TECHNICAL EIA GUIDANCE MANUAL - Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide

231 Pages·2009·5.69 MB·English

Final Draft
TECHNICAL EIA GUIDANCE MANUAL
FOR
OFFSHORE AND ONSHORE
OIL & GAS EXPLORATION
,
DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION
Prepared for
Ministry of Environment and Forests
Government of India
by
IL&FS Ecosmart Limited
Hyderabad
September 2009
PROJECT TEAM
Project Coordination Dr. (Mrs.) Nalini Bhat
Ministry of Environment & Forests Advisor, Ministry of Environment and Forests
Dr. (Mrs.) T. Chandni
Director, Ministry of Environment and Forests

Core Project Coordination Team Mr. Mahesh Babu
IL&FS Environment CEO
Mr. N. Sateesh Babu
Vice President & Project Director
Mr. B.S.V. Pavan Gopal
Manager –Technical
Mr. Padmanabhachar. K
Environmental Engineer
Ms. Chaitanya Vangeti
GIS Engineer
Ms. Suman Benedicta Thomas
Technical Writer

Resource Person Dr. Y. R. Mehta
Former Director, Gas Authority of India Limited
Expert Core & Peer Committee
Chairman Dr. V. Rajagopalan, IAS
Principal Secretary
Government of Uttar Pradesh
Core Members Dr. R. K. Garg
Former Chairman, EIA Committee
Ministry of Environment and Forests
Mr. Paritosh C. Tyagi
Former Chairman, Central Pollution Control Board
Prof. S.P. Gautam
Chairman, Central Pollution Control Board
Dr. Tapan Chakraborti
Director, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
Mr. K. P. Nyati
Former Head, Environmental Policy, Confederation of Indian Industry
Dr. G.K. Pandey
Advisor, Ministry of Environment and Forests
Dr. (Mrs.) Nalini Bhat
Advisor, Ministry of Environment and Forests
Dr. G.V. Subramaniam
Advisor, Ministry of Environment and Forests
Dr. B. Sengupta
Former Member Secretary, Central Pollution Control Board
Dr. R. C. Trivedi
Former Scientist, Central Pollution Control Board
Peer Members Dr. Hosabettu
Former Director, Ministry of Environment and Forests
Dr. B. D. Ghosh
Director, Centre For High Technology
Member Convener Mr. N. Sateesh Babu
Project Director
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE TECHNICAL EIA GUIDANCE MANUALS PROJECT 1-1
1.1 Purpose 1-2
1.2 Project Implementation 1-3
1.3 Additional Information 1-3
2. CONCEPTUAL FACETS OF EIA 2-1
2.1 Environment in EIA Context 2-1
2.2 Pollution Control Strategy 2-1
2.3 Tools for Preventive Environmental Management 2-2
2.3.1 Tools for assessment and analysis 2-2
2.3.2 Tools for Action 2-5
2.3.3 Tools for Communication 2-9
2.4 Objectives of EIA 2-10
2.5 Types of EIA 2-10
2.6 Basic EIA Principles 2-11
2.7 Project Cycle 2-13
2.8 Environmental Impacts 2-13
2.8.1 Direct impacts 2-14
2.8.2 Indirect impacts 2-14
2.8.3 Cumulative impacts 2-15
2.8.4 Induced Impact 2-15
2.9 Significance of Impacts 2-15
2.9.1 Criteria/Methodology to Determine the Significance of the Identified Impacts 2-16
3. ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE OIL & GAS EXPLORATION DEVELOPMENT &
PRODUCTION 3-1
3.1 Introduction 3-1
3.1.1 New significant discoveries 3-5
3.1.2 Exploration & production (E&P) data statistics 3-6
3.2 Scientific Aspects 3-14
3.2.1 Industrial process 3-14
3.2.2 Raw material inputs and pollution outputs 3-25
3.3 Risk Potential in Bulk Storage and Handling of Hazardous Chemicals for Oil/Gas Drilling
3-51
3.3.1 Hazard identification 3-51
3.3.2 Hazard assessment and evaluation 3-54
3.3.3 Failure mode analysis 3-54
3.3.4 Preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) 3-55
3.3.5 Safety measures 3-58
3.3.6 Damage criteria 3-58
3.3.7 Consequence analysis 3-62
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3.4 Summary of Applicable National Regulations 3-63
3.4.1 General description of major statutes 3-63
3.4.2 Industry specific requirements 3-63
4. OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF EIA 4-1
4.1 Coverage of Offshore and Onshore Oil and Gas Exploration, Development & Production
Industry under the Purview of Notification 4-1
4.1.1 Application for Prior Screening for Environmental Clearance 4-2
4.1.2 Siting Guidelines 4-3
4.2 Scoping for EIA studies 4-4
4.2.1 Pre-feasibility Report 4-5
4.2.2 Guidance for filling information in Form 1 4-6
4.2.3 Identification of Appropriate Valued Environmental Components 4-7
4.2.4 Methods for Identification of Impacts 4-7
4.2.5 Testing the significance of impacts 4-14
4.2.6 Terms of reference for EIA studies 4-15
4.3 Environmental Impact Assessment 4-27
4.3.1 EIA Team 4-27
4.3.2 Baseline Quality of the Environment 4-28
4.3.3 Significance of Impacts 4-31
4.4 Social Impact Assessment 4-32
4.5 Risk Assessment 4-34
4.6 Mitigation Measures 4-38
4.6.1 Important Considerations for Mitigation Methods 4-38
4.6.2 Hierarchy of Elements of Mitigation Plan 4-39
4.6.3 Typical Mitigation Measures 4-40
4.6.4 Mitigation Measures on Special Environmental Issues 4-41
4.7 Environmental Management Plan 4-54
4.8 Reporting 4-55
4.9 Public Consultation 4-56
4.10 Appraisal 4-59
4.11 Decision-making 4-61
4.12 Post Clearance Monitoring Protocol 4-62
5. STAKEHOLDERS’ ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 5-1
5.1 EAC 5-3

