangelical United Brethren Heritage
TELESCOPE-MESSENGER
United Theological Seminary, Dayton, Ohio
I
Vol. 22 No.2 Summer2012
Reflections on World Mission in the EUB, Methodist, and United Methodist Traditions
by
Robert J. Harman
T
wenty one years after union of the and expressed only passing interest in events before
Evangelical United Brethren Church (EUB) church union, unless there were inquiries about a
and the Methodist Church (ME), I was elected to former EUB Church that still had fund raising
head the World Division of the mission agency of the potential. Membership in ecumenical agencies and
United Methodist Church (UMC). I was the third participation in cooperative church bodies seldom
former EUB elected to that called for identification of past
position in the new church histories.
following John L. Schaefer and
Lois Miller. I succeeded Peggy Mission Philosophies
Billings, the only former ME to The mission philosophies of the
briefly hold the office after union. two churches shared a common
I write these reflections at the motivation but differed on approach.
invitation of the editor of the Their single and unequivocal devotion
Telescope-Messenger to reflect was to save souls. Their message
upon distinct characteristics of emphasized God's grace over human
the philosophy of mission of the effort as the way to salvation. They
EUB that prevailed at the time of were wary of preaching the gospel out
the 1968 union with the ME. To of a sense of duty. There is no
accomplish this request, I have recorded sermon by John Wesley
taken the liberty of highlighting using the so-called "mission mandate"
the contrasts between the two or Great Commission in Matthew 28
denominational approaches to as a text. Instead of responding to a
mission prior to union. I will also provide an audit of command, he wanted his preachers to emphasize
the status of the mission relationships of the former gratitude for the redeeming and transforming
EUB that continue into the UMC and to reflect upon experience of God's grace. Jacob Albright found
some mission policies and practices accommodated evangelization based upon obligation to betray the
at union. I write from the perspective of my service "joy of the Lord" to be experienced in receiving the
as a mission administrator. There are, of course, other good news of salvation. 1 Albright believed social and
perspectives. cultural benefits were to be found among the "other
By 1989, after two decades of administration of things" shared with the gospel message.
the combined missionary interests of the two former The mission vision of the founders took root and
denominations, there were few occasions when a prospered in North American soil thanks to the strong
recall of the distinct characteristics of the two prevailing spirit of revivalism during the period of
denominational streams served any purpose. Most of the Second Great Awakening. But theirs was also a
the active members of the missionary community had "story to tell to the nations." By mid-19th century,
been recruited and commissioned under UMC Methodist, Evangelical, and United Brethren
policies. The remnant members commissioned by the missionaries were sent to countries in Latin America,
predecessor churches had folded into the ranks of the Europe, Asia, and Africa to share the good news of
UM missionary community. Most of the officers of the gospel. While the message of free grace extended
the partner churches and conferences around the to all was a common theme wherever missionaries
world had taken up their leadership posts after 1968 were deployed, there were stark differences in how
former EUB and Methodist personnel organized their
work.
Wesley emphasized order, i.e., the form and leaders of the UEC. When they occurred, the meeting
structure of supervision in the formation of the agendas seldom included substantial relationship
church in the colonies. Charged with the broad issues. More often they featured the flaunting of their
purpose of evangelizing the growing continental independence by the UEC participants. They were
frontier, early Methodist preachers were assigned to committed to self-propagation. Their pastors were
circuits that were organized into conferences and locally recruited and supported. They prized their
accountable to superintendents and bishops. They self-sufficiency. Although their financial situation
successfully aimed at making Methodism a leading was every bit as precarious as that of the UMC
brand of American Protestantism. Conference, the UEC called upon the resourcefulness
The ministries of Albright and Otterbein settled of their membership to address the issues. When
upon reaching immigrant families of their own reserves for pensions for future retirees ran low the
German heritage. While they were equally passionate pastors found financial security through part-time
about sharing the gospel and patterned the secular employment. Before there was a serious
organization of their local societies after the crisis, they succeeded in negotiating financial
Methodists, neither denominational identify nor independence for their beloved Ryder Memorial
organizational principles occupied their attention. Hospital.
According to church historian Paul Eller, they "never The UEC honored self governance by electing its
yielded to the notion that it was the only communion own leaders and holding them accountable. When
in possession of the gospel. "2 social issues on the island required a Christian
When it came to advancing their work in witness, the voice of the President of the church-a
countries beyond the United States, these same local citizen- would be heard. The UEC also
influences prevailed. The churches formed by exercised its autonomy by redefining its relationships
missionaries of the former ME were replicas of the with its other denominational mission partner, The
connectional units of the American church and United Church of Christ, and then deciding to
strongly tied to the structures of the "mother/ sending disaffiliate in 2006 when the UCC policies on
church." In contrast, the missionary movement of the inclusiveness of gays, lesbians, and transgender
EUB Church encouraged the formation of persons in ministry and membership caused
independent or cooperative mission churches that discomfort within the UEC.
were indigenously led and locally accountable. By contrast, the relationship between the
denominational mtsston agency and the UM
Mission Relationships beyond the U.S. Conference in Puerto Rico was far more demanding.
Two Case Studies Major decisions awaited the periodic visits of the
In at least two places (Puerto Rico and the presiding bishop from the U.S. When significant
Philippines) where these organizational philosophies funding was needed for capital development such as
co-existed markedly different results can be securing properties for church building projects,
observed. proposals were directed to the mission board in New
Puerto Rico. As the result of the 1968 union, the York that held titles to most church properties on the
UMC inherited two partner churches in Puerto Rico. island and administered loan funds on favorable
The legacy of the former EUB mission was the terms for local churches. Although there was a fine
United Evangelical Church (UEC), a locally ecumenical seminary for the training of pastors, the
autonomous ecumenical denomination that also had large number of graduates was not needed for serving
ties with the United Church of Christ in the U.S. The church expansion on the island, but rather to replace
former ME had established an annual conference for a growing number of retiring pastors and those who
its churches in Puerto Rico to relate to the larger left the island to meet the increasing demand for
North American denomination. The UEC wrote its Spanish speaking churches in the U.S.
own constitution, elected its own leaders, and largely Puerto Rican UM leaders spent the two decades
funded its own institutions and outreach programs. following church union in 1968 in a protracted debate
The UM Conference was presided over by a bishop about whether their future should be as a conference
from the U.S. who appointed the superintendent of within the connection of the UMC or as an
the conference. The superintendent administered the autonomous Methodist Church. In 1992 they chose
policies of the Book of Discipline of the general autonomy, a decision that was ratified by the General
church and appealed for funds from the mission Conference of the UMC but with a number of
agency and supporting conferences of the UMC. exceptions: (1) continuation of their pastors in the
When mission executives of the UMC visited the pension program of the UMC; (2) continuation of
island there were only occasional meetings with the access to scholarship assistance from the programs of
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the Board of Ministry and Higher Education; (3) growing movement within the Central Conference to
continued access to grants and loans from the Board establish the church's autonomy. The emphasis of
of Global Ministries; and (4) representation on the their campaign focuses on the need for local
Council of Bishops by their newly elected Bishop as accountability, a theme that has been gaining traction
well as voting membership in the General Conference and is now strong enough to elect at least one of their
by their lay and clergy delegates. three presiding UM bishops of that persuasion.
Philippines. Church relationships in the Philippines The UCCP and the UMC participate together in
reflected a similar pattern. The mission of the former the national ecumenical body and serve in the
EUB entered into the work of cooperating administration of significant church-based
denominations that formed the United Church of institutions such as Union Theological Seminary and
Christ in the Philippines (UCCP). It was independent Philippine Christian University. There is little other
and locally governed. Financial support from abroad evidence of cooperation. The same could be said for
was insignificant. The UCCP bishops were elected by the two churches in Puerto Rico with common roots
and were accountable to the membership. It was in the UM mission history. The current leaders of the
strongly committed to an indigenous and ecumenical churches look forward to the challenges of the future
witness to the Gospel. A policy of well-trained local and have little interest in uncovering their missionary
pastors prevailed over missionary appointments to histories. But that history discloses a strong
local churches. The UCCP became a member of the commitment to the philosophy of self-determination
European-based United Evangelical Mission Council, of the former EUB mission board and little reticence
an international cooperative mission body that by its leaders in advocating its value today.
