Technological Change, Employment and Spatial Dynamics: Proceedings of an International Symposium on Technological Change and Employment: Urban and Regional Dimensions Held at Zandvoort, The Netherlands April 1–3, 1985

473 Pages·1986·9.55 MB·English

by  Peter Nijkamp (auth.), Prof. Dr. Peter Nijkamp (eds.)

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Lectu re Notes
in Economics and
Mathematical Systems
Managing Editors: M. Beckmann and W. Krelle
270
Technological Change,
Employment and
Spatial Dynamics
Proceedings of an International Symposium
on Technological Change and Employment: Urban and
Regional Dimensions
Held at Zandvoort, The Netherlands
April 1-3, 1985
Edited by Peter Nijkamp
i
Spri nger-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Editorial Board
H.Albach M.Beckmann (Managing Editor)
P.Ohrymes G. Fandel J. Green W. Hildenbrand W. Krelle (Managing Editor)
H. P. Kunzi G. L. Nemhauser K. Ritter R. Sato U. Schittko P. Schonfeld R. Selten
Managing Editors
Prof. Dr. M. Beckmann
Brown University
Providence, RI 02912, USA
Prof. Dr. W. Krelle
Institut fOr Gesellschafts-und Wirtschaftswissenschaften
der Universitat Bonn
Adenauerallee 24-42, 0-5300 Bonn, FRG
Editor
Prof. Dr. Peter Nijkamp
Faculty of Economics
Free University
P.O. Box 7161, 1007 Me Amsterdam, The Netherlands
ISBN-13: 978-3-540-16478-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-46578-9
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-46578-9
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© by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1986
2142/3140-543210
PREFACE
In recent years, the scientific interest in the complex relationship
between technological change, employment and regional growth has ex
hibited a fast growth. Despite the upswing in attention for the inter
actions between the components of this 'triangle', research efforts in
this area are still severely hampered by lack of theoretical and em
pirical insights.
The present volume aims at providing a refreshing look at this trian
gle against the background of recent discussions on structural econom
ic changes, technological innovations and labour market dynamics. In
particular the attention will be directed toward two focal points,
viz.:
the relationship between technological developments and (qualita
tive and quantitative) shifts in the labour market. In this
framework a review of current theoretical and empirical knowledge
on labour saving or labour augmenting technologies, on changes in
the secondary and tertiary sectors, and on shifts in external and
internal labour markets will be given. It goes without saying
that in this context also the relationship between innovation and
employment policy will be analysed, as well as the spatiotemporal
diffusion pattern of (produqt, process or managerial) innova
tions.
the interaction between the urban or regional production environ
ment and technology changes, with a particular emphasis on labour
market dynamics. Spatial potentiality factors, bottleneck effects
and incubation functions will also be treated in this perspec
tive, while also much attention will be devoted to empirical evi
dence and policy prospects in this field.
Altogether the present publication serves to make an inventory of the
state of the art in the triangle of technological innovation, labour
market effects and spatial dynamics, as~ell asto nrovice a construc
tive strength-weakness analysis of this important field of research.
This book is the outgrowth of an international symposium on 'Techno
logical Change and Employment: Urban and Regional Dimensions', which
was held in Zandvoort (The Netherlands) from April 1-3, 1985. This
volume contains most of the papers presented at this symposium in an
edited and revised form, while also some new papers have been added in
order to make this volUme as coherent as possible. The financial sup
port for this meeting, provided by the Netherlands Organisation for
the Advancement of Pure Scientific Research (ZWO) and the Economic and
Social Research Institute (ESI) of the Free University, Amsterdam, is
gratefully acknowledged. My sincere thanks go also to Dianne
Biederberg, who did the editorial work for this volume.
Amsterdam, February 1986 Peter Nijkamp
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Preface III
1. The Triangle of Industrial Dynamics, Labour Markets
and Spatial Systems
Peter Nijkamp
PART A: GENERAL REFLECTIONS 19
2. Technical Change, Employment and Metropolitan
Adjustment
T.R. Lakshmanan and Lata Chatterjee 21
3. Technology and New Regional Growth Complexes:
The Economics of Discontinuous Spatial Development
Michael Storper
46
4. Technological Change in the Service Sector:
Urban and Regional Implications
Peter M. Townroe
76
5. New Technology and Regional Development Policy
John B. Goddard and Alfred T. Thwaites 91
6. Industrial Interdependence via Information Technology
and Transport Interaction - Employment Impacts
John F. Brotchie 115
7. Industrial Organisation, Innovation and Employment
Dirk-Jan F. Kamann 131
PART B: ACTUAL TRENDS 155
8. Spatial Dimensions of Technological Developments
and Employment Effects
Hans-JUrgen Ewers 157
Page
9. The Impact of Innovations on Service Employment
David Gleave 177
10. The De-Industrialisation of the Federal Republic
of Germany and its Spatial Implications
Franz-Josef Bade 196
11. Spatial Dimensions of Innovation and Employment:
Some Dutch Results
Els Hoogteijling, Jan Willem Gunning and Peter Nijkamp 221
12. Technological Change and Employment Patterns:
The Greek Case
Maria Giaoutzi 244
13. Segmentation Theories and Manpower Policy
in Dutch Cities
Jan G. Lambooy and Chris van der Vegt 262
14. Local Entrepreneurial Initiatives and Central Government
Ad. J. Hendriks 280
15. High-Technology and Employment: Some Information on
The Netherlands
Huub Bouman and Bram Verhoef 289
