Tectonics of the Southern Central Andes: Structure and Evolution of an Active Continental Margin PDF
Preview Tectonics of the Southern Central Andes: Structure and Evolution of an Active Continental Margin
K.-1. Reutter' E. Scheuber . P. 1. Wigger (Eds.) Tectonics of the Southern Central Andes Structure and Evolution of an Active Continental Margin With 189 Figures Including 3 Geological and Geophysical Maps Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Professor Dr. Klaus-Joachim Reutter Dr. Ekkehard Scheuber Dr. Peter 1. Wigger Institut fur Geologie, Geophysik und Geoinformatik Freie Universitat Berlin MaIteserstr. 74-100 12249 Berlin, Germany ISBN-13: 978-3-642-77355-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-77353-2 001: 10.1007/978-3-642-77353-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Tectonics of the southern central Andes: structure and evolution of an active continental margin / Klaus-Joachim Reutter, Ekkehard Scheuber, Peter J. Wigger (eds.). p. cm. Most of the papers presented at a workshop held in Berlin, May 23 - 25, 1990. 1. Geology, Structural - Andes - Con- gresses. 2. Earth - Crust - Congresses. I. Reutter, Klaus-Joachim, 1934- II. Scheuber, Ekkehard, 1952- . III. Wigger, Peter J. QE230.T43 1993 551.8'098 - dc20 93-15961 CIP This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1994 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1994 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regula tions and therefore free for general use. lYpesetting: Camera ready by author 32/3145-5 4 3 2 1 0 - Printed on acid-free paper v PREFACE The Central Andes, whose orogenic activity is so together with contributions by invited geoscientists impressively documented by recent volcanism and and counterparts from other countries, during a earthquakes, have always attracted the attention of workshop held in Berlin, 23-25 May 1990. A great geoscientists. This interest became even more accen number of the papers presented at this workshop are tuated since, a quarter of a century ago, Plate included in this volume. While most of the chapters Tectonics became the basis for the New Global refer regionally to the segment of the southern Andes Tectonics concept, in which this huge mountain range mentioned above, others treat general aspects or deal was the most spectacular example of an active conti with Andean regions farther south, thus showing not nental margin. Thus, in addition to the continuing only that the structures of this mountain range can be research work by South American and foreign geo followed to more distant parts but also that there are scientists dedicated mostly to regional and economic significant structural variations along strike. problems, a great number of special research pro Like other books which originate from workshops grammes were initiated aiming at a better understand and are comprised of contributions from many ing of the processes acting at a convergent plate authors, also this one cannot give a complete and margin. well-balanced view of the scientific subject dealt In 1982, the earth science institutes of the Freie with, in this case the southern Central Andes. Universitat and the Technische Universitat of Berlin, However, we believe that the combination of the which have had some tradition in geological work in results of geophysical studies using different methods the Andes since the early 1950s, launched a research and several geological and petrological approaches to programme called "Mobility of Active Continental different problems gives a broad view of the struc Margins". Its intention was to obtain more insight tures and the tectonic evolution of this active conti into the structures of the Central Andes by an inter nental margin and points out some of the processes disciplinary approach which comprised a variety of acting on it. The geophysical investigations and mostly geophysical and geological studies. These petrological research on recent volcanism are contri were concentrated on a segment of the southern butions to the "Structure and State of the Central Andes extending between 20° and 26°S from Lithosphere", while geological studies and other the Pacific Ocean to the eastern Andean foreland, petrological work elucidate aspects of the "Geological thus including parts of Argentina, Bolivia and Chile. Evolution" . Accordingly, the chapters have been Fieldwork in South America, additional equipment subsumed under these headings. "Maps of the Central for laboratory