recruits member church personnel for service in
developing countries. Historical Perspective
The former ME conference in the Philippines Dialogue on Autonomy and Connectionalism
was the only Methodist mission conference in all of In 1966 the Methodist Commission on the
Asia to choose to remain in a connection with the Structure of Methodism Overseas hosted a major
new UMC. The mission in Japan had joined other consultation in Green Lake, Wisconsin on the
Protestant denominations in a united church in changing nature of mission relationships in light of
anticipation of increased government surveillance of the successes of independence movements over
foreign entities in the years before World War II. All colonial authorities in many countries.
of the other Methodist churches in the region chose Representatives were sent from every conference in
autonomy in the quadrennium prior to or after the the Methodist global connection. In anticipation of
1968 church union. union with the EUB, Bishop Harold Heininger,
The status of a Central Conference allowed UMs President of the EUB Board of Missions, and Dr.
in the Philippines to remain connected with the John L. Schaefer, Executive Secretary of the EUB
governance structure of the denomination. They elect Division ofWorld Missions, were invited.
their own bishops who are salaried by the general Dr. Schaefer was asked to address the body. He
church and hold membership on the UM Council of spoke forcefully of the history and policies of the
Bishops. Decision-making within the Central denomination that committed it to ecumenism and the
Conference is known to be contentious, so visiting development of indigenous leadership and locally
UM bishops from the U.S. attend business sessions to administered communities of faith. "EUB
preside and or to moderate. Often the unresolved missionaries were sent to Europe, Asia, Africa, and
issues of the meetings are appealed to the UM Latin America to preach the gospel of Christ, to win
Judicial Council for resolution. converts, to baptize believers, and [to] help establish
Church leaders have encouraged UM churches in His church. The environment in these countries was
the Philippines to become overtly evangelical vastly different from conditions in Pennsylvania and
reaching new populations throughout the islands. Ohio in the years following the Revolutionary War.
New institutions for higher education and theological Consequently the missionaries were expected to exalt
training have been established to meet demands for Christ and leave their denominational loyalties on the
new leadership. As the number of new churches North American shores."2
increased and new conferences were created for Advocating the diminution of missionary and
supervision, the Central Conference appealed to denominational influence was not only a timely
several General Conferences for the creation of new message given the historical context of this gathering,
Episcopal areas. None of these requests was but a straightforward statement of the working
approved. Discouragement over the lack of self philosophy of EUB missions in countries outside of
governance began to build and soon there was a the U.S. According to Schaefer, the EUB made a
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pledge to the new churches enabling them to activity ... Would it not have been a wiser policy for
experience complete independence from m1sswnary societies to have encouraged the
denominational jurisdiction over their affairs, development of indigenous Churches in the several
develop their own declarations of faith and patterns mission fields."3
of worship, and form their own strategies of Prior to 1964, self-governance and direction was
evangelistic outreach and administrative structures. the exception for churches founded by ME
Moreover, all were encouraged to seek close missionary outreach. Only three ME mission
fellowship in an organic union with other Christian conferences had appealed for autonomy (Mexico,
bodies within their national boundaries to form united Brazil, and Korea in 1930). Immediately following
churches. That guidance adhered closely to the the Green Lake consultation that Schaefer addressed,
historic ecumenical vision for realizing a visible unity 28 of the 54 overseas conferences of the former ME
of the churches and more explicitly the theme chose autonomy, responding to the kinds of cultural
"Called to be One Church in each Place," given issues that guided the EUB mission in developing
strong emphasis in official gatherings of the World self-determining national churches from the start.
