Teeth

570 Pages·1989·84.189 MB·English

by  Dr. B. K. B. Berkovitz, Prof. Dr. A. Boyde, Prof. Dr. R. M. Frank, Prof. Dr. H. J. Höhling, Dr. B. J. Moxham, Dr. J. Nalbandian, C. H. Tonge (auth.)

Handbook of Microscopic Anatomy
Continuation of Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen
Founded by Wilhelm von MoUendorff
Continued by Wolfgang Bargmann
Edited by A. Oksche and L. Vollrath
B.K.B. Berkovitz A. Boyde R.M. Frank H.J. H6hling
B.J. Moxham 1. Nalbandian C.H. Tonge
TEETH
With 413 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg NewY ork
London Paris Tokyo
Handbook of Microscopic A natomy
Volume V/ 6: Teeth
Professor Dr. Drs. h.c. A. Oksche
Institut fUr Anatomie und Zytobiologie der luS\us-Liebig-Universitiit, Aulweg 123, 0-6300 Giessen
Professor Dr. L. Vollrath
Anatomisches Institut der Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat, SaarstraBe 19-21, 0-6500 Mainz
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-83498-1 e-ISBN-i3: 978-3-642-83496-7
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-83496-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Teeth I edited by A. Oksche and L. Vollrath;
contributors, B.K.B. Berkovitz ... lct al.). p. em. - (Handbook of microscopic anatomy; v. v/6)
Includes bibliographies and indexcs. 1. Teeth - Histology. 2. Teeth - Growth. 3. Teeth -
Ultrastructure. I. Oksche, A. 11. Vollrath, Lutz, 1936 - . III. Berkovitz, B.K. B. IV. Series.QM311
.T44 1988 611'.314 - dc1988-29489 CIP.
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List of Authors
B.K.B. BERKOVITZ, Dr., King's College London, University of London, Depart
ment of Anatomy and Human Biology, Strand, OS-London WC2R 2LS
A. BOYOE. Prof. Dr., University College London. Department of Anatomy and
Embryology, Gower Street, GS-London Wet E 6BT
R.M. FRANK, Prof. Dr., Universite Louis Pasteur, Faculte de Chirurgie Den
taire, 4, Rue Kirschleger, F-67085 Strasbourg-Cedex
H.J. HOHLlNG, Prof. Dr., Institut fUr Medizinische Physik der Universitiit.
Hiifferstr. 68, 0-4400 Munster
B.l. MOXHAM, Dr., University of Bristol, The Medical School, Department of
Anatomy, OS-Bristol 8S8 ITO
J. NALBANDIAN, Dr.. University of Connecticllt, School of Dental Medicine.
263 Fannington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
C.H. TONGE, Emeritus Proressor or Oral Anatomy, The University or Newcastle
upon Tyne, OB-Newcastle upon Tyne NEt 7RU
Preface
The editors and the publisher are pleased to present another volume in
this series of monographs. The topic of teeth was last reviewed within the
framework of this Handbook more than fifty years ago, in 1936, by Josef Lehner
and HanDs Plenk of Vienna, who wrote a comprehensive treatise on the subject
in volume V /3. The introduction of new methods (e.g., transmission and scan
ning electron microscopy, histochemistry, radioautography, element analysis)
and progress in dental research have made an update necessary.
In present times, characterized by scientific specialization and very rapid
progress, it is virtually impossible to find a single individual prepared to review
a field of research as large as that of teeth. Consequently. several authors were
asked to contribute to the present volume. Originally. the intention was to
cover the field in one volume. When it became clear that the material had
become too extensive for a single volume, and when some authors were forced
by external factors to withdraw from the project, it was decided to publish
two volumes. In 1986, the volume Periodontium, written by Hubert E. Schroeder
of Zurich. appeared in this series (volume VIS, 418 pages).
It is not without irony that. in a time seemingly conducive to basic and
applied research, potential authors have had to struggle to prevent the closure
of their institutions. As a result some researchers could not contribUle to the
present volume, and in other instances the contributions were delayed. The
editors are grateful to the contributing authors and the publisher for their
patience. We are confident that both volumes, Periodontium and Teeth, will
become standard sources of scientific information, promoting both basic and
applied dental research.
