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TechnologiesforIntegratedEnergySystemsandNetworks Technologies for Integrated Energy Systems and Networks Edited by Giorgio Graditi and Marialaura Di Somma TheEditors AllbookspublishedbyWILEY-VCHarecarefully produced.Nevertheless,authors,editors,and Dr.GiorgioGraditi publisherdonotwarranttheinformation ItalianNationalAgencyforNew containedinthesebooks,includingthisbook, Technologies tobefreeoferrors.Readersareadvisedtokeep EnergyandSustainableEconomic inmindthatstatements,data,illustrations, Development proceduraldetailsorotheritemsmay ENEA,DepartmentofEnergy inadvertentlybeinaccurate. TechnologiesandRenewableSources Rome,Italy LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor Dr.MarialauraDiSomma BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData ItalianNationalAgencyforNew Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable Technologies fromtheBritishLibrary. EnergyandSustainableEconomic Development Bibliographicinformationpublishedby ENEA,DepartmentofEnergy theDeutscheNationalbibliothek TechnologiesandRenewableSources TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhis Rome,Italy publicationintheDeutscheNationalbiblio- grafie;detailedbibliographicdataareavailable CoverImage:©zfL/GettyImages ontheInternetat<http://dnb.d-nb.de>. ©2022WILEY-VCHGmbH,Boschstr.12, 69469Weinheim,Germany Allrightsreserved(includingthoseof translationintootherlanguages).Nopartof thisbookmaybereproducedinanyform–by photoprinting,microfilm,oranyothermeans– nortransmittedortranslatedintoamachine languagewithoutwrittenpermissionfromthe publishers.Registerednames,trademarks,etc. usedinthisbook,evenwhennotspecifically markedassuch,arenottobeconsidered unprotectedbylaw. PrintISBN: 978-3-527-34899-2 ePDFISBN: 978-3-527-83361-0 ePubISBN: 978-3-527-83362-7 oBookISBN: 978-3-527-83363-4 Typesetting Straive,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 v Contents 1 ChallengesandOpportunitiesoftheEnergyTransitionand theAddedValueofEnergySystemsIntegration 1 MarialauraDiSommaandGiorgioGraditi 1.1 EnergyTransformationTowardDecarbonizationandtheAddedValueof EnergySystemsIntegration 1 1.2 EuropeanUnionastheGlobalLeaderinEnergyTransition 6 1.3 PillarsfortheTransitionTowardIntegratedDecentralizedEnergy Systems 11 ListofAbbreviations 13 References 13 2 IntegratedEnergySystems:TheEngineforEnergy Transition 15 MarialauraDiSommaandGiorgioGraditi 2.1 Introduction:theConceptofIntegratedEnergySystem 15 2.2 KeyEnablersforIntegratedEnergySystems 18 2.2.1 StorageandConversionTechnologies 18 2.2.2 EndUserEngagementandEmpowerment 22 2.2.3 DigitalizationEnabler 24 2.2.4 EmergenceofanIntegratedEnergyMarket 27 2.3 IntegratedEnergySystemsattheLocalLevel 28 2.3.1 ConceptualizingLocalIntegratedEnergySystems 28 2.3.2 MapofEnablingTechnologies 29 2.3.3 KeyStakeholdersandRelatedBenefitsfromLocalIntegratedEnergy SystemsDeployment 31 2.4 MainBarriersforImplementation 33 2.4.1 Techno-economicBarriers 34 2.4.2 SocioeconomicBarriers 35 2.4.3 PolicyandRegulatoryBarriers 35 2.5 Conclusions 36 ListofAbbreviations 38 References 38 vi Contents 3 PowerConversionTechnologies:TheAdventofPower-to-Gas, Power-to-Liquid,andPower-to-Heat 41 JoshuaA.Schaidle,R.GaryGrim,LingTao,MarkRuth,KevinHarrison, NancyDowe,ColinMcMillan,ShantiPless,andDouglasJ.Arent 3.1 Introduction 41 3.1.1 MotivationforPower-to-X 41 3.1.2 DefiningPower-to-XCategories 