Council of Churches in the 1960s. Some joined united churches (Bangladesh and
There is considerable evidence that ME Pakistan) adhering to the same ecumenical
missionary outreach was not inclined to set aside its philosophy as the EUB Board. They all remain
denominational DNA. The first ME missionaries to affiliated with, but not connectionally organic
Latin America, for instance, went equipped with a members, of the UMC.
letter of introduction from U.S. President Andrew Thus united churches (independent and
Jackson. They used it for introductions to expatriate ecumenical) were the preferred option for EUB
Methodist businessmen from the States who became related mission efforts. In only two countries, Japan
the nucleus of the churches they were planting. The and the Dominican Republic, did the former EUB
pattern for organizing the early churches was taken and former ME churches JOin with other
from the pages of the Book of Discipline written by denominations in united churches. By contrast there
the church and enforced by assigned missionary were only two countries where EUB missionaries
personnel. Spanish language worship services established EUB conferences: Germany ( 4) and
awaited the recruitment and validation of indigenous Sierra Leone (1 ). The EUB Mission Board worked
personnel from schools established by the tirelessly to encourage Sierra Leone to form a united
missionaries. church with the Anglican and British Methodists in
In 1957, Methodist historian Wade C. Barclay the country, but to no avail. Sierra Leone chose
expressed misgivings about this direction in his autonomy in 1968 but reversed that decision and
History of Methodist Missions: "At the end of the half became a member of the West Africa Central
century as at the beginning, the sense of obligation to Conference of the UMC in 1981.
reproduce the polity of America Methodism without A review of the following mission efforts will
adaptation of any kind determined missionary complete the audit of EUB missions. In Brazil the
EUB was briefly a part of a united church while the
Telescope-Messenger ME missions related to an autonomous ME church.
In Ecuador where there was no ME work, the EUB
Is published twice yearly by the Center related to a united church. In China the EUB folded
For the Evangelical United Brethren Heritage its work into a united church (based in Hong Kong
United Theological Seminary after the revolution), while the MEs worked in annual
4501 Denlinger Road conferences. In Nigeria the EUB worked
Trotwood, OH 45426 cooperatively with the Muri Christian Church of the
Sudan- a work initiated by the independent Sudan
Editor: Robert L. Frey United Mission. It remained independent until 1980
Compositor: Patricia Frey when the General Conference of the UMC approved
Printer: Mound Printing Co. Inc. a petition from church leaders in Nigeria to become
United Methodists by joining the West Africa Central
Correspondence should be sent to the editor at Conference. In Indonesia the mission efforts worked
1356 Hidden Creek Drive cooperatively with local ecumenical agencies and
Miamisburg, OH 45342 cooperating denominational mission boards.
The united churches in Puerto Rico, Philippines,
[email protected] Ecuador, Japan, China (Hong Kong), and Dominican
Republic remain autonomous but affiliated with the
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UMC today. Sierra Leone and Nigeria are now roots of which may well be found in re-casting the
conferences within the official membership traditional mission emphases of the EUB upon
connection of the UMC. Church relationships in the indigenous leadership, independent governance, and
People's Republic of China are managed ecumenical connections.
cooperatively through the emergent government
approved China Christian Council. Mission Administration
Another contrast between EUB and ME mission
The UMC Global Church Proposals programs is in the area of management- especially
The Central Conference structure is a vestige of a their respective reach and responsibility. The limited
missionary history that is tinged with the marks of size of the membership and modest resources of the
dependence. Such a structure was once defined by an EUB placed constraints upon the scope of its mission
observer of the former EUB Church as "scaffolding" outreach. Smaller budgets for missionary deployment
that remains in place while the church is being built, meant fewer fields of operation. And, small numbers
but is jettisoned when construction is completed. Left of missionaries (about 146 in 1968) argued for
in place for a variety of reasons, the Central cooperation with other mission-sending organizations
Conference option still offers a vital connectional to realize a greater impact.
linkage that enables ministries where external ME mission efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries
resources and/or relationships are required in Africa, thrived on expansion- first moving aggressively
Europe, and Asia (Philippines). across North America and then following American
Ironically, recent proposals to re-structure the business interests overseas to establish expatriate
UMC around its growing global membership have churches in Latin America and Asia, and then Africa.
favored universalizing the Central Conference By the mid-20th century the ME had over 1,800
structure as a means of "equalizing" regional missionaries deployed globally and connectional
representation. Central Conferences would become church relationships in over 50 countries.