Technical EIA Guidance Manual for Oil and Gas Exploration Industry ii September 2009
Table of Contents
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3-1: Summary of the Exploration and Production Process......................................................3-24
Table 3-2: List of Pollutants Generated.............................................................................................3-25
Table 3-3: Potential Material Outputs from Selected Oil and Gas Extraction Processes.................3-49
Table 3-4: Applicability of GOI Rules To Fuel/Chemical Storage...................................................3-52
Table 3-5: Properties of Fuels/Chemicals Used In Drilling...............................................................3-52
Table 3-6: F&EI and TI Categories...................................................................................................3-53
Table 3-7: Failure Mode Analysis.....................................................................................................3-54
Table 3-8: Preliminary Hazard Analysis for Process/Storage Areas.................................................3-56
Table 3-9: Preliminary Hazard Analysis for the Installation in General............................................3-57
Table 3-10: Damage Due to Incident Radiation Intensities...............................................................3-59
Table 3-11: Radiation Exposure and Lethality..................................................................................3-59
Table 3-12: Damage Due to Peak over Pressure................................................................................3-60
Table 3-13: Critical Concentrations for Chlorine..............................................................................3-61
Table 3-14: Scenarios Considered For MCA Analysis......................................................................3-61
Table 3-15: Standards for Marine Disposal.......................................................................................3-63
Table 3-16: Toxicity Limits...............................................................................................................3-63
Table 3-17: Onshore Discharge Standards.........................................................................................3-64
Table 4-1: Advantages and Disadvantages of Impact Identification Methods....................................4-7
Table 4-2: Matrix of Impacts.............................................................................................................4-10
Table 4-3: List of Important Physical Environment Components and Indicators of EBM...............4-29

Technical EIA Guidance Manual for Oil and Gas Exploration Industry iii September 2009
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Table 4-4: Guidance for Accidental Risk Assessment.......................................................................4-36
Table 4-5: Mitigation Measures for Construction Phase...................................................................4-40
Table 4-6: Mitigation Measures for Operation Phase........................................................................4-40
Table 4-7: Onshore Activities - Environmental Protection Measures...............................................4-44
Table 4-8: Offshore – Environmental Protection Measures..............................................................4-50
Table 4-9: Structure of EIA Report....................................................................................................4-55
Table 5-1: Roles and Responsibilities of Stakeholders Involved in Prior Environmental Clearance..5-1
Table 5-2: Organization-specific Functions.........................................................................................5-2
Table 5-3: EAC: Eligibility Criteria for Chairperson/ Members / Secretary.......................................5-5