research and furthering of young Andean Segment Between 20° and 26°S" is the scientists were generously financed by the Deutsche heading of the last chapter which refers to the three F orschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Council) maps which are enclosed in this book. The geological within the frame of a "Forschergruppe" (Research maps, at the scale of 1: 1 000 000 of the Andean Unit), the Freie Universitat Berlin and the Technische segment between 20° and 26°S, originally intended Universitiit Berlin. as an internal basis of discussion between the differ As in the case of other foreign research ent working groups, may serve here for a better programmes, successful work was made possible only understanding of the regional context. A direct through the assistance of the South American comparison between geological structure and gravity colleagues of the three mentioned countries and on anomalies has been made possible by also adding a the basis of their previous work and field experience. Bouguer anomaly map as well as an isostasy anomaly In this respect cooperation programmes with the map at the same scale and of the same area. Universidad Nacional de Salta (Argentina), the Each chapter was reviewed by at least two external Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos, the referees whose comments were very important for a Universidad Mayor de San Andres in La Paz better and more concise presentation of the chapters. (Bolivia), the Universidad Catolica del Norte in The authors and editors are greatly indebted to them Antofagasta (Chile), and the Universidad de Chile in for their patient work. Santiago were most important. We seize this It should be noted that the Global Geoscience opportunity to express our gratitude to our South Transect 6 ("Central Andean transect, Nazca plate to American colleagues and friends. Chaco plains, southwestern Pacific Ocean, northern The results of the geoscientific research Chile and northern Argentina")!) runs through the programme of the Berlin universities were presented, area of the enclosed maps. It was elaborated in coop- VI eration with geoscientists from the Universidad "The Southern Central Andes, contributions to Nacional de Salta (Argentina), the Universidad structure and evolution of an active continental Cat6lica del Norte in Antofagasta (Chile) and by margin "2) which resulted from a first workshop held members of the universities of Berlin, i.e. by many in Berlin in 1986 on the occasion of the completion of authors who also contributed to the present volume. the first half of the research programme and which Therefore, the notes and maps of Transect 6 can be also refers regionally to the area in the maps considered as supplementary to the present publica presented in this volume. tion. The same is true for a volume with the title Klaus-J. Reutter Ekkehard Scheuber Peter J. Wigger 1) Omarini R, Gotze H-J (eds) (1991) Am Geophys Union, Int Lithosphere Program, Publ 192, 30 pp, 2 sheets 2) Bahlburg H, Breitkreuz C, Giese P (eds) (1988) Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 17, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 261 pp VII Contents CONTRIBUTORS STRUCTURE AND STATE OF THE LITHOSPHERE The Lithospheric Structure of the Central Andes (20° - 26 ° S) as Inferred from Interpretation of Regional Gravity 7 H.-J. GOTZE, B. LAHMEYER, S. SCHMIDT and S. STRUNK Variation in the Crustal Structure of the Southern Central Andes Deduced from Seismic Refraction Investigations 23 P.J. WIGGER, M. SCHMITZ, M. AAANEDA, G. ASCH, S. BALDZUHN, P. GIESE, W.-D. HEINSOHN, E. MARTINEZ, E. RICALDI, P. ROWER andJ. VIRAMONTE Crustal High Conductivity Zones in the Southern Central Andes 49 G. SCHWARZ, G. CHONG, D. KRUGER, E. MARTINEZ, W. MASSOW, V. RATH and J. VIRAMONTE Geothermal Structure of the Central Andean Crust -Implications for Heat Transport and Rheology 69 P. GIESE Large-and Fine-Scale Geochemical Variations Along the Andean Arc of Northern Chile (17.5° -22°S) 77 G. WORNER, S. MOORBATH, S. HORN, J. ENTENMANN, R.S. HARMON, J.P. DAVIDSON and L. LOPEZ-EsCOBAR Partial Melting in the Lower Crust: New Constraints on Crustal Contamination Processes in the Central Andes 93 C. HAWKES WORTH and C. CLARKE State of In Situ Stress in Northern Chile and in Northwestern Argentina 103 K.-H. SCHAFER and M. DANNAPFEL Large Events, Seismic Gaps, and Stress Diffusion in Central Chile 111 S. E. BARRIENTOS GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION Tectonic Development of the North Chilean Andes in Relation to Plate Convergence and Magmatism Since the Jurassic 121 E. SCHEUBER, T. BOGDANIC, A. JENSEN and K.