43 3.1.3 GoalofthisChapter 44 3.2 Power-to-XTechnologies 44 3.2.1 Power-to-Gas 44 3.2.1.1 NaturalGasMarketDemand 45 3.2.1.2 TechnologyIdentificationandOverview 46 3.2.1.3 UniqueIntegrationChallengesandOpportunities 47 3.2.2 Power-to-Chemicals-and-Fuels 48 3.2.2.1 MarketandDemand 48 3.2.2.2 TechnologyIdentificationandOverview 49 3.2.2.3 UniqueIntegrationChallengesandOpportunities 54 3.2.2.4 ImplicationsonPowerGeneration 54 3.2.3 Power-to-Heat 57 3.2.3.1 MarketandDemand 57 3.2.3.2 TechnologyIdentificationandOverview 60 3.2.3.3 UniqueIntegrationChallengesandOpportunities 60 3.2.3.4 ImplicationsonPowerGeneration 62 3.3 OverarchingChallenges,Opportunities,andConsiderations 62 3.3.1 FeedstockandEnergySourcing 62 3.3.1.1 Feedstocks(CO ,N ,H O,andBiomass) 62 2 2 2 3.3.1.2 OperationalFlexibilityforGridIntegrationandRevenue 63 3.3.2 KeyConsiderationsfromLifeCycleAnalysisandTechno-economic Analysis 64 3.3.2.1 LifeCycleAnalysis 64 3.3.2.2 Techno-EconomicAnalysis 64 3.3.3 BusinessModelandBusinessInnovation 65 3.4 ConcludingRemarks 66 Disclaimer 66 ListofAbbreviations 66 References 67 4 RoleofHydrogeninLow-CarbonEnergyFuture 71 AndreaMonfortiFerrario,VivianaCigolotti,AnaMarìaRuz,FelipeGallardo, JoseGarcía,andGiuliaMonteleone 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 MainDriversforHydrogenImplementation 72 4.2.1 IncreasingPenetrationofStochasticRenewableEnergy 73 4.2.2 OpportunityofHydrogenasaSectorCouplingEnabler 74 4.3 HydrogenEconomyandPolicyinEuropeandWorldwide 74 Contents vii 4.4 MainRenewableHydrogenProduction,Storage,and Transmission/DistributionSchemes 77 4.4.1 HydrogenProductionPathways 77 4.4.2 HydrogenTransmissionandDistribution 79 4.4.2.1 MainHydrogenStorageTechnologies 79 4.4.2.2 MethodsforHydrogenTransmissionandDistribution 81 4.5 TechnologicalApplicationsinIntegratedEnergySystemsand Networks 83 4.5.1 HydrogenasanEnergyStorageSystemforFlexibilityatDifferent Scales 83 4.5.2 IndustrialUseasaRenewableFeedstockinHard-to-AbateSectorsand fortheProductionofDerivates 84 4.5.3 HydrogenMobility:AComplementarySolutiontoBatteryElectric Vehicles 85 4.5.4 FuelCells,FlexibleElectrochemicalConversionSystemsfor High-EfficiencyPower,and/orCHPApplications 86 4.6 Conclusions 89 ListofAbbreviations 90 References 91 5 ReviewontheEnergyStorageTechnologieswiththeFocuson Multi-EnergySystems 105 MortezaVahid-Ghavidel,SaraJavadi,MatthewGough,MohammadS.Javadi, SérgioF.Santos,MiadrezaShaﬁe-khah,andJoãoP.S.Catalão 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 EnergyStorage 106 5.2.1 MainConceptofEnergyStorageinthePowerSystem 106 5.2.2 DifferentTypesofEnergyStorageSystems 108 5.2.2.1 ElectromechanicalEnergyStorageSystems 110 5.2.2.2 ElectromagneticEnergyStorageSystems 111 5.2.2.3 ElectrochemicalEnergyStorageSystems 112 5.2.2.4 ThermalEnergyStorageSystems 113 5.2.3 AdvantagesofStorageintheEnergySystem 113 5.3 EnergyStorageTechnologyApplicationintheMulti-Energy Systems 116 5.4 Conclusion 118 ListofAbbreviations 119 References 119 6 DigitalizationandSmartEnergyDevices 123 MaherChebbo 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 OurVisionoftheDigitalNetworks 130 6.3 EnablingState-of-the-ArtDigitalTechnologies 138 6.4 KeyDigitalUseCasesandAssociatedBenefits 144 viii Contents 6.5 IntegratedDigitalPlatformAcrossStakeholders 149 6.6 KeyDigitalRecommendations 150 6.7 Conclusion 156 ListofAbbreviations 159 References 160 FurtherReading 162 7 