Technical EIA Guidance Manual for Oil and Gas Exploration Industry iv September 2009
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1: Inclusive Components of Sustainable Development.........................................................2-1
Figure 2-2: Types of Impacts.............................................................................................................2-14
Figure 2-3: Cumulative Impact..........................................................................................................2-15
Figure 3-1: Sedimentary Basins of India.............................................................................................3-2
Figure 3-2: Categorization of Sedimentary Basins..............................................................................3-3
Figure 3-3: Sedimentary Basinal Areas...............................................................................................3-4
Figure 3-4: Total Hydrocarbon Resources (as on 01-04-2006)...........................................................3-7
Figure 3-5: Reserves and Accretion of Hydrocarbons.........................................................................3-8
Figure 3-6: Seismic Data.....................................................................................................................3-9
Figure 3-7: Exploratory and Development Wells Drilled (2005-06).................................................3-10
Figure 3-8: Exploratory and Development Meterage Drilled (2005-06)...........................................3-11
Figure 3-9: Seismic Parties/ Vessels Deployed (2005-2006)............................................................3-12
Figure 3-10: Oil and Gas Production (2005-06)................................................................................3-13
Figure 3-11: Seismic Surveys............................................................................................................3-15
Figure 3-12: Drilling..........................................................................................................................3-16
Figure 3-13: Cross-section of a Cased Well......................................................................................3-19
Figure 3-14: Typical Crude Oil/Gas Processing................................................................................3-21
Figure 3-15: Concrete Gravity Platform............................................................................................3-22
Figure 3-16: Directional Drilling.......................................................................................................3-23
Figure 4-1: Prior Environmental Clearance Process for Activities Falling Under Category A..........4-2

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Figure 4-2: Approach for EIA Study.................................................................................................4-27
Figure 4-3: Risk Assessment – Conceptual Framework....................................................................4-36
Figure 4-4: Comprehensive Risk Assessment - At a Glance.............................................................4-37
Figure 4-5: Elements of Mitigation....................................................................................................4-39

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ACRONYMS
AAQ Ambient Air Quality
ADB Asian Development Bank
APHA American Public Health Association
B/C Benefits Cost Ratio
BCM Billion Cubic Metre
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
BOD Biological oxygen demand
BOQ Bill of Quantities
BOT Built-Operate-Transfer
BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Cloud) or Vapour Cloud Explosion
BPX By Product Exchange
BTEX Benzene, Ethyl benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes
CBM Coal Bed Methane
CCA Conventional Cost Accounting
CEA Central Electricity Authority
CEAA Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency
CER Corporate environmental reports
CFE Consent for Establishment
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CP Cleaner Production
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
CRZ Coastal Regulatory Zone
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
CST Central Sales Tax
DA Development Authorities
DC Drill cuttings
DfE Design for Environment
DGH Directorate General of Hydrocarbons
DO Dissolved Oxygen
EAC Expert Appraisal Committee
EBM Environmental Baseline Monitoring
EcE Economic-cum-Environmental
ECI Environmental Condition Indicators
EHS Environment Health and Safety
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIS Environmental Information system

Technical EIA Guidance Manual for Oil and Gas Exploration Industry vii September 2009
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E&P Exploration and Production
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPI Environmental performance indicators
EPR Extended Producers Responsibilities
EMA Environmental Management Accounting
EMS Environmental Management System
EMP Environmental Management Plan
ERPC Environment Research and Protection Centre
ETP Effluent Treatment Plant
FBP Final Boiling Point
FCA Full Cost Assessment
FE&TI Fire-Explosion and Toxicity Index
FP Flash Point
GEMS Global Environmental Monitoring System
GGFR Global Gas Flaring Reduction
GHF General Hazard Factors
GHG Green House Gas
GLC Ground-level Concentration
GPH General Process Hazards
GSPCL Gujarat State Petrochemicals Ltd
H S Hydrogen sulfide
2
HPI Hydrocarbon Processing Industry
HTL High Tide Line
IL&FS Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services
ILO International Labour Organization
IMD India Meteorological Department
INFOTERRA Global Environmental Information Exchange Network of UNEP
IVI Importance Value Index
ISO International Standard Organization
JV Joint Venture
LANDSAT Land Remote Sensing Satellite / Land use Satellite
LDAR Leak Detection and Repair
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
LEL Lower Explosive Limit
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
LTL Low Tide Level
MCA Maximum Credible Accident
MF Material Factor
MFA Material Flow Accounting

Technical EIA Guidance Manual for Oil and Gas Exploration Industry viii September 2009