PART C: MODELLING 299
16. Adaptive Economising, Technological Change and the Demand
for Labour in Disequilibrium
Richard H. Day and Kenneth A. Hanson 301
17. On the Incongruous Spatial Employment Dynamics
Dimitrios S. Dendrinos 321
18. A Stochastic Theory for Residential and Labour Mobility
Including Travel Networks
GUnter Haag 340
VII
Page
19. Technological Change and Labour Migration in a
General Spatial Interaction System
Peter Nijkamp and Jacques Poot 358
20. On the Production and Diffusion of Technological Change
Jan Rouwendal 371
21. Innovation and the Urban Life-Cycle: Production,
Location and Income Distribution Aspects
Roberto P. Camagni 382
22. Industrial Applications of Information Technology:
Speed of Introduction and Labour Force Competence
BBrje Johansson and Charlie Karlsson 401
23. capital Mobility, Labour Demand and R&D Investment in
Austria in a Multiregional Context: A First Attempt at
Econometric Modelling
Ewald Brunner and Uwe Schubert 429
24. Technological Change and Regional Employment Research
Manfred M. Fischer and Peter Nijkamp 454
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 463
THE TRIANGLE OF INDUSTRIAL DYNAMICS,
LABOUR MARKETS AND SPATIAL SYSTEMS
Peter Nijkamp
1. INTRODUCTION
In the recent past much attention has been focussed on the role of
technological change in developed economies. Witness a great many pub
lications in the field of innovation, long waves and economic dynam
ics. Especially the present economic stagnation has induced many re
search efforts among economists in this area. In this context, in
creasing attention is called for labour market aspects of long term
industrial dynamics. Theoretical knowledge however, is scarce in this
respect, and empirical evidence does not show unambiguous results. It
is, for instance, still an unresolved question whether innovation
favours employment in the secondary or tertiary sector or whether it
has totally adverse impacts. Consequently, much theoretical and empir
ical research on labour saving and labour augmenting technology is
needed in order to obtain a full understanding of the complex and in
terwoven relationship between employment and industrial evolution.
Such a closer investigation into the socioeconomic mechanism of indus
trial dynamics and labour market developments requires a careful anal
ysis of labour saving versus labour augmenting technology in each sec
tor, of the impacts of industrial bottlenecks, of the potential of
fered by research and development, of the effectiveness of (direct and
indirect) labour market policies, and of spatiotemporal diffusion of
innovation. In this context, it is increasingly questioned whether
conventional macro-oriented economic approaches are still satisfactory
and whether disaggregate behavioural approaches at the firm level are
not able to provide a better analysis framework. A more thorough in
vestigation of technological, entrepreneurial and employment dynamics
is no doubt warranted.
It is interesting to observe that much of the discussion on industrial
dynamics (including technological change and innovation) is usually
related to the Schumpeterian 'long waves' framework (see also Kamien
and Schwarz 1982). This is indeed a plausible approach, although it is
2
worth observing that Schumpeter paid particular attention to the in
dustrial market structure forming the context for innovative behaviour
(for instance, his view on monopoly power and entrepreneurial size as
one of the roots of industrial innovative behaviour). It is also high
ly interesting to observe that - after a long period of taboo on 'long
waves' analyses in the Soviet economic literature - recently a book on
these issues was published by a Russian economist (see Yakovetz 1984).
Thus the existence of (long term) structural economic changes is in
creasingly regarded as a major analysis framework for industrial and
labour market dynamics.
Another issue which also deserves close attention is the regional
urban dimensions of industrial developments and related labour market
developments. The sectoral shifts in industrial growth patterns in
many countries appear to be accompanied by drastic shifts in the role
of urban agglomerations in a regional-national framework. For in
stance, one may wonder whether the breeding place nature (the 'seed
bed' function) of large agglomerations favours industrial growth and
employment (the 'incubation' hypothesis) or whether congestion in many
agglomerations has adverse impacts. In this context, much attention
has to be given to urban and industrial life cycle phenomena (espe
cially the relationship between urban development stages and quantita
tive and qualitative shifts in employment), the employment consequenc
es of spatial competition (for instance, regional and urban 'depres
sion trigger' phenomena), and the impacts of regional or urban bottle
necks and thresholds. More insight into such questions requires a
closer analysis of regional-urban dynamics and of the changing role of
cities and regions in a spatial system. It is also worth noting howev
er, that new evolving spatial configurations show much variation among
different countries, so that both theoretical and empirical research
on the conditions of urban and regional systems for industrial innova
tion and development, and for related urban and regional labour market
dynamics is needed.
In the light of the fact that various lar<:e metrolJOlises tend to increas
ingly lose their innovative potential in favour of medium sized cit
ies, it is conceivable that in several countries also an increasing
tendency can be observed to analyse more thoroughly the innovation
potential of peripheral areas. Therefore, a closer analysis of urban
and regional incubation profiles (the set of spatial pros and cons
with respect to geographically determined innovation stimuli) is a