SmartandSustainableMobilityAdaptationTowardtheEnergy Transition 165 CarlaSilva,CatarinaMarques,MarianaRaposo,andAngeloSoares 7.1 SmartandSustainableMobilityDefinitionsandMetrics 165 7.1.1 SustainableMobilityKPI(KeyPerformanceIndicators) 167 7.1.2 KPIofUrbanMobilityinTwoEuropeanCities 169 7.2 SmartMobilityAppliedtoBicycleSharinginUrbanContextandImpacts onSustainability 175 7.3 Ground-LevelOzoneIndicator 178 7.4 EnergyTransition 179 7.5 ResilienceoftheMobilitySystem 180 7.6 Conclusions 182 Acknowledgments 182 ListofAbbreviations 183 References 184 8 EvolutionofElectricalDistributionGridsTowardtheSmart GridConcept 187 LucíaSuárez-Ramón,PabloArboleya,JoséLorenzo-Álvarez,and JoséM.Carou-Álvarez 8.1 SmartGridConcept 187 8.2 AdvancedMeteringInfrastructure(AMI)GeneralDescription 188 8.3 CommunicationsandImpactonRemoteManagement 199 8.3.1 PLCPRIMECommunication 200 8.3.2 DataConcentratorUnit(DCU)Description 204 8.3.3 SmartMeterDescription 205 8.3.4 FutureScenario:EvolutionofCommunicationsTowardHybrid Systems 206 8.4 CentralSystemforDataReceptionandAnalysis 206 8.4.1 Real-TimeEventManagement 207 8.4.2 LVNetworkMonitoring 208 8.4.3 AutomaticDiagnostic 208 8.5 DSOChallenge:AMIforLVNetworkManagement 209 8.6 DigitalTwinoftheLVNetwork 210 8.7 EvolutionoftheFunctionalitiesforLVNetworkManagement 212 8.8 Conclusions 213 ListofAbbreviations 213 References 214 Contents ix 9 SmartGridsfortheEfﬁcientManagementofDistributed EnergyResources 215 RobertoCiavarella,MarialauraDiSomma,GiorgioGraditi,andMariaValenti 9.1 ElectricalSystemTowardtheSmartGridConcept 215 9.1.1 TechnologyAreasofSmartGrids 218 9.1.2 ServicesandFunctionalitiesoftheSmartGrids 219 9.1.2.1 NeedstoIntegrateNewEmergingTechnologies 220 9.1.2.2 ImprovetheOperationoftheNetwork 220 9.1.2.3 NewInvestmentPlanningCriteria 220 9.1.2.4 ImprovetheFunctionalityoftheMarketandServicestoEndUsers 220 9.1.2.5 ActiveInvolvementoftheEndUser 221 9.1.2.6 IncreasedEnergyEfficiencyandReducedEnvironmentalImpact 221 9.2 NeedofaMulti-DomainOptimizationinSmartGrids 221 9.3 AdvancedControlMechanismsforSmartGrid 225 9.3.1 ArchitectureandGridModel 225 9.3.2 CongestionIssuesintheTSODomain 226 9.3.3 CongestionIssuesintheDSODomain 228 9.3.4 FrequencyInstabilityintheTSODomain 230 9.4 CaseStudies 231 9.4.1 CaseStudy1:CongestionEventsattheTransmissionLevel 231 9.4.2 CaseStudy2:CongestionEventsattheDistributionLevel 232 9.4.3 CaseStudy3:FrequencyInstabilityIssues 233 9.5 Conclusions 234 ListofAbbreviations 235 References 235 10 NearlyZero-EnergyandPositive-EnergyBuildings:Statusand Trends 239 DeniaKolokotsa,GloriaPignatta,andGiuliaUlpiani 10.1 Introduction 239 10.1.1 ConceptofNearlyZero-andPositive-EnergyBuildings 240 10.1.1.1 Definitions,Regulations,andStandards 240 10.1.2 OverviewofDesignStrategies 242 10.1.2.1 EnergyConservationStrategies 243 10.1.2.2 EnergyGenerationStrategies 246 10.1.2.3 SmartReadiness 248 10.2 StatusandResearchDirectionsonHigh-PerformanceBuildingsfor theComingDecade 253 10.2.1 OverviewofCaseStudiesandResearchProjects 253 10.2.1.1 Challenges,Drivers,andBestPractices 256 x Contents 10.2.2 TransitionfromIndividualNearlyZero-EnergyBuildingsto Positive-EnergyDistricts(PEDs) 258 10.3 Conclusions 259 ListofAbbreviations 260 References 261 11 TransitionPotentialofLocalEnergyCommunities 275 GabrieleComodi,GianlucaSpinaci,MarialauraDiSomma,and GiorgioGraditi 11.1 Introduction 275 11.1.1 “2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment”ofUnitedNations 