the regional governance structure for all conferences Missionary Preparation and Support. In the years
in Asia, Europe, and Africa, where they now mostly immediately prior to church union, ME and EUB
function on a minimal basis, as well as those in the miSsiOnary recruits participated in an inter
U.S. where the structure has no precedence. The denominational missionary orientation and training
occasional business sessions of the Central program at Stony Point Conference Center in New
Conferences would handle only those administrative York. Some common principles of leadership were
and policy matters assigned by the Book ofD iscipline emerging. The philosophy of partnership with
as well as some contextual issues pertinent to the national church leadership was generally embraced.
conferences in their regions. They would be Nomenclature such as "fraternal worker" replaced the
amenable to a global General Conference with paternalistic imagery of "missionary." The theme
exclusive authority to address general church and emerging from the 1963 Assembly of the World
constitutional matters. Council of Churches "mission to and from six
That model was definitively developed for, but continents" was readily accepted with the arrival of
defeated by, the 2000 General Conference. The 2008 missionaries from the young national churches
General Conference adopted changes in disciplinary abroad to serve in conferences and churches in the
and constitutional language to implement the United States.
structural components of the model, but failed Finances. The financial support of all former EUB
ratification by the annual conferences. The 20 12 and ME missionaries was assumed by the mission
General Conference took a more moderate approach boards. However, missionaries successfully raised
approving a covenant for inclusion in the Book of support toward their salaries through solicitation of
Discipline that affirms the global nature of the pledges from supporting churches. They also
denomination and becomes a place holder for future promoted special giving to projects they helped
consideration of structural reform. Delegates from the administer in places of assignment. Periodic home
conferences in the U.S. are wary of adding another leaves were devoted to rigorous rounds of itineration
layer to their existing connectional structure. in local churches that nurtured supportive
Delegates from existing Central Conferences struggle relationships as well as cultivated financial support.
with a proposal that only promises organizational The mission outreach of both denominations was
parity with other regions, but fails to empower them affected by the vagaries of the national economy. The
beyond their inherited patterns of missionary conservative philosophy of the EUB tradition
dependency. The path to unity and equality among a protected it from outright shutdowns of its missionary
global membership requires a different vision, the initiatives. But the more aggressive and further
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reaching ME approach was vulnerable to several personnel into mtsston placements that focused
occasions of recalling missionaries because of ministries on constituencies of women and children.
downward economic cycles. The women were adept at raising funds and building
Both denominations promoted apportioned significant educational, social service, and medical
giving among their churches for budgetary support of institutions at home and abroad. In 1964 the General
their missionary programs. After World War II, Conference ruled that dual mission boards (one
major appeals for overseas relief and rebuilding representing the whole denomination and another
efforts were launched by both churches. This special directed and financed by women) was duplicative and
channel for fund raising was so successful that both inefficient and combined both into the existing World
denominations approved its continuation and and National Divisions of the Board ofMissions.
expansion into second mile giving opportunities The organization of women in mission at the
(beyond apportionments) for missionaries and for national level of the EUB enjoyed a measure of
mtsswn projects. There was one significant autonomy but never engaged in direct administration
difference in the administration of these funds, of missionary personnel. They worked in close
however. When the EUB established its designated collaboration with the denominational Board of
giving program (Advance for the Kingdom) the Missions in setting policy and in decisions for
mission board held the money contributed one year allocating its support for mission priorities. They also
for expenditure the next. Thus its missionaries could promoted programs of mission education for children
budget and spend responsibly. Gifts to the ME where many of us in the EUB tradition first learned
"Advance for Christ and His Kingdom" program about missions through the organization of Mission
were forwarded monthly to the field treasurers in Bands for children in our local churches. Women
unpredictable amounts making budgeting for ongoing members of the churches were kept informed about
needs impossible. mission outreach through subscriptions to The World
One difference to be reconciled at merger in 1968 Evangel. They sponsored the popular Summer
was participation in a common missionary pension Christmas Tree programs that not only raised funds
plan. The funding of EUB missionary pensions was for mission projects but also created a global
mingled with those of the benefit plans provided for awareness in the minds of young people and
denominational staff persons. At first, ten years of stimulated many to consider a missionary vocation.
missionary service was required for vesting in the The EUB Women's Council funded the chairs of
plan. By the time of church union the required missions at the two theological seminaries.
service was reduced to five years. Missionary Volunteer initiatives. In recent decades we have seen
pensions for former ME missionaries serving beyond the energy for Christian mission move from
the U.S. were fully funded by a generous denominational level initiatives to direct engagement
endowment-a family owned (and sustainably in mission by conferences and local churches. This
managed) forestry business. There was no vesting has been facilitated by the revolutions in travel and
requirement for participation. At union it was communications that allow churches to cultivate
possible to bring all active overseas EUB communications and meaningful partnerships across
miSSIOnaries into the former ME plan, primarily distances and cultures. The connectional structure of
because of the small number of EUB missionaries. the UMC lends itself to the kind of networking that
Later those inactive EUB missionaries who had not makes these relationships successful- but it is
yet begun receiving their pensions were also largely initiated and sustained at the local level. The
transferred into the program. vast UMC mission outreach to the former USSR and
Women Organized for Mission. The strongest Eastern Europe at the end of the Cold War is fully
constituency for direct support of missionary activity indebted to this development.
in each denomination was found among organized Former EUBs recognize the antecedent for
groups of women. Women's circles in local churches volunteering in mission in the youth and student
engaged in study and raised funds for missionary work camps hosted by Red Bird Mission, or in the
personnel. student exchange programs between Reutlingen
Women's work in the ME was organized Seminary in Germany and Evangelical Theological
independent of the established mission board of the and United Theological seminaries in the U.S.
denomination when dominant male church leaders in Summer travel programs sponsored by EUB-related
the mid-19th century resisted overtures to introduce colleges took students abroad to experience different
women to the missionary movement. Consequently, cultural and religious realities. Furthermore, the
the women's missionary unit was organized and enrollment of students from mission areas in EUB
proceeded to recruit, support, and send women colleges and seminaries opened up the horizons of a
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world church connection for provincial North
American students.
1. Paul Eller, The History of Evangelical Missions
(Harrisburg, PA, 1941), p. 6.
Looking Forward
The passion of the church founders for a faith
2. The text of Dr. Schaefer's presentation at the 1966
based on personal salvation and the redemption of the
Green Lake Consultation was included in an
world is still shaping United Methodism's mission in
unpublished Study Guide distributed to participants
today's world. At the 2012 General Conference the under the title "the Perspective of the Evangelical
General Board of Global Ministries offered an United Brethren Church" pp. 64-70. The quote
accounting for the extension of the church's mission appears on page 68. The text also appears as a report
in more than 75 countries. It celebrated the growth to the ME Commission on the Structure of Methodism
and vitality of historic mission relationships on five Overseas meeting in Seattle WA November 13-15,
1965. The full text appeared in the 1966 spring issue
continents and reported on the nurturing of more
of the Seminary Review published by Evangelical
recent mission initiatives where the gospel and the
Theological Seminary, pp 16-21.
UMC are being introduced for the first time.
Mission colleagues of other Protestant traditions
3. Eller, p. 49.
frequently ask how United Methodists can be so fully
engaged and respond to so many new challenges in 4. Wade C. Barclay, History of Methodist
mission. Clearly, it must be attributed to a missionary Missions, Vol. 1 (New York, 1957), pp. 159- 160.
God at work among God's people. And, it is a
faithful response in building intentional relationships
for nurture by the people called Methodists.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
This paper has explored differences within our
respective EUB and ME traditions. The blending of
these traditions through church union has been Robert Harman is an ordained clergy in the
remarkably smooth. But since the UMC is notably a Northern Illinois Conference (UMC). He served
"church quadrennial" not a "church eternal," rural, urban, and suburban pastorates and as a
elements of each are likely to resurface with each
district superintendent. He became the planning
round of decision-making about the global future of
officer of the General Board of Global Ministries
the church. It is well to reflect on this history from
and from 1989 2000 was the chief
time to time to ensure a higher quality dialogue and a
administrative officer for the world mission
greater appreciation for strong faith foundations and
program. He is now retired and lives in
vital structural signs that we are being led by one
Danbury, Wisconsin, and Chicago.
Spirit into future mission challenges.
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