Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area (Geological Society Special Publication No. 173)

541 Pages·2000·21.51 MB·English

by  E. Bozkurt

Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the
Surrounding Area
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GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 173
Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the
Surrounding Area
EDITED BY
ERDIN BOZKURT
Geological Engineering Department, Middle Eastern Technical University, Turkey
JOHN A. WINCHESTER
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Keele, UK
JOHN D. A. PIPER
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
2000
Published by
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Contents
Introduction vii
Tethyan evolution
STAMPFLI, G. M. Tethyan oceans 1
OKAY, A. 1. Was the Late Triassic orogeny in Turkey caused by the collision of an oceanic
plateau? 25
ROBERTSON, A. H. F. & PICKETT, E. A. Palaezoic-Early Tertiary Tethyan evolution of
melanges, rift and passive margin units in the Karaburun Peninsula (western Turkey) and
Chios Island (Greece) 43
ALTINER, D., OZCAN-ALTINER, S. & KogYicfr, A. Late Permian foraminiferal biofacies
belts in Turkey: palaeogeographic and tectonic implications 83
ROBERTSON, A. H. F. Mesozoic-Tertiary tectonic-sedimentary evolution of a south
Tethyan oceanic basin and its margins in southern Turkey 97
GONCUOGLU, M. C, TURHAN, N., §ENTURK, K., OzCAN, A., UYSAL, §. & YALINIZ, M. K.
A geotraverse across northwestern Turkey: tectonic units of the Central Sakarya region
and their tectonic evolution 139
FARINACCI, A., FIORENTINO, A. & RIDOLFI, V. Aspects of Jurassic radiolarite sedimentation
in a ramp setting following the 'mid-Late Jurassic discontinuity', Barla Dag area, Western
Taurus, Turkey 163
YILMAZ, A., ADAMIA, S., CHABUKIANI, A., CHKHOTUA, T., ERDOGAN, K., Tuzcu, S. &
KARABIYIKOGLU, M. F. Structural correlation of the southern Transcaucasus (Georgia)-
eastern Pontides (Turkey) 171
Neotethyan ophiolites
FLOYD, P. A., GONCUOGLU, M. C., WINCHESTER, J. A. & YALINIZ, M. K. Geochemical
character and tectonic environment of Neotethyan ophiolitic fragments and metabasites in
the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey 183
YALINIZ, K. M., FLOYD, P. A. & GONCUOGLU, M. C. Geochemistry of volcanic rocks from
the £igekdag Ophiolite, Central Anatolia, Turkey, and their inferred tectonic setting
within the northern branch of the Neotethyan Ocean 203
PARLAK, O., HOCK, V. & DELALOYE, M. Suprasubduction zone origin of the Pozanti-Karsanti
Ophiolite (southern Turkey) deduced from whole-rock and mineral chemistry of the
gabbroic cumulates 219
Post-Tethyan basin evolution
KAZMIN, V. G., SCHREIDER, A. A. & BULYCHEV, A. A. Early stages of evolution of the
Black Sea 235
GORUR, N., £AGATAY, N., SAKINC, M., AKKOK, R., TCHAPALYGA, A. & NATALIN, B. Neogene
Paratethyan succession in Turkey and its implications for the palaeogeography of the
Eastern Paratethys 251
KARABIYIKOGLU, M. F., QNER, A., MONOD, O., DEYNOUX, M., Tuzcu, S. & OR^EN, S.
Tectonosedimentary evolution of the Miocene Manavgat Basin, western Taurides,
Turkey 271
vi CONTENTS
KAYMAKCI, N., WHITE, S. H. & VAN DIJK, P. M. Palaeostress inversion in a multiphase
deformed area: kinematic and structural evolution of the £ankm Basin (central Turkey),
Part 1 - northern area 295
Neotectonics
BURCHFIEL, C. B., NAKOV, R., TZANKOV, T. & ROYDEN, L. H. Cenozoic extension in
Bulgaria and northern Greece: the northern part of the Aegean extensional regime 325
YILMAZ, Y., GENC;, §. C., GURER, F., Bozcu, M., YILMAZ, K., KARACIK, Z., ALTUNKAYNAK,
§. & ELMAS, A. When did the western Anatolian grabens begin to develop? 353
BOZKURT, E. Timing of extension on the Biiyiik Menderes Graben, western Turkey, and its
tectonic implications 385
KogriGir, A., UNAY, E. & SARAC, G. Episodic graben formation and extensional
neotectonic regime in west Central Anatolia and the Isparta Angle: a case study in the
Aksehir-Afyon Graben, Turkey 405
TATAR, O., PIPER, J. D. A. & GURSOY, H. Palaeomagnetic study of the Erciyes sector of the
Ecemis Fault Zone: neotectonic deformation in the southeastern part of the Anatolian
Block' 423
Igneous activity
BOZTUG, D. S-I-A-type intrusive associations: geodynamic significance of synchronism
between metamorphism and magmatism in Central Anatolia, Turkey 441
ARGER, J., MITCHELL, J. & WESTAWAY, R. W. C. Neogene and Quaternary volcanism of
southeastern Turkey 459
YURTMEN, S., ROWBOTHAM, G., IsLER, F. & FLOYD, P. A. Petrogenesis of basalts from
southern Turkey: the Plio-Quaternary volcanism to the north of Iskenderun Gulf 489
Index 513
It is recommended that reference to all or part of this book should be made in one of the following
ways:
BOZKURT, B., WINCHESTER, J. A. & PIPER, J. D. A. (eds) 2000. Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey
and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 173.
STAMPFLI, G. M. 2000. Tethyan oceans. In: BOZKURT, B., WINCHESTER, J. A. & PIPER, J. D. A. (eds)
Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society, London, Special
Publications, 173,1-23.
Introduction
Tethyan evolution 1) is not the Neotethyan suture. In this scheme
the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture represents
Turkey is sited at the collisional boundary be- a Jurassic back-arc oceanic basin opened along
tween Gondwana in the south and Laurasia in the complex pre-existing Karakaya-Palaeo-
the north and its geological history records the tethyan suture zone following the northward
suturing of a succession of continental frag- subduction of Neotethys since the Late Trias-
ments. The Tethyan ocean, which existed be- sic.
tween Laurasia and Gondwana, was not a single Okay describes the E-W trending latest
continuous oceanic plate, but rather comprised Triassic Cimmeride orogen in northern Turkey
variable-sized continental fragments through- (box 2 in Fig. 2). He proposes that the Cimmer-
out its history (Fig. 1). These rifted from the ide deformation and metamorphism were
Gondwana margin and, as the rifts widened, caused by collision and partial accretion of an
created oceans (mainly described as Proto- Early-Middle Triassic oceanic plateau (Niliifer
tethys, Palaeotethys and Neotethys in the litera- unit) to the active southern continental margin
ture), then subsequently collided with Laurasia of Laurasia, with the Karakaya Complex
so that these oceans sequentially closed. The interpreted as a Palaeotethyan subduction-
present tectonic regime follows closure of the accretion-collision complex. The age of the
Neotethyan ocean. Although Prototethys has Cimmeride deformation in the Sakarya Zone
traditionally been regarded as a Late Protero- (Fig. 1) is palaeontologically constrained be-
zoic and/or Early Palaeozoic ocean, Palaeo- tween the latest Norian and Hettangian (215-
tethys as a Palaeozoic ocean and Neotethys as a 200 Ma), compatible with 40Ar-39Ar phengite
Mesozoic-Early Tertiary ocean, the views ex- cooling ages of 214-192 Ma from eclogites and
pressed in this volume show that there is no blueschists in the Niliifer unit. Thick overlying
common agreement. Many alternative models Upper Triassic arkosic sandstone sequences
have been proposed for their evolution and they containing extensive olistostromes of Permian
may, indeed, have overlapped in time. The and Carboniferous limestone (Hodul Unit), are
models proposed below differ in subduction interpreted to have formed during collision in
polarity, timing of ocean basin opening and foredeep basins in front of south-verging Hercy-
closure, and in the location of suture zones. nian continental thrust sheets of the Laurasian
Figure 1 is a simplified tectonic map showing margin. Okay views the Izmir-Ankara-Erzin-
the location of the main Tethyan sutures and can Suture (Fig. 1) as representing both the
neighbouring major continental blocks in Palaeotethyan and Neotethyan sutures and
Turkey and its surrounding area. concludes that the Neotethys opened as a sep-
The first section on Tethyan evolution opens arate ocean during the Early Triassic.
with a broad review of Tethyan ocean develop- Robertson & Pickett discuss Palaeozoic-
ment by Stampfli. Following definitions of the Early Tertiary tectonic evolution of part of the
main Tethyan oceans and a brief literature Tethyan ocean, based on evidence from the
review, Stampfli presents palaeocontinental Karaburun Peninsula (western Turkey) and
reconstructions for key stages in the evolution nearby Chios Island (Greece) (Fig. 1; box 3 in
of Prototethys, Palaeotethys, Neotethys, the Fig. 2), located near to the northern margin of
Variscan, Eocimmerian and marginal oceans the Anatolide-Tauride Platform (Taurides).
during the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic. His Here, an exceptionally intact and unmetamor-
models also cover the Alpine Tethys, the phosed tectono-sedimentary sequence forms a
Central Atlantic and the Vardar, North Atlan- microcosm of the tectonic history of both
tic and Valais oceans. After describing the Palaeotethys and Neotethys. A kilometre-thick
Tethys sutures in the eastern Mediterranean melange containing mainly Silurian-Carbon-
area and presenting a tectonic map showing the iferous exotic blocks within a highly sheared
present location of these sutures, Stampfli con- matrix of turbidites, pelagic carbonates and
cludes that the Cretaceous-aged coloured mel- channellized conglomerates is interpreted as an
anges in Turkey and Iran, now located within Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian subduc-
the Eurasian margin to the north of the Neo- tion/accretion complex that developed near the
tethys active margin, are separated from the southern margin of Palaeotethys during the
Neotethyan suture: this would imply that the collision of a passive margin with a trench.
Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture in Turkey (Fig. Unconformably overlying Lower Triassic
Fig. 1. Simplified tectonic map showing the location of the main Tethyan sutures and neighbouring major continental blocks in Turkey and its surrounding area, modified
from Okay & Tiiysiiz (1999), with acknowledgements also to Stampfli (2000), Altmer et al (2000), Robertson (2000), Robertson & Pickett (2000), A. Yilmaz et al (2000).
Heavy lines with filled triangles show sutures; polarity is indicated by the tip of triangles. Heavy lines with open triangles indicate thrust belts with triangles pointing in the
direction of vergence. Heavy lines with half arrows, bounding the Istanbul Zone along its western and eastern margins, are the Western Black Sea Fault and West
Crimean Fault, respectively. Arrows show the relative movement along these faults.
INTRODUCTION ix
basinal successions record Early Triassic rifting Platform and the Menderes Massif to the
of a northerly Neotethyan ocean. Subsequently, south.
during Middle-Late Triassic time, the rift basin Altmer et al describe the Late Permian
overstepped a subsiding shallow-water (Kara- palaeogeography and tectonic evolution of
burun) platform bordering the northern Neo- Turkey by analysing characteristics of the Late
tethys. Uplift associated with Cimmerian Permian carbonate platform and foraminiferal
emplacement of the Karakaya Complex further biofacies belts (box 4 in Fig. 2). The platform is
north is recorded by a brief hiatus followed by reconstructed by assembling the Upper Per-
deposition of deltaic sediments during latest mian outcrops from different, but juxtaposed,
Triassic-Early Jurassic time. During Cam- Triassic and Cretaceous-Tertiary tectonic units.
panian-Maastrichtian times, after prolonged Upper Permian marine carbonates occur in
passive margin subsidence the Karaburun car- contrasting southern and northern biofacies
bonate platform underwent flexural uplift and belts. The Southern Biofacies Belt includes
erosion recording initial closure of the north- low-energy inner platform deposits of the Ana-
erly Neotethys. The platform then collapsed tolide-Tauride Platform and the Arabian Plat-
into a foredeep during Maastrichtian-Danian form (Fig. 1), while the highly deformed and
times. During final stages of continental col- fragmented Northern Biofacies Belt includes
lision in the Early Tertiary, the melange and the Upper Permian of the Karakaya Orogen
the unconformably overlying rift and platform and outer platform and platform margin depos-
units were deformed and locally interleaved. its of the Anatolide-Tauride Platform. Upper
Robertson & Pickett conclude by interpreting Permian blocks in the Karakaya Orogen dis-
the Karaburun-Chios Mesozoic platform as play similar palaeontological and biofacies
part of the southern margin of a Neotethyan characteristics to the outer platform or plat-
ocean basin bordering the Anatolide-Tauride form margin deposits of the Taurides; they
Fig. 2. Location map showing areas described in the papers in this volume. 2, Okay; 3, Robertson & Pickett; 4,
Altmer et al; 5, Robertson; 6, Gonciioglu et al.;l, Farinacci et al; 8, A. Yllmaz et al; 9, Floyd et al; 10, Yalmiz et
al; 11, Parlak et al; 12, Kazmin et al; 13, Goriir et al; 14, Karabiyikoglu et al; 15, Kaymakci et al; 16, Burchfiel et
al; 17, Y. Yllmaz et al; 18, Bozkurt; 19, Kocyigit et al; 20, Tatar et al; 21, Boztug; 22, Arger et al; 23, Yurtmen et
al Geographical location of the paper by Stampfli is not shown since it covers a broad review of Tethyan
evolution.