276 11.1.2 CleanEnergyforAllEuropeanPackage:RenewableandCitizen“Energy Communities” 277 11.1.3 HumanCapitalforLocalEnergyCommunities 278 11.1.4 LocalEnergyCommunities:AnOrganizationalBottom-UpModelto EmpowerFinalUsers 279 11.2 LocalEnergyCommunitiesMakingtheGreenDealGoingLocal 280 11.2.1 GameChangeroftheGreenDeal 280 11.2.2 GreenDealGoingLocal 283 11.2.3 NeighborhoodApproachandLocalEnergyCommunitiesintheGreen Deal 284 11.3 LocalEnergyCommunitiesasIntegratedEnergySystemsatLocal Level 285 11.3.1 LocalEnergyCommunitiesasPromotersforSectorCoupling 285 11.3.2 OptimalMedium–Long-TermPlanningforLocalEnergy Communities 287 11.3.3 KeyTechnologiesintheContextofLocalEnergyCommunities 288 11.3.4 DigitalizationtoEnableFlexibilityandEmpowerFinalUsers 296 11.4 LocalEnergyCommunitiesandEnergyTransition:AVisionfortheNext Future 298 11.4.1 SomeReflections 299 11.5 Conclusions 300 ListofAbbreviations 301 References 302 Index 305 1 1 Challenges and Opportunities of the Energy Transition and the Added Value of Energy Systems Integration MarialauraDiSommaandGiorgioGraditi ItalianNationalAgencyforNewTechnologies,EnergyandSustainableEconomicDevelopment,ENEA, DepartmentofEnergyTechnologiesandRenewableSources,Rome,Italy 1.1 Energy Transformation Toward Decarbonization and the Added Value of Energy Systems Integration Theglobalenergytransformationisalreadyinplace,andthisrepresentsthemain replyofhumanitytosafeguardglobalclimateandmaintainsustainableexistenceon Earth.Thefirststeptowardthisenergytransformationandtheinternationalcom- mitmenttocombatingclimatechange,increasingenergyaccess,andmaintaining biodiversityisrepresentedbytheParisAgreementsigningatCOP21withthegoal ∘ to maintain global warming lower than 2 C above the pre-industrial levels. Con- current to the Paris Agreement, countries committed to the United Nations (UN) 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), representing the plan toward a better worldforpeopleandourplanettobeachievedby2030[1].Tacklingclimatechange isatransversalgoalforalmostallSDGs.Althoughtheinternationalcommitmentis evident,challengesstillremainforthesuccessfulimplementationoftheParisAgree- ment and climate- and energy-related SDGs, and the gap between aspiration and realityincombatingclimatechangeremainssignificant. Meeting these ambitious goals requires the commitment beyond the electricity sector,whereasprovidingdecarbonizationacrossdifferentsectorsthroughaninte- gratedapproachcanrepresentavalidsolution.Thisisthemainideabehindthecon- ceptofIntegratedEnergySystemsthat,accordingtotheETIPSNETVision2050[2], aredefinedasanintegratedinfrastructureforallenergycarriers,withtheelectrical system as the backbone. These systems are characterized by a high level of inte- grationamongallnetworksofenergycarriersobtainedthroughcouplingelectrical andgasnetworks,heating,andcooling,supportedbyenergystorageandconversion processes.Couplingdifferentsectorsindicatesincreasingeffortsinasynergicway bycoordinatingtheplanningandtheoperationofenergysystemsacrossmultiple energycarrierswhilealsoachievingamoreflexible,reliable,andefficientenergy systemasawhole. Themainenergytrendstowarddecarbonizationarediscussedbelowalongwith theaddedvalueofferedbyenergysystemsintegration. TechnologiesforIntegratedEnergySystemsandNetworks,FirstEdition. EditedbyGiorgioGraditiandMarialauraDiSomma. ©2022WILEY-VCHGmbH.Published2022byWILEY-VCHGmbH.