Technologies for converting biomass to useful energy: combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, torrefaction and fermentation

544 Pages·2013·7.913 MB·English

by  Erik Dahlquist

4 Series: Sustainable Energy Developments 4
Offi cially, the use of biomass for energy meets only 10-13% of the total global energy demand of
140 000 TWh per year. Still, thirty years ago the offi cial fi gure was zero, as only traded biomass Dahlquist
was included. While the actual production of biomass is in the range of 270 000 TWh per year,
most of this is not used for energy purposes, and mostly it is not used very effi ciently. Therefore,
there is a need for new methods for converting biomass into refi ned products like chemicals,
fuels, wood and paper products, heat, cooling and electric power. Obviously, some biomass
is also used as food – our primary life necessity. The different types of conversion methods
covered in this volume are biogas production, bio-ethanol production, torrefaction, pyrolysis,
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high temperature gasifi cation and combustion. ioec
This book covers the suitability of different methods for conversion of different types of biomass. mh
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Different versions of the conversion methods are presented – both existing methods and those aso
being developed for the future. System optimization using modeling methods and simulation are s log
analyzed to determine advantages and disadvantages of different solutions. toie
Many international experts have contributed to provide an up-to-date view of the situation all Us Technologies for Converting
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over the world. These global perspectives and the inclusion of so much expertise of distinguished eo
international researchers and professionals make this book unique. fur C
l o Biomass to Useful Energy
This book will prove useful and inspiring to professionals, engineers, researchers and students as En
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well as to those working for different authorities and organizations. ee
rgrt
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS – VOLUME 4 ISSN 2164-0645 yin
g

The book series addresses novel techniques and measures related to sustainable energy
developments with an interdisciplinary focus that cuts across all fi elds of science, engineering
and technology linking renewable energy and other sustainable materials with human society. It
addresses renewable energy sources and sustainable policy options, including energy effi ciency
and energy conservation to provide long-term solutions for key-problems of industrialized,
developing and transition countries by fostering clean and domestically available energy and,
concurrently, decreasing dependence on fossil fuel imports and reducing greenhouse gas
emissions. Possible applications will be addressed not only from a technical point of view, but
also from economic, fi nancial, social, political, legislative and regulatory viewpoints. The book
series aims to become a state-of-the-art source for a large group of readers comprising different
stakeholders and professionals, including government and non-governmental organizations and
institutions, international funding agencies, universities, public health and energy institutions,
and other relevant institutions.
SERIES EDITOR: Jochen Bundschuh
Editor: Erik Dahlquist
an informa business
TECHNOLOGIESFORCONVERTINGBIOMASSTOUSEFULENERGY–
COMBUSTION,GASIFICATION,PYROLYSIS,TORREFACTION
ANDFERMENTATION
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Sustainable Energy Developments
Series Editor
Jochen Bundschuh
UniversityofSouthernQueensland(USQ),Toowoomba,Australia
RoyalInstituteofTechnology(KTH),Stockholm,Sweden
ISSN:2164-0645
Volume 4
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Technologies for Converting
Biomass to Useful Energy
Combustion, gasification, pyrolysis,
torrefaction and fermentation
Editor:
ErikDahlquist
SchoolofSustainableDevelopmentofSocietyandTechnology,
MalardalenUniversity,HögskoleplanVasteras,Sweden
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20130411
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-203-12026-2 (eBook - PDF)
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About the book series
Renewableenergysourcesandsustainablepolicies,includingthepromotionofenergyefficiency
andenergyconservation, offersubstantiallong-termbenefitstoindustrialized, developingand
transitionalcountries.Theyprovideaccesstocleananddomesticallyavailableenergyandleadto
adecreaseddependenceonfossilfuelimports,andareductioningreenhousegasemissions.
Replacingfossilfuelswithrenewableresourcesaffordsasolutiontotheincreasedscarcityand
priceoffossilfuels.Additionallyithelpstoreduceanthropogenicemissionofgreenhousegases
andtheirimpactsonclimatechange.Intheenergysector,fossilfuelscanbereplacedbyrenewable
energysources.Inthechemistrysector,petroleumchemistrycanbereplacedbysustainableor
greenchemistry.Inagriculture,sustainablemethodscanbeusedthatenablesoilstoactascarbon
dioxidesinks.Intheconstructionsector,sustainablebuildingpracticeandgreenconstructioncan
beused,replacingforexamplesteel-enforcedconcretebytextile-reinforcedconcrete.Research
anddevelopmentandcapitalinvestmentsinallthesesectorswillnotonlycontributetoclimate
protectionbutwillalsostimulateeconomicgrowthandcreatemillionsofnewjobs.
This book series will serve as a multi-disciplinary resource. It links the use of renewable
energyandrenewablerawmaterials,suchassustainablygrownplants,withtheneedsofhuman
society.Theseriesaddressestherapidlygrowingworldwideinterestinsustainablesolutions.These
solutionsfosterdevelopmentandeconomicgrowthwhileprovidingasecuresupplyofenergy.
Theymakesocietylessdependentonpetroleumbysubstitutingalternativecompoundsforfossil-
fuel-based goods. All these contribute to minimize our impacts on climate change. The series
covers all fields of renewable energy sources and materials. It addresses possible applications
notonlyfromatechnicalpointofview, butalsofromeconomic, financial, socialandpolitical
viewpoints.Legislativeandregulatoryaspects,keyissuesforimplementingsustainablemeasures,
areofparticularinterest.
Thisbookseriesaimstobecomeastate-of-the-artresourceforabroadgroupofreadersinclud-
ingadiversityofstakeholdersandprofessionals.Readerswillincludemembersofgovernmental
andnon-governmentalorganizations,internationalfundingagencies,universities,publicenergy
institutions,therenewableindustrysector,thegreenchemistrysector,organicfarmersandfarm-
ingindustry,publichealthandotherrelevantinstitutions,andthebroaderpublic.Itisdesigned
to increase awareness and understanding of renewable energy sources and the use of sustain-
ablematerials.Itaimsalsotoacceleratetheirdevelopmentanddeploymentworldwide,bringing
theiruseintothemainstreamoverthenextfewdecadeswhilesystematicallyreplacingfossiland
nuclearfuels.
The objective of this book series is to focus on practical solutions in the implementation of
sustainableenergyandclimateprotectionprojects.Notmovingforwardwiththeseeffortscould
haveserioussocialandeconomicimpacts.Thisbookserieswillhelptoconsolidateinternational
findings on sustainable solutions. It includes books authored and edited by world-renowned
scientistsandengineersandbyleadingauthoritiesinineconomicsandpolitics.Itwillprovidea
valuablereferenceworktohelpsurmountourexistingglobalchallenges.
JochenBundschuh
(SeriesEditor)
vii
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Editorial board
MorganBazilian DeputyDirector,InstituteforStrategicEnergyAnalysis(JISEA),
NationalRenewableEnergyLab(NREL),Golden,CO,USA,
[email protected]
RobertK.Dixon Leader,ClimateandChemicals,TheGlobalEnvironmentFacility,
TheWorldBankGroup,Washington,DC,USA,[email protected]
MariadaGraçaCarvalho MemberoftheEuropeanParliament,Brussels&Professor
atInstitutoSuperiorTécnico,TechnicalUniversityofLisbon,
Portugal,[email protected],
[email protected]
RainerHinrichs-Rahlwes PresidentoftheEuropeanRenewableEnergiesFederation(EREF);
BoardMemberoftheGermanRenewableEnergyFederation(BEE),
Berlin,Germany,[email protected]
VeenaJoshi SeniorAdvisor-Energy,SectionClimateChangeandDevelopment,
EmbassyofSwitzerland,NewDelhi,India,[email protected]
EricMartinot SeniorResearchDirector,InstituteforSustainableEnergyPolicies
(ISEP),Nakano,Tokyo&TsinghuaUniversity,Tsinghua-BPClean
EnergyResearchandEducationCenter,Beijing,China,
[email protected],[email protected]
ChristineMilne LeaderoftheAustralianGreensParty,SenatorforTasmania,
ParliamentHouse,Canberra,ACT&Hobart,TAS,Australia
ADVISORYEDITORIALBOARD
SureshK.Aggarwal (combustionsimulations, renewablefuels), UniversityofIllinoisat
Chicago,IL,USA
IshfaqAhmad (greencomputing),UniversityofTexasatArlington,TX,USA
SergioM.Alcocer (oceanenergy),InstitutodeIngenieríaUNAM,MexicoDF,Mexico
SaidAl-Hallaj (hybridhydrogensystems,solarwaterdesalination),Chairman/CEO
AllCellTechnologies,LLC,&DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,
UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,Chicago,IL,USA
KhaledA.Al-Sallal (lowenergyarchitecture), FacultyofEngineering, UAEUniversity,
Al-Ain,UAE
HussainAl-Towaie (solarpowerforseawaterdesalination),UniversityofAden,
Almansoora,Aden,Yemen
GaryL.Amy (renewableenergyfordesalinationandwatertreatment),
Director,WaterDesalinationandReuseResearchCenter,
KingAbdullahUniversityofScienceandTechnology(KAUST),
SaudiArabia
KalyanAnnamalai (combustion,biomass,animalwaste,energyconversion),
TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,TX,USA
ix