-J. REUTTER K-Ar and Fission Track Mineral Age Determinations of Igneous Rocks Related to Multiple Magmatic Arc Systems Along the 230 S Latitude of Chile and NW Argentina 141 P.A.M. ANDRIESSEN and K.-J. REUTTER Geothermal and Tectonic Evolution of the Eastern Cordillera and the Subandean Ranges of Southern Bolivia 155 J. KLEY and M. REINHARDT VIII Sedimentary and Structural Evolution of the Salar de Atacama Depression 171 E. WILKES and K. GORLER The Purilactis Group of Northern Chile: Boundary Between Arc and Backarc from Late Cretaceous to Eocene 189 R. CHARRIER and K.-J. REUTTER Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Magmatism in the Coastal Cordillera and the Central Depression of North Chile 203 S. PICHOWIAK Sediment Accumulation and Subsidence History in the Mesozoic Marginal Basin of Northern Chile 219 P. PRINz, H.-G. WILKE and A. V.HILLEBRANDT Jurassic Cretaceous Palaeogeographic Evolution of the Chilean Andes at 23°-24°S Latitude and 34°-35°S Latitude: A Comparative Analysis 233 R. CHARRIER and N. MUNOZ The Southern Andes Between 39° and 44°S Latitude: The Geological Signature of a Transpressive Tectonic Regime Related to a Magmatic Arc 243 F. HERVE Terranes of Southern Gondwanaland and Their Control in the Andean Structure (300-33°S Latitude) 249 V.A. RAMOS Some Isotopic and Geochemical Constraints on the Origin and Evolution of the Central Andean Basement (19° -24°S) 263 K.-W. DAMM, R.S. HARMON and S. KELLEY The Late Carboniferous to Triassic Volcanic Belt in Northern Chile 277 CH. BREITKREUZ and W. ZEIL Geodynamic Evolution of the Early Palaeozoic Continental Margin of-Gondwana in the Southern Central Andes of Northwestern Argentina and Northern Chile 293 H. BAHLBURG, M. CHRISTINA MOYAandW. ZEIL The Nitrate Deposits of Chile 303 G. CHONG DIAZ Petrochemical Factors Governing the Metallogeny of the Bolivian Tin Belt 317 B.LEHMANN MAPS OF THE CENTRAL ANDEAN SEGMENT BETWEEN 20° AND 26°S Comments on the Geological and Geophysical Maps 329 K.-J. REUTTER and H.-J. GOTZE Enclosure 1 Geological Map 2 Bouguer Anomaly and Epicenters 3 Residual Gravity Anomaly (each at the scale 1: 1 000 000 covering the area 20 ° -26 ° S latitude and 63°-71 °30'W longitude) CONTRIBUTORS 2 ANDRIESSEN, PAUL A. M. Laboratorium voor CLARKE, CHRIS Department of Earth Sciences, Isotopengeologie z.w.o., De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK ARANEDA, MANUEL M. Depto. de Geologia y DAMM, KLAUS-WERNER Institut fUr Geologie, Geofisica, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 2777, Geophysik und Geoinformatik, Freie Universitiit Santiago, Chile Berlin Present address: Lubrizol GmbH, Bogenallee 10, ASCH, GUNTER Institut fUr Geologie, Geophysik 2000 Hamburg 13, Germany und Geoinformatik, Freie Universitiit Berlin Present address: Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, DANNAPFEL, MANFRED Abt. Geologie der Telegrafenberg A6, 0-1561 Potsdam, Germany Universitiit, Universitiitsstr. 30, 8580 Bayreuth, Germany BAHLBURG, HEINRICH Institut fUr Geologie und Palaontologie, Technische Universitiit Berlin DAVIDSON, JON P. Department of Earth and Space Present address: Geologisch-Palaontologisches Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Institut, 1m Neuenheimer Feld 234, 6900 Heidel CA 90024, USA berg, Germany ENTENMANN, JURGEN Institut fUr Geowissen BALDZUHN, SmYLLE Institut fUr Geologie, schaften, Johannes Gutenberg Universitiit, Geophysik und Geoinformatik, Freie Universitiit Saarstr. 21, 6500 Mainz, Germany Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, 1000 Berlin 46, Germany GIESE, PETER Institut fUr Geologie, Geophysik und Geoinformatik, Freie Universitiit Berlin, BARRIENTOS, SERGIO E. Depto. de Geologia y Malteserstr. 74-100, 1000 Berlin 46, Germany Geofisica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile Present address: CIRES, Campus Box 216, GORLER, KONRAD Institut fUr Geologie, Geophysik University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0216, und Geoinformatik, Freie Universitiit Berlin, USA Malteserstr. 