TCP/IP foundations

294 Pages·2004·5.798 MB·English

by  Andrew G Blank

4370.book Page iii Friday, July 23, 2004 1:02 PM
TCP/IP
Foundations
Andrew G. Blank
San Francisco ◆ London
4370.book Page iv Friday, July 23, 2004 1:02 PM
Associate Publisher: Neil Edde
Acquisitions Editor: Heather O’Connor
Developmental Editor: Heather O’Connor
Production Editor: Rachel Gunn
Copyeditor: Anamary Ehlen
Compositor: Craig Woods, Happenstance Type-O-Rama
Graphic Illustrator: Tony Jonick, Rappid Rabbit
Proofreaders: Laurie O'Connell, Nancy Riddiough
Indexer: Lynnzee Elze
Book Designer: Judy Fung
Cover Design: Ingalls + Associates
Cover Photo: Jerry Driendl, Taxi
Copyright © 2004 SYBEX Inc., 1151 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda, CA 94501. World rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or reproduced in any way, including but not limited to photo-
copy, photograph, magnetic, or other record, without the prior agreement and written permission of the publisher.
An earlier version of this book was published under the title TCP/IP JumpStart © 2002 SYBEX Inc.
Library of Congress Card Number: 2004109311
ISBN: 0-7821-4370-9
SYBEX and the SYBEX logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of SYBEX Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
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reserved. FullShot is a trademark of Inbit Incorporated. Collage Complete is a trademark of Inner Media Inc.
TRADEMARKS: SYBEX has attempted throughout this book to distinguish proprietary trademarks from descriptive terms by fol-
lowing the capitalization style used by the manufacturer.
The author and publisher have made their best efforts to prepare this book, and the content is based upon final release software
whenever possible. Portions of the manuscript may be based upon pre-release versions supplied by software manufacturer(s). The
author and the publisher make no representation or warranties of any kind with regard to the completeness or accuracy of the con-
tents herein and accept no liability of any kind including but not limited to performance, merchantability, fitness for any particular
purpose, or any losses or damages of any kind caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly from this book.
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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To my inspiration, my encourager, my perfect match, my best friend, and the love of my life, my
wife, Suzie, you have had a profound and awesome impact on my life. I love you very much.
To my son, A.J. and my daughter, Amber, I treasure your love and have tremendous pride
in both of you; Daddy loves you so much.
4370.book Page vi Friday, July 23, 2004 1:02 PM
Acknowledgments
Several people have assisted me in many ways while writing this book. I’d like to acknowledge their contribu-
tions and offer my sincere appreciation.
I appreciate several devoted people at Sybex. I have had the privilege of working closely with some very talented
people, especially Rachel Gunn and Heather O’Connor. Anamary Ehlen did an exceptional job of editing my
garbled-up thoughts into complete sentences. Many thanks to Sybex production department, including proof-
readers Laurie O'Connell and Nancy Riddiough, indexer Lynnzee Elze, and compositor Craig Woods at Hap-
penstance Type-O-Rama, who diligently turned text into print. I applaud the imagination and creativity of Tony
Jonick in turning my sketches into illustrations. What an awesome honor to work with all of you!
I’d like to acknowledge the encouragement and prayers of my family and friends. All things are possible!
4370.book Page vii Friday, July 23, 2004 1:02 PM
Contents
Introduction xiii
Chapter 1 The Origin of TCP/IP and the Internet 1
What Is TCP/IP? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Features of TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
The Origins of the Internet: ARPAnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
ARPAnet’s Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Requests For Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The Birth of TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Design Goals of TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Moving Data across the Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Moving Data on a Circuit-Switched Network . . . . . . . . 8
Moving Data on a Packet-Switched Network . . . . . . . . 8
Why Use TCP/IP? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Chapter 2 Protocols 13
What Are Protocols? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Protocols Move Packets of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Why We Need Protocols and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
The OSI Reference Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Responsibilities of Each Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
How the OSI Model Is Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
TCP/IP and the DoD Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Chapter 3 The Network Interface and Internet Layers 27
The Network Interface Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Hardware Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
The Internet Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Internet Protocol (IP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) . . . . . . . . . 38
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) . . . . . . 40
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
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viii Contents
Chapter 4 The Transport Layer 45
Understanding the Transport Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Understanding Transmission Control Protocol . . . . . . . . . 47
Using a Three-Way Handshake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Organizing Data and Guaranteeing Delivery . . . . . . . . 49
Understanding User Datagram Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
UDP Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Chapter 5 The Application Layer 55
Understanding the Application Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Understanding Ports and Sockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Well-Known Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
How FTP Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Ports and Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Requesting a Service in the TCP/IP Stack . . . . . . . . . . . 62
The Firewall is Protecting the LAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Chapter 6 IP Addressing 67
What Is IP Addressing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Numbering Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Reviewing Binary and Decimal Numbering Systems . . 69
Converting Binary Numbers to Decimal . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Converting Decimal Numbers to Binary . . . . . . . . . . . 71
IP Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
IP Address Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Class A Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Class B Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Class C Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Class D Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Class E Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
IP Address Class Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Chapter 7 Addressing IP Hosