Technologies of enchantment?: exploring Celtic art: 400 BC to AD 100

395 Pages·6.808 MB·English

by  Garrow, Duncan;Gosden, Chris

TECHNOLOGIES OF ENCHANTMENT?
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Technologies of
Enchantment?
Exploring Celtic Art: 400 BC to AD 100
DUNCAN GARROW
AND
CHRIS GOSDEN
1
3
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP,
UnitedKingdom
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Contents
ListofFigures ix
ListofTables xiv
ListofAppendices xv
Acknowledgements xvi
1. PeopleandMaterialsintheIronAgeandEarly
RomanPeriod 1
AspectsoftheIronAge 6
ReciprocityandReproduction 7
BronzeandIron 14
SocialOntologies 21
TheLaterIronAgeandRomano-BritishPeriods 28
TheStructureoftheBook 35
2. ButisitArt?PastandPresentApproaches
toCelticArt 38
ApproachestoPrehistoricArt 39
Philosophical,Anthropological,andArt-Historical
ApproachestoArt 43
CelticArt? 46
PastApproachestoCelticArt 48
ASummaryofOurApproach 57
3. TheDatabaseandOurMethodology 60
DecidingWhattoInclude 61
ConstructingtheDatabase 62
CelticArt:TheBasics 64
BiasestoConsider 66
TheSpatialDistributionofObjects 68
TheTemporalDistributionofObjects 70
DatingStylisticChange 79
ConcludingDiscussion 84
4. MakingMaterials 87
MakingIron 89
MakingBronze 93
MakingDeposits:TheBeatenandtheCast 97
MakingDecoration 100
ConcludingDiscussion 107
vi Contents
5. ArtefactualTimes:Swords,Torcs,andCoins 112
Swords 114
LateIronAgeSwords 119
SwordDeposition 123
TheLifeHistoriesofSwords 128
Torcs 134
TorcDecorations 141
CoinsandTorcs 143
Summary 149
ConcludingDiscussion 152
6. Hoards 155
Hoarding:RecentDiscussions 158
HoardsandCelticArt:BroadPatterns 160
ObjectNetworks 163
ObjectTypes 166
ObjectConnections 167
Summary 169
MaterialNetworks 170
Fragmentation,Attrition,andWear 172
CaseStudy1:An‘Early’HoardatRingstead,Norfolk 179
ObjectConnections 179
Interpretations 182
CaseStudy2:A‘Late’Hoardat‘PoldenHill’,Somerset 185
ObjectConnections 185
Interpretations 189
ConcludingDiscussion 191
7. Burials 194
IronAgeBurial:RecentDiscussions 197
BurialsandCelticArt:BroadPatterns 199
BurialTypes 202
ObjectNetworks 205
Object–ObjectConnections 205
Object–HumanandObject–AnimalConnections 206
Summary 208
IntroductiontotheCaseStudies 209
CaseStudy1:AChariotBurialfromKirkburn,East
Yorkshire 210
TheBurialProcess 210
ObjectandHumanHistories 214
Object–HumanConnections 216
Horse/ChariotGear 217
MailCloak 219
PigBones 220
Contents vii
D-ShapedBox 221
ConnectionsBeyondtheGrave 222
Summary 224
CaseStudy2:AWarriorBurialatMillHill,Deal,Kent 226
TheBurialProcess 226
ObjectandHumanHistories 229
AssemblageHistory 235
Constructingthe‘Warrior’withintheGrave 236
Summary 240
CaseStudy3:AWelwyn-typeBurialfromBaldock,
Hertfordshire 241
TheBurialProcess 241
Object–ObjectConnections 243
Object–HumanConnections 246
Summary 247
CaseStudy4:AMirrorBurialatPortesham,Dorset 249
TheBurialProcess 250
ObjectandHumanHistories 252
Summary 254
ConcludingDiscussion 255
8. Settlements 258
Settlements:RecentDiscussions 259
SettlementsandCelticArt:BroadPatterns 261
IntroductiontoCaseStudies1and2 264
WessexintheIronAge 264
MetalworkinginWessex 266
CelticArtinWessex 266
CaseStudy1:TheManufactureofCelticArtatGussage
AllSaints 267
AnIntroductiontoGussage 267
CelticArtatGussage 269
MetalworkingEvidence 271
Pit209 271
Summary 276
CaseStudy2:HorseGear(andHorses)atBuryHill 280
AnIntroductiontoBuryHill 280
CelticArtatBuryHill 281
PitsP23,P24,P45,andP57 283
SpecialDeposits? 284
Summary 285
IntroductiontoCaseStudy3:NewsteadRomanFort 287
CelticArtinRomanForts 290
CaseStudy3:CelticArtandRomanIdentitiesatNewstead 291
AnIntroductiontoNewstead 291
ArtefactAssemblagesandInterpretations 292
CelticArtatNewstead 294
Fragmentation,Attrition,andWear 297
viii Contents
BroaderAssemblages 299
Summary 300
ConcludingDiscussion 304
9. TheArtofCommunity 307
DispersedCommunities 311
TheatreandPerformance 313
MultipleMeaningsandCumulativeStyles 316
NegotiatingIdentities 318
TheDinningtonTorc 323
Appendix1 327
Appendix2 331
Appendix3 336
Appendix4 338
Bibliography 342
Index 367
List of Figures
1.1 HoardLSnettisham,upperdeposit 2
1.2 HoardLSnettisham,lowerdeposit(Stead1991d:Plate8) 3
1.3 HoardLSnettisham,the‘Grotesque’torc 3
1.4 Detailofthe‘Grotesque’torc,withapossiblehumanface
(Stead1991a:Fig.11) 4
1.5 Linchpinsandterrets(Stead1985b:Fig.88) 18
1.6 TowerHillhoard,socketedaxes 19
1.7 TheDesboroughmirror 30
1.8 ADragonesquebrooch 34
2.1 Fox’s‘GrammarofBritishEarlyCelticOrnament:I’
(Fox1958:Fig.82) 51
2.2 AspectsofJope’s‘AnatomyofEarlyCelticOrnament’
(Jope2000:PlateIV) 53
2.3 DecorationontheWithamscabbard(Stead2006:217) 54
2.4 TheCerrigydrudion‘crown’(detail) 56
2.5 TheBatterseashield(Stead1985a:Plate13) 57
3.1 Quantitiesofdifferentobjecttypeswithinthedatabase
(totalno.2,580) 64
3.2 Overalldistributionoffindspotswithinthedatabase
(totalno.2,530) 65
3.3 Percentageofartefactswithineachcontext(totalno.1,679) 66
3.4 DistributionofIronAgebrooches(blacksquares)inrelation
toallobjectswithinthedatabase(greysquares) 67
3.5 DistributionofIronAgecoins(blackdots)inrelationto
allobjectswithinthedatabase(greysquares) 68
3.6 Amountsofallhorsegearwithineachcontext(totalno.400) 70
3.7 Percentageofarmringswithineachcontext(totalno.21) 70
3.8 Percentageofmassivearmletswithineachcontext(totalno.18) 71
3.9 Numbersofobjectsdepositedperphase(totalno.1,491) 72