Teach Yourself ANSI C++ in 21 Days

875 Pages·1996·5.76 MB·English

by  Jesse Liberty

Contents i
What’s New with This Edition
Teach Yourself ANSI C++ in 21 Days, Premier Edition, is a new edition of the
international bestseller, Teach Yourself C++ in 21 Days. This Premier Edition offers
more than just 21 days of learning ANSI/ISO C++.
Major changes throughout this edition have been made to reflect the latest ANSI/
ISO C++ draft standard. In addition, seven new lessons, referred to as “Bonus Days,”
have been added to provide you with additional information for creating more
sophisticated programs. The Bonus Day lessons are not required reading in order
for you to learn to program in C++. As a matter of fact, on the very first day you will
write a simple C++ program.
On Bonus Day 22, “Advanced C++ Features,” you learn to use a collection of
specialized ANSI C++ tools that many programmers don’t even realize exist. These
tools are not essential for every C++ programmer to know but are indispensable in
many circumstances.
Bonus Day 23, “More About Streams,” covers some of the more advanced streams
programming techniques. After completing this lesson, you will have all you need
to create new manipulators for the stream classes you learn to create on Day 16. You
will also learn a great deal about other streams programming techniques that space
would not allow us to cover on Day 16.
On Bonus Day 24, “Object-Oriented Design,” you learn more about this important
subject. Without object-oriented design techniques, C++ is “just another C” with
few advantages over its predecessor. This lesson helps you think in a way that builds
on the object-oriented design paradigm.
Bonus Days 25 and 26, “Data Structures” and “Simple Sorting and Searching
Algorithms,” respectively, introduce you to the inner sanctum of computer science.
On these two days you learn how to solve several common categories of problems.
“Common Mistakes and Basic Debugging,” on Bonus Day 27, is designed to help
you avoid some of the common mistakes that many beginning programmers make.
Not all errors can be avoided, but with this lesson you should more quickly recognize
many errors by their categories and more quickly find their solutions.
The final day of the bonus week, “What’s Next?,” gives you some insight on where
to turn when you run into a question that this book doesn’t seem to answer. It also
provides the resources you need to further improve your C++ programming skills.
P2/V3/sqc5 TY ANSI C++ in 21 30887-6 Casey 2.23.96 FM LP#3
ii Teach Yourself ANSI C++ in 21 Days
P2/V3/sqc5 TY ANSI C++ in 21 30887-6 Casey 2.23.96 FM LP#3
Contents iii
teach
yourself
ANSI C++
in 21 days,
Premier Edition
http://avaxhome.ws/blogs/ChrisRedfield
P2/V3/sqc5 TY ANSI C++ in 21 30887-6 Casey 2.23.96 FM LP#3
iv Teach Yourself ANSI C++ in 21 Days
P2/V3/sqc5 TY ANSI C++ in 21 30887-6 Casey 2.23.96 FM LP#3
Contents v
teach yourself
ANSI C++
in 21 days, Premier Edition
Jesse Liberty
J. Mark Hord
S MS
PUBLISHING
201 West 103rd Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46290
P2/V3/sqc5 TY ANSI C++ in 21 30887-6 Casey 2.23.96 FM LP#3
vi Teach Yourself ANSI C++ in 21 Days
Copyright (cid:211) 1996 by Sams Publishing Acquisitions Editor
Bradley L. Jones
PREMIER EDITION
Development Editor
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a
Anthony Amico
retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Production Editor
publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the Ryan Rader
information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in
Copy Editors
the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsi-
Howard Jones
bility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages
Marla Reece
resulting from the use of the information contained herein. For informa-
tion, address Sams Publishing, 201 W. 103rd St., Indianapolis, IN 46290. Technical Reviewer
Justin Bell
International Standard Book Number: 0-672-30887-6
John W. Charlesworth
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 95-72920
Editorial Coordinator
99 98 97 96 4 3 2 1 Bill Whitmer
Interpretation of the printing code: the rightmost double-digit number is Technical Edit Coordinator
the year of the book’s printing; the rightmost single-digit, the number of the Lynette Quinn
book’s printing. For example, a printing code of 96-1 shows that the first
Formatter
printing of the book occurred in 1996.
Frank Sinclair
Composed in Agaramond and MCPdigital by Macmillan Computer Publishing Editorial Assistants
Printed in the United States of America Sharon Cox
Andi Richter
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service Rhonda Tinch-Mize
marks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams Publishing cannot attest to
Cover Designer
the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be
regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Tim Amrhein
Book Designer
Gary Adair
Copy Writer
Peter Fuller
Production Team Supervisor
Brad Chinn
Production
Mary Ann Abramson,
Mona Brown, Georgiana Briggs,
Michael Brummitt, Jeanne Clark,
Terri Edwards, George Hamlin,
Sonya Hart, Mike Henry,
Publisher and President Richard K. Swadley Ayanna Lacey, Kevin Laseau,
Acquisitions Manager Greg Wiegand Paula Lowell, Donna Martin,
Casey Price, Nancy Price,
Development Manager Dean Miller
Brian-Kent Proffitt, Beth Rago,
Managing Editor Cindy Morrow SA Springer, Tim Taylor,
Marketing Manager Gregg Bushyeager Andrew Stone, Mark Walchle
Todd Wente, Colleen Williams
P2/V3/sqc5 TY ANSI C++ in 21 30887-6 Casey 2.23.96 FM LP#3
Contents vii
Overview
Week 1 At A Glance 1
1 Getting Started 3
2 The Parts of a Program 19
3 Variables and Constants 31
4 Expressions and Statements 55
5 Functions 87
6 Basic Classes 123
7 More Program Flow 155
Week 1 In Review 187
Week 2 At A Glance 193
8 Pointers 195
9 References 223
10 Advanced Functions 257
11 Arrays 293
12 Inheritance 329
13 Multiple Inheritance 361
14 Special Classes and Functions 395
Week 2 In Review 421
Week 3 At A Glance 431
15 Advanced Inheritance 433
16 Streams 469
17 The Preprocessor 509
18 Creating Reusable Code 537
19 Templates 551
20 Exceptions and Error Handling 581
21 Working with Multiple Files for Large Programs 609
Week 3 In Review 625
P2/V3/sqc5 TY ANSI C++ in 21 30887-6 Casey 2.23.96 FM LP#3
viii Teach Yourself ANSI C++ in 21 Days
Bonus Days At A Glance 635
22 Coding Styles and Idioms 637
23 More About Streams 659
24 Object-Oriented Design 673
25 Data Structures 683
26 Simple Sorting and Searching Algorithms 701
27 Common Mistakes and Basic Debugging 721
28 What’s Next? 733
Appendixes
A Operator Precedence 741
B C++ Keywords 745
C Binary and Hexadecimal 747
D Answers 757
Index 831
P2/V3/sqc5 TY ANSI C++ in 21 30887-6 Casey 2.23.96 FM LP#3
Contents ix
Contents
Week 1 At A Glance 1
A Note to C Programmers..........................................................................2
Where You Are Going................................................................................2
Day 1 Getting Started 3
A Brief History of C++...............................................................................3
ANSI/ISO C++ ..........................................................................................5
What Is a Program?....................................................................................5
