Technical operation of buildings and constructions

63 Pages·0.784 MB·Russian

by  Semenyak, G. S. (авт.)

MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND HIGHER EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
SOUTH URAL STATE UNIVERSITY
S.N. Pogorelov, G.S. Semenyak, D.V. Ulrikh
TECHNICAL OPERATION OF BUILDINGS
AND STRUCTURES
Study Guide
Chelyabinsk
2019

Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation
South Ural State University
Institute of Architecture and Construction

S.N. Pogorelov, G.S. Semenyak, D.V. Ulrikh

TECHNICAL OPERATION OF BUILDINGS
AND STRUCTURES

Study Guide

Chelyabinsk
Publishing center SUSU
2019
Approved
by the educational and methodical Commission
of the Institute of architecture and construction

Reviewers:
PhD Gorbunov S.P., PhD Alabugin A.N.

Pogorelov, S.N.
Technical operation of buildings and constructions: Study Guide /
S.N. Pogorelov, G.S. Semenyak, D.V. Ulrikh. – Chelyabinsk: Publishing center
SUSU, 2019. – 61 p.

The Study Guide contains the basic provisions, concepts and terms studied by
students of construction specialties of universities in accordance with the state
educational standard on the subject «Technical operation of buildings and structures»
and often found in the literature on construction. Some of these narrowly professional
construction terms were borrowed from the tasks that were given to students during
the Internet testing to check residual knowledge.
The Study Guide does not pretend to replace textbooks and other teaching AIDS in
this discipline and is an addition to them. A distinctive feature of this textbook is the
presence of a dictionary of terms used in the operation of buildings and structures,
compiled in alphabetical order and the principle of «Russian-English» and «English-
Russian language». This makes it possible to significantly improve the study of the
special terminology of the subject to foreign students who speak English.
It is recommended for the training of students enrolled in educational programs of
bachelor direction 08.03.01 «Construction» and specialty 08.05.01 «Construction of
unique buildings and structures» and can be useful for employees of design and
construction organizations.

© Publishing center SUSU, 2019
CONTENTS

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1. Fundamental principles of technical operation of buildings . . . . . . . 5
1.1. Organization of Works on Technical Operation of Buildings . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. Characteristics of Technical Condition of a Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3. Service Life of Building. Operational Requirements to Buildings . . . . 10
1.4. Overhaul of Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5. System of Scheduled Preventive Repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5.1. Assessment of Technical Condition of Structural Elements of a
Building and a Building as a Whole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5.2. Routine Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.5.3. Overhaul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.5.4. Rearrangement of Old Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2. A complex 0f activities for maintenance of buildings and facilities . . 24
2.1. Methodology for Assessing Operational Characteristics of Elements
of Buildings
2.1.1. Determining Parameters of Reliability of Engineering Structures . . . 27
2.1.2. Determining Microclimate Parameters of Buildings and Facilities . . 29
2.1.3. Determining Parameters of Natural Illumination of Buildings . . . . . 30
2.1.4. Determining Parameters of the Necessary Thermal Insulation of
Enclosing Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2. Assessment of Technical Condition and Operational Characteristics of
Bases, Foundations, and Basements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3. Operation and Maintenance of Walls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4. Operation and Maintenance of Floorings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.5. Operation and Maintenance of Floors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.6. Operation and Maintenance of Partitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.7. Operation and Maintenance of Roofs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.8. Operation and Maintenance of Stairways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.9. Operation and Maintenance of Windows, Doors and Roof Lanterns. . . 47
2.10. Operation and Maintenance of a Building’s Facade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3. Protection of objects against flame impingement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

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PREFACE

The main task of the Study Guide is to give definitions of terms and concepts
often found in the technical literature on the technical operation of buildings and
structures, as well as the necessary builders in reading, drafting and competent
use of design materials and other construction documentation.
The basis of this Study Guide are the terms and concepts contained in the
curriculum of the General course «Technical operation of buildings and struc-
tures» for students enrolled in the direction 08.03.01 – Construction. The content
and direction of the manual should provide in-depth knowledge of the discipline.
Concepts and terms are arranged in alphabetical order and, as a rule, in the
singular, with the exception of some terms that are often used in the plural, such
as buildings, structures, antiseptics, binders.

INTRODUCTION

Operating infrastructure is an organizational set of buildings, territories of
households, engineering communications and utilities as well as repair and
maintenance services and facilities providing appropriate functioning of build-
ings.
The first peculiarity of operational processes consists in the fact that their in-
fluence on a building takes place during an extended period. Many factors such
as displacement conditions, an organization of operational procedures, function-
ing of many systems and elements of a building, comfortable conditions provi-
sion and so forth determine the quality of residential and public buildings.
Considering that, residential and public buildings are the places of popula-
tion long-term occupancy, the level of operational processes organization has a
great impact on people’s mood what makes up the second peculiarity of an op-
erational process.
The third peculiarity of operational processes organization consists in the ne-
cessity to know the laws of aging, wearing and decay of civil engineering con-
structions as well as the reasons, which cause them in order to determine the rea-
sonable terms and methods of work.
Erection of new sites and their implementation instead of deteriorated ones
determine the entirety of residential and public buildings annual construction.
The level of buildings technical operation directly affects buildings wearing
and consequently the annual volume of new construction. The lower the level of
technical operation is the more numerous will be the buildings, which will dete-
riorate ahead of time, so additional costs for new construction will be required
what makes up the first condition of interconnection of the building design, con-
struction and operation stages.
Quality of the construction also affects the cost of repair works and total sub-
sequent costs for the building operation. Therefore, when designing and accept-
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ing a building for operation, it is necessary to analyze the efficiency of design
decisions taking into account the unit costs related to the standard service life of
buildings what makes up the second condition of interconnection of the building
design, construction and operation stages.
The third condition of interconnection of the building design, construction
and operation stages consists in the fact that the space-planning and structural
design should be appropriate and reliable in operation.
Under the influence of technological factors and the environment, structural
elements and engineering systems of buildings generally lose their initial opera-
tional properties, that is to say, a building wears out. Such wear is called physi-
cal wear. In the course of physical wear, the material wearing of building ele-
ments occurs, which causes a loss of the initial physical characteristics that meet
operational requirements.
In the process of operating a building, repair and adjustment works take
place, which reduce the intensity of physical wear.
Standard physical wear implies a deterioration of a building with an account
of repair, adjustment, and maintenance of engineering systems and structures
and, accordingly, makes up the standard building service life.

1. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF TECHNICAL
OPERATION OF BUILDINGS

A degree of improving a building is the availability of the house utility sys-
tems and equipment used to provide the consumers with municipal services, in
particular, water supply line, wastewater disposal, gas, central or individual heat
supply and other technologies of operational processes.
There are distinguished the following degrees of improving:
I – advanced improving;
II – average improving;
III – low improving;
IV – minimum building equipping.

1.1. Organization of Works on Technical Operation of Buildings

Technical operation of buildings is a combination of measures ensuring
trouble-free operation of all elements and systems of a building during the
standard service life, functioning of a building for its intended purpose.
Functioning of a building is the direct performance of its specified functions.
The use of a building not for its intended purpose or partial adjustment for
the other purposes decrease building functioning effectiveness. The functioning
of a building includes the period from the end of construction to the start of op-
eration, including the period of repair of the building. Functioning of a building
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includes the period from the end of construction to the start of operation, includ-
ing the period of repair of a building.
A set of measures for the maintenance of buildings comprises two independ-
ent groups: technical operation of a building, including maintenance of its ele-
ments and public services.
Technical operation of buildings consists of the maintenance system, repair
works system, and sanitary maintenance.
– a system of maintenance is ensuring of the standard modes and parameters,
adjustment of engineering equipment, technical inspections of buildings and
structures. Maintenance of building elements are works on the control and ac-
counting of the technical condition of structures, engineering systems, and
equipment of buildings, the creation of normal conditions for their functioning;
– repair works system consists of routine maintenance (scheduled and off-
schedule) and overhaul (scheduled and selected);
– sanitary maintenance is cleaning of public spaces, adjacent territory, and
garbage collection.
The aim of technical operation measures consists in ensuring appropriate
functioning of building elements.
Public service is fulfilling the conditions of employment, and doing commu-
nity public work.
Tasks of buildings operation:
– ensuring trouble-free operation of building structures;
– compliance with proper sanitary and hygienic conditions and proper use of
engineering equipment;
– maintenance of temperature and humidity conditions;
– timely repair works;
– increasing a degree of building improvements.
The duration of trouble-free operation of building structures and its systems
varies. While determining the standard building service life, trouble-free service
life of the main bearing elements, foundations, and walls is taken into considera-
tion. The service life of individual elements of a building can be twice or a third
as less than the standard service life of a building.
During the entire service life, elements and engineering systems require re-
peated works on the adjustment, prevention, and restoration of worn-out ele-
ments. Parts of a building cannot be used until the full wear. During this period,
the works compensating standard wear take place. Failure to perform insignifi-
cant scheduled works can lead to premature failure of a structure.
During operation, a building should pass constant maintenance and repair
works. Dates for the repair of buildings are determined on the basis of an as-
sessment of their technical condition.
Maintenance of buildings includes works on monitoring the technical condi-
tion, maintaining good condition, setting up engineering equipment, total prepa-
ration for seasonal operation of a building, as well as its elements and systems.
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Control of technical condition of a building takes place by means conducting
systematic scheduled and off-schedule inspections using modern diagnostic
tools.
Other measures for the organization of technical operation include dispatcher
service, active maintenance, and maintenance, as well as operational documenta-
tion management.
Dispatcher service is around-the-clock work of a dispatcher at a building's
control board, controlling the functioning of the engineering infrastructure,
maintaining the set parameters of microclimate in the building rooms, switching
the equipment into the required operation mode, etc.
Active maintenance is control over the technical condition of engineering
equipment of a building, implementation of measures for the operational man-
agement and repair of engineering equipment performed by the on-duty (opera-
tional) personnel.
Maintenance is a combination of preventive works on cleaning, setting up,
adjusting or replacing the worn-out elements, aimed at maintaining the efficien-
cy of systems and equipment during their operation.
Operational documentation management (blank forms, certificate forms) and
documentation stipulated by the requirements of regulatory documents on the
operation of a building and its engineering systems.

1.2. Characteristics of Technical Condition of a Building

Total technical condition of a building is the performance of certain structur-
al elements and the connections between them. Factors causing changes of
building performance as a whole and of its separate elements are internal and
external.
Internal factors include physical and chemical processes occurring in the ma-
terials of structures; loads and processes arising during operation; constructive
factors; process quality.
External factors include climatic (temperature, humidity, solar radiation); na-
ture of the environment (wind, dust, biological factors); quality of operation.
During the operation of buildings, their technical condition changes. It re-
veals in the deterioration of the quantitative characteristics of performance, in
particular, reliability. The deterioration of the technical condition of buildings
occurs because of changes in the physical properties of the materials, the nature
of the interferences between them, as well as sizes and shapes. Destruction and
other types of structural materials performance losses also cause changes in the
technical condition of buildings.
The total operating time of a building divides into three periods: running-in,
normal operation, intensive deterioration.
During the initial period of building operation, the elements run-in. A de-
crease in mechanical and strength characteristics, as well as the deterioration of
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the performance characteristics of building structures, takes place. All these
changes can be general and local, they occur both discretely and collectively.
The largest number of defects, failures, and accidents occur during the construc-
tion process and in the first period of operation of buildings and structures. The
main reasons are the insufficient quality of products, installation, foundation
subsidence, temperature and humidity changes and so on.
At the end of the running-in of structures, building elements and facilities
during the period of normal operation, the number of failures decreases and sta-
bilizes. Unexpected deformations associated with the conditions of work and
operation of elements prevail in this period. Unexpected deformations can ap-
pear as a result of the unexpected concentration of loads, materials creep, unsat-
isfactory operation, temperature and humidity effects, and improper repair work.
The third period is a period of intensive deterioration, which is associated
with the aging of the structure's material and decrease of its elastic properties.
Even under normal conditions of operation, structures and equipment have
different service lives and worn out unevenly. The length of service of some
structures depends on the materials and operating conditions. Constructive solu-
tion and the sustainability of a building as a whole influence the durability of the
structural elements. In buildings made of durable materials and reliable struc-
tures, any element serves longer than in buildings of non-durable materials.
During the operation, structural elements and engineering equipment of
buildings gradually lose their performance under the influence of natural condi-
tions and human activity. Over time, a decrease in strength and stability, deterio-
ration of heat and sound insulation, water and airtight properties take place.
This phenomenon is called physical (material, technical) wear and is defined
in relative terms and in monetary terms.
Physical wear characterizes the degree of deterioration in engineering and
other associated operational parameters of a building in a certain moment of
time, what results in the decrease of the building’s structure value.
A building loses its bearing capacity, heat and sound insulation properties,
water and air tightness. The main causes of physical wear are the effects of natu-
ral factors and technological processes associated with the operation of a build-
ing.
Physical wear is proved true:
– on the basis of a visual inspection of structural elements and determination
of the percentage of loss or performance properties due to physical wear using
tables;
– by experts with an assessment of remaining service life;
– by calculation;
– by means of engineering survey of buildings with the determination of the
cost of work necessary to restore its operational properties.
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