74-100, 1000 Berlin 46, Germany BOGDANIC C., TOMISLAV Depto. de Ciencias GOTZE, HANs-JURGEN Institut fUr Geologie, Geologicas, Universidad Catolica del Norte, Geophysik und Geoinformatik, Freie Universitiit Antofagasta, Chile Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, 1000 Berlin 46, Present address: Compaiiia Minera Carolina de Germany Michilla S.A., Superintendencia de Geologia, Casilla 898, Antofagasta, Chile HARMON RUSSEL S. NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, BREITKREUZ, CHRISTOPH Institut fUr Geologie und Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK Palaontologie, Technische Universitiit Berlin, Present address: Department of Geology, University IlAWKESWORTH, CHRIS Department of Earth of Kansas, 120 Lindly Hall, Laurence, Kansas 66045- Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, 2124 Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK CHARRIER, REYNALDO Depto. de Geologia y HEINSOHN, WOLF-DIETER Institut fUr Geologie, Geofisica, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 13518, Geophysik und Geoinformatik, Freie Universitiit Correo 21, Santiago, Chile Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, 1000 Berlin 46, Germany CHONG D., GUILLERMO Depto. de Ciencias Geologicas, Universidad CatoIica del Norte, HERvE, FRANCISCO Depto. de Geologia y Geofisica, Av. Angamos 0610, Casilla 1280, Antofagasta, Chile Universidad de Chile, Casilla 13518 - Correo 21, Santiago, Chile 3 v. IIILLEBRANDT, AxEL Institut fUr Geologie und MOYA, M. CHRISTINA Facultad de Ciencias Palliontologie, Technische Universitlit Berlin, Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 1000 Berlin 10, Germany Buenos Aires 177, 4400 Salta, Argentina HORN, SUSANNE Institut fUr Geowissenschaften, MUNOZ, NELSON Empresa Nacional del Petr6leo Universitlit Mainz, Saarstr. 39, 6500 Mainz, (ENAP), Compaiia 1085, Santiago-Chile Germany PICHOWIAK, SIEGFRIED Institut fUr Geologie, JENSEN I. ARTURO, Depto. de Ciencias Geologicas, Geophysik und Geoinformatik, Freie Universitlit Universidad Catolica del Norte, Av. Angamos 0610, Berlin Casilla 1280, Antofagasta, Chile Present address: HPC Consult, Oraniendamm 64-72, 1000 Berlin 28, Germany KELLEY, SHARI Dept. of Geological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, PRINz, PETER Institut fUr Geologie und TX 75205, USA Palliontologie, Technische Universitlit Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 1000 Berlin 10, Germany KLEY, JONAS Institut fUr Geologie, Geophysik und Geoinformatik, Freie Universitlit Berlin, RAMos, VICTOR A Depto. de Ciencias Geol6gicas, Malteserstr. 74-100, 1000 Berlin 46, Germany Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabe1l6n II, (1428) Buenos Aires, Argentina KRUGER, DETLEF Institut fUr Geologie, Geophysik und Geoinformatik, Freie Universitlit Berlin, RATH, VOLKER Institut fUr Geologie, Geophysik und Malteserstr. 74-100, 1000 Berlin 46, Germany Geoinformatik, Freie Universitlit Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, 1000 Berlin 46, Germany LAHMEYER, BERND Institut fUr Geophysik, Technische Universitlit Clausthal REINHARDT, MARTIN Institut fUr Geologie, Present address: BEB ErdOl und Erdgas, Riethorst Geophysik und Geoinformatik, Freie Universitlit 12,3000 Hannover 51, Germany Berlin Present address: MOBIL Erdol und Erdgas, LEHMANN, BERND Institut fUr Geologie, Geophysik Burggrafstr. 1,3100 Celle, Germany und Geoinformatik, Freie Universitlit Berlin Present address: FB Lagerstlittenforschung, REUTTER, KLAUS-JOACHIM Institut fUr Geologie, Technische Universitlit Clausthal, Adolph-Roemer Geophysik und Geoinformatik, Freie Universitlit Str. 2A, 3392 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, 1000 Berlin 46, Germany LOPEZ-ESCOBAR, LEOPOLDO Depto. de Geologia y Geofisica, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 13518, RICALDI, EDGAR Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicas, Correo 21, Santiago, Chile Universidad Mayor de San Andres (UMSA), Casilla 8635, La Paz, Bolivia MARTINEZ, ELOY Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB), GXG, Casilla 1659, Santa Cruz, ROWER, PETER Institut fUr Geologie, Geophysik und Bolivia Geoinformatik, Freie Universitlit Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, 1000 Berlin 46, Germany MAssow, WINFRID Institut fUr Geologie, Geophysik und Geoinformatik, Freie Universitlit Berlin, ScHAFER, KARLHEINZ Abt. Geologie der Universitlit, Malteserstr. 74-100, 1000 Berlin 46, Germany Universitlitsstr. 30, 8580 Bayreuth, Germany MOORBATH, STEPHEN Department of Earth SCHEUBER, EKKEHARD Institut fUr Geologie, Sciences, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford Geophysik und Geoinformatik, Freie Universitlit OX1 3PR, UK Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, 1000 Berlin 46, Germany
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