Sophisticated Tools for Sophisticated Programming...................................6
Procedural, Structured, and Object-Oriented Programming..................6
C++ and Object-Oriented Programming...............................................8
How C++ Evolved.................................................................................9
Should I Learn C First?........................................................................10
Preparing to Program ...............................................................................10
Your Development Environment..............................................................11
Compiling the Source Code .....................................................................12
Creating an Executable File with the Linker.............................................12
The Development Cycle...........................................................................13
HELLO.CPP: Your First C++ Program....................................................14
Compile Errors.........................................................................................15
Summary..................................................................................................16
Q&A........................................................................................................16
Quiz.........................................................................................................17
Exercises...................................................................................................17
2 The Parts of a C++ Program 19
The Parts of a Simple Program.................................................................19
A Brief Look at cout.................................................................................21
Comments................................................................................................22
Types of Comments ............................................................................23
Using Comments.................................................................................23
Comments at the Top of Each File......................................................24
A Final Word of Caution About Comments........................................25
Functions .................................................................................................26
Using Functions ..................................................................................27
Summary..................................................................................................29
Q&A........................................................................................................29
Quiz.........................................................................................................29
Exercises...................................................................................................30
P2/V3/sqc5 TY ANSI C++ in 21 30887-6 Casey 2.23.96 FM LP#3
x Teach Yourself ANSI C++ in 21 Days
3 Variables and Constants 31
What Is a Variable?...................................................................................31
Setting Aside Memory .........................................................................32
Size of Integers.....................................................................................33
Signed and Unsigned...........................................................................34
Fundamental Variable Types ...............................................................35
Defining a Variable...................................................................................36
Case Sensitivity....................................................................................37
Keywords.............................................................................................38
Creating More Than One Variable
at a Time................................................................................................39
Assigning Values to Your Variables...........................................................39
typedef....................................................................................................40
Choosing Between short and long...........................................................41
Wrapping Around in Unsigned Integers..............................................42
Wrapping Around a Signed Integer .....................................................43
Characters ................................................................................................43
chars and Numbers.............................................................................44
Special Printing Characters..................................................................44
Constants .................................................................................................46
Literal Constants..................................................................................46
Symbolic Constants.............................................................................46
Enumerated Constants.............................................................................49
Summary..................................................................................................50
Q&A........................................................................................................51
Quiz.........................................................................................................52
Exercises...................................................................................................53
4 Expressions and Statements 55
Statements................................................................................................56
Whitespace..........................................................................................56
Blocks and Compound Statements......................................................57
Expressions...............................................................................................57
Operators .................................................................................................59
Assignment Operator...........................................................................59
Mathematical Operators......................................................................60
Integer Division and Modulus.............................................................60
Combining the Assignment and Mathematical Operators ........................61
Increment and Decrement........................................................................62
Prefix and Postfix.................................................................................62
Precedence................................................................................................64
Nesting Parentheses..................................................................................64
The Bitwise Operators..............................................................................65
Operator AND....................................................................................66
Operator OR.......................................................................................67
Operator Exclusive OR........................................................................67
P2/V3/sqc5 TY ANSI C++ in 21 30887-6 Casey 2.23.96 FM LP#3