Table Of Content

® Teach # Latin alphabet and pronunciation (page 4) Verbs: the essential terminology (page 7) Using the future tense (page Using adjectives (page 93) Latin prepositior (page 107) Latin numerals (page 110) Pron^ 119) Passive and active (page 141) Us^ (page 152) Participles (page 164) (page 178) Expressions of time (page1 range and learn more online (www.teaf FROM BEGINNER TO INTERMEDIATE ® Teach Yourself v J Essential Latin Grammar Gregory Klyve For UK order enquiries: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: +44 (o) 12.35 82772.0. Fax: +44 (o) 1235 400454. Lines are open 09.00-17.00, Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. Details about our titles and how to order are available at www.teachyourse For USA order enquiries: please contact McGraw-Hill Customer Services, PO Box 545, Blacklick, OH 43004-0545, USA. Telephone: 1-800-722-4726. Fax: 1-614-755-5645. 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Contents 4 Meet the author v Only got a minute? vi Only got ten minutes? viii Introduction 1 1 Alphabet, pronunciation and terminology 4 2 Tenses (indicative active) 17 3 Nouns 41 4 Cases 68 5 Adjectives and adverbs 93 6 Prepositions, conjunctions and numerals 107 7 Pronouns and questions 119 8 Passive and deponent verbs 141 9 Subjunctive verbs 152 10 Verbal nouns and adjectives (participles, gerunds, supines and gerundives) 164 11 Infinitives and imperatives 175 12 Impersonal, defective and irregular verbs 186 13 Relative and temporal clauses, ablative absolute 206 14 Final, consecutive and conditional clauses 218 15 Indirect speech 233 16 Other subordinate clauses (clauses of concession, cause, proviso, comparison, fear, doubt and prevention, and the use of quin) 247 17 Miscellaneous (dates, money and measures, names, places, inscriptions, timeline, Latin today) 260 Key to the exercises 279 Contents III Credits Front cover: © Oxford Illustrators Ltd Back cover: © Jakub Semeniuk/iStockphoto.com, © Royalty- Free/Corbis, © agencyby/iStockphoto.com, © Andy Cook/ iStockphoto.com, © Christopher Ewing/iStockphoto.com, © zebicho - Fotolia.com, © Geoffrey Holman/iStockphoto.com, © Photodisc/Getty Images, © James C. Pruitt/iStockphoto.com, © Mohamed Saber - Fotolia.com IV Meet the author 4 I have been an enthusiast of the classical world since my early teenage school years in Wales when I first encountered the Romans and their language. I survived the kinaesthetic methods of my teacher who used to hurl books and wooden board rubbers at her pupils’ heads, and was hooked on Latin for life. My family moved to Blackpool in 1975 where I attended Blackpool Collegiate Grammar School. After doing O-levels in 1978 I concentrated on Latin, Greek and Ancient History for A-level and, following in the footsteps of my inspiring teacher, went to Exeter College, Oxford where I obtained a BA in Literae Humaniores (Classics) in 1984 and, after a break in teaching, a doctorate in Greek Tragedy in 1995. # I have taught classical subjects at various schools and tutorial colleges since 1984 and have been Head of Classics at Sevenoaks School in Kent and The Leys School in Cambridge. I have been teaching part-time at St Mary’s School in Cambridge since 2008. In addition to teaching, I write scripts for sketches, plays and short films and I am the co-author, with C.G. Oakley, of a comic novel The Legend of Perseus (Byronic Books 1989). Meet the author V &nly got a minute? Latin is the language used by the ancient Romans whose city, traditionally founded in 753 bce, grew to dominate the Mediterranean and, at its height, most of Europe, including Britain, until the fifth century ce. As a result of this political domination Latin became a common European tongue and was still used as the formal language of administration, scholarship, the law, the church, medicine and science for centuries after the Roman empire declined. Indeed, Latin is alive today, from mottoes to gardening and from joke books to the news on the internet. Latin’s continued usefulness lies not only in its logical structure and conciseness of expressior, but also in the fact that its paneuropean history has made it the basis of the Romance languages: Italian, French, Provencal (Occitan), Spanish, Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, Romansch and Romanian. Of equal value to historians and linguists, a knowledge of Latin will also be of great use to students 4 of literature, as the cultural impact of Roman writers can be traced through the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment and the Romantic Movement. Learning Latin is fun. As languages go it has only a small number of irregular forms and many of the words are recognizable as there is usually at least one English word derived from every Latin word. The main difference between English and Latin is that Latin is an inflected language (like German and Russian) which means that the meaning or use of a word can be altered by changing its ending. One result of this is that Latin word order is not the same as English word order, but more like Yoda’s from Star Wars: multum hilaritatis erit = much of fun it will be (i.e. it will be a lot of fun). •m m 10 Only got ten minutes? The Latin language developed in and around the city of Rome in the area of Italy called Latium (modern Lazio). The city’s tradition is that it was founded by king Romulus in 753 bce and proved a successful place of refuge which attracted exiles, refugees and political dissidents from the surrounding regions. In 510 bce (traditional date), the Romans expelled their kings and established a republic ruled by two consuls, elected annually. Under this invigorated republic the Romans eventually came to dominate not only their neighbours but the entire Italian peninsula, challenging other powers in the Mediterranean, notably Carthage (in modern Tunisia) in the West and the Greek states in the East. By 146 bce, with destruction of Carthage and Corinth, the Romans had become masters of the Mediterranean. With no other enemies in sight, the Romans turned on each other and the republic destroyed itself in a series of brutal civil wars until Augustus became master of the Roman world after his defeat of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 bce. Thereafter the Roman world was ruled by emperors, a regime known as the Principate. The empire reached its height in the first decade of the second century ce under the emperor Trajan. Facing sociopolitical pressures from within and geopolitical pressures from without, in 285 bce the Roman world was divided under Diocletian into the Western and Eastern empires, centred on Rome and Byzantium (later Constantinople, now Istanbul) respectively. Christianity was legalized by Constantine in 313 ce and soon became the official state religion. The Western empire finally collapsed in 476 and the last significant Roman from the East, the jurist and emperor Justinian, died in 565. The Romans left behind not only the infrastructure of empire, notably roads and civic settlements and institutions, but also an immense cultural legacy whose influence is still felt strongly today. Their language endured and continued, with variations, to be used