A. OKSCHE
L. VOLLRATH
Contents
Tooth Development - General Aspects
C.H. TONGE (With 6 Figures)
A. General Arrangement of the Dental Tissues and Their Embryological
Derivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ...... 1
B. Formation of Odontogenic Sites in the Developing Mouth 2
I. Interactions Between Odontogenic Epithelium and
Eclomesenchyme. 2
II. Primordia for the Different Classes of Teeth 4
III. Early Innervation and Blood Supply. 5
C. Structural Formations in Mouth Development. . . 6
I. Tooth Germ, General Morphological and Histological Features
of the Enamel Organ and Dental Papilla ........ 7
II. Dental Lamina. Enamel Niche and Accessory Laminae. 9
III. Labial and Vestibular Laminae. . . 9
IV. Linguoalveolar Sulcus.. .. . ......... 10
V. Dental Follicle and Early Alveolus. . . . . . . . 10
D. The Development of the Crown and its Morphology . II
I. Developmental Integuments of the Enamel Surface 12
E. Development of the Periodontium. 12
I. Outline of Root Fonnation. 12
II. The Periodontal Ligament . 13
III. Epithelial Rests of Malassez 14
F. The Developmental Positions of the Teeth in the Jaws. 14
I. The Deciduous Teeth . 14
II. The Successional Teeth 15
III. The Pennanent Molars 15
IV. Growth Retardation . 16
G. Developmental Anomalies. 17
References . . . . . .. . . .. 17
Tissue Changes During Tooth Eruption
B.K.B. BERKOVITZ and 8.J. MOXHAM (With 24 Figures)
A. Tissue Changes During Eruption 21
I. The Pre-Eruptive Phase ... . 22
II. The Eruptive Phase ..... . 22
I. The Development of the Periodontal Ligament During the
Eruptive Phase ............ . 22
x
Coolcnts
2. Adaptation of the Alveolar Bone to Eruption. . . . . . . 35
3. AJterations in the Tissues Overlying the Erupting Tooth. 37
III. The Intra-Oral Phase 49
B. Mechanisms of Tooth Eruption. . . . . . . . . . . . 51
L The Collagen Contraction Hypothesis. 52
II. The Periodontal Fibroblast Contraction/Motility Hypothesis . 54
III. The Vascular[rissue Fluid Pressure Hypothesis. 60
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 3
Development of Dentine and Pulp
R.M. FRANK and 1. NALBANDIAN (With 88 Figures)
A. Introduction . . .. .... . 73
B. The Dental Papilla . . ... 74
C. The Internal Dental Epithelium and the Preameloblasts 79
D. The Dental Basement Membrane ... . ... . . 85
E. Epithelia-Mesenchymal Interactions .. 87
F. The Odontoblast and the Odontoblastic Process. 91
J. Differentiation of the Odontoblasts . 93
II. The Cell Body of the Differentiated Odontoblast. 99
III. The Odontoblastic Process .. . .. . 110
IV. The Metabolism of the Odontoblast . 114
1. Collagen Biosynthesis . . . . . . . 114
2. Glycoprotein and Fibronectin Biosynthesis 120
3. Proteoglycan Biosynthesis . . 121
4. Biosynthesis of y-Carboxyglutamic Acid (GLA)-Containing
Proteins . .... . . 122
5. Phosphoprotein Biosynthesis . ...... . 122
6. Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism 123
7. Degradative Activities of the Odontoblasts 128
G. Predentine .. . .130
H. The Process of Mineralization. 134
L Matrix Vesicles . . 137
II. Alkaline Phosphatases . . 137
HI. The Concept of Epitaxy. 138
IV. The Role of Various Non-Collagenous Proteins 139
V. The Role of Lipids . 140
J. The Development of Coronal Dentine .... . . 141
I. Intertubular Dentine. 141
1. Mantle Dentine and the Dentinoenamel Junction. 141
2. CircumpulpaJ Dentine 147
II. Peri tubular Dentine . 151
K. The Development of Root Dentine . 152
L. The Development of the Pulp. 155
References . . . . . 159
Conttnts XI
Structure and Ultrastructure of Dentine
R.M. FRANK and J. NALBANDIAN (With 95 Figures)
A. Basic Anatomy . . . . ....... . 173
B. Physical and Chemical Characteristics 175
C. Classification of Different Types of Dentine. 177
D. The Odontoblast and Their Processes. 178
I. The Odontoblast Cell Body. 182
II. The Odontoblastic Process . . . 190
E. Predentine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
F. The Dentinal Tubules and Their Contents . .207
I. The Periodontoblastic Space .209
II. The Lamina Limitans . · 211
III. The Enamel Spindles .212
O. Peritubular Dentine . . .. . · 212
H. Intertubular Dentine ... . 216
J. Dentinoenamel and Cementodentinal Junctions .220
K. Interglobular Dentine . . ..... .. . .224
L. Granular Layer of Tomes ...... . · 227
M. Incremental Lines and Neonatal Lines .228
N. Translucent Dentine ....... . . . .230
O. Regular and Irregular Secondary Dentine · 235
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · 238
Structure and Ultrastructure of the Dental Pulp
R.M. FRANK and J. NALBANDIAN (With 59 Figures)
A. Basic Anatomy . . . . . . 249
B. Pulpal Cells. .. ... . 251
I. The Odontoblasts . 251
II. The Fibroblasts . . 251
III. Other Pulpal CeUs . . 259
C. Extracellular Matrix of the Pulp. . 259
D. The Ce\lular Organization of the Pulp . 263
I. The Odontoblastic Layer . 263
II. The Subodontoblastic Layer . . . 263
III. The Central Pulp . . . . . . . . 264
E. Innervation and Dentine-Pulp Sensitivity. . 264
I. Histological Nerve Distribution in the Pulp-Dentine Complex . 265
II. Microscopk and Fine Structure of Pulpal and Dentinal Nerve
Fibrils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Ill. Dentine-Pulp Sensitivity. . . 284
1. The Odontoblast as a Receptor Cell . 284
2. The Hydrodynamic Hypothesis. . 285
3. Direct Neural Stimulation. . 286
XII CODtCllts
F. Vascular Supply. .287
I. Blood Vessels. . 287
II. Pulpal Lymphatics. .292
G. Age Changes and Pulpal Calcifications. . 296
References. . ... . .. . .299
Enamel
A. BoWE (With 121 Figures)
A. Introduction . . . . . 309
B. Gross Anatomy. . 310
I. Distribution . 310
II. Naked·Eye and Magnifying-Glass-Range Features. . 311
C. Microscopy and Technical Methodology for the Study of Enamel. 313
I. Light Microscopy. 313
1. Sectioning Enamel for Light Microscopy. 313
2. Examination of Ground Sections in Light Microscopy 314
3. Renected-Light Microscopy of WeB-Polished Section
Surfaces . . . . . . . . . ... . . ... . ... 316
II. Transmission Electron Microscopy of Enamel . . 316
1. Sectioning Enamel for Transmission Electron Microscopy .. 316
2. Transmission Electron Microscopy of Replicas . 316
3. Ion-Beam Thinning. . . . . . . . . . . . 317
III. Electron Diffraction of Enamel Crystals. . 318
1. Isolation of Enamel Crystallites. . 318
2. Electron Diffraction . . . . . . 318
3. Origin of Contrasts. . 318
IV. Scanning Electron Microscopy. . 319
1. Scanning Electron Microscopy of Enamel .319
a) Secondary Electrons. .319
b) ~ack-Scattered Electrons. . 320
c) Cathodoluminescence. . . 321
2. Sample Preparation. . . . . . . 321
a) Sample Preparation Procedures for Adult Enamel. . 321
b) Preparative Procedures for lmmature Enamel . . 323
3. X-ra"y Emission Microanalysis. . 324
a) Characteristic X-ray Emission . . 324
b) Wavelength-Dispersive X-ray Analysis . 324
c) Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis. . 325
V. X-ray Microscopy and Microradiography. . . 325
1. Contact and Projection Microradiography. . 325
2. Scanning X-ray Microscopy. . 325
3. X-ray Diffraction. . 326
D. Development of the Tooth Genn Prior to Enamel Formation . . 326
1. The Tooth Genn. . . . . . .. . . . ...... . 326
II. Ameloblast Differentiation and the Pre-ameloblast. . 327
E. Enamel Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
I. The Fully Differentiated Ameloblast. . . 328
Contents XIII
II. Ultrastructural Detail Within Secretory-Phase Enamel. . 338
III. Discontinuities in tbe Crystal Orientation Pattern . 339
IV. Amelogenins and Other Matrix Components (Biochemistry,
Histochemistry, Histology and Retention During Maturation) . 341
v. Histology of Demineralised Enamel Matrix. . . . . . . . . 3.4 2
VI. Histological and Histochemical Changes with Maturation. . 343
F. Enamel Crystals and Prisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
I. Crystal Chemistry of the Inorganic Component of Enamel 343
II. Size and Shape of Enamel Crystallites. . . . . . 345
III. Crystal Orientation and the Existence of Prisms . 347
1. The Enamel-Dentine Junction. .. ..... . 347
2. Majority-Phase Enamel Secretion. . . . . . . 348
3. Development of a Prism-Free Surface Layer. . 351
4. Modal Crystallite Orientation. . . . . . . . . . 353
5. Explanation of Crystallite Orientation in 3-D as a Function
of the Developmental Enamel Surface Morphology. .. . 353
6. Prism Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
a) The Characteristic Profiles of the Developing Enamel
Surface and the Three Packing Arrangements of Prisms. 357
b) Pattern I Enamel: Complete Prism Boundaries . 367
c) Patterns 2 and 3: Incomplete Prism Boundaries . 368
d) Pattern 2 Enamel. . . . . . . . . 368
e) Pattern 3 Enamel. . . . . . . . . . 368
f) Distribution of Principal Prism Types . 369
g) Arcades or Arches in Human Enamel Pattern 3 Prisms:
A Question of Depth or Decussation? . .370
h) The Prism Boundary Discontinuity .. · 371
i) Seams, Pseudo-prisms and Evolution. · 371
IV. Incremental Phenomena. · 371
1. Cross-striations and/or Varicosities .... .371
2. The Incremental Lines or Brown Striae of Retzius .376
3. Neonatal Line. . . .......... . .378
4. Development of Cross-striations .382
V. General Directions of the Prisms as Seen in Low-Powered
Light Microscopy · 389
1. Prism Orientations .. · 389
2. Prism Decussation · 391
a) Movement of Ameloblasts . · 391
b) Extreme Decussation in the Rat Incisor .394
c) Other Mammals ..... .394
d) Human Enamel. · 396
e) Functional Significance. · 401
G. The Enamel-Dentine Junction. .407
I. The Shape of the Junction .. . 407
II. Features Originating at the Enamel-Dentine Junction .408
1. Spindles. .408
2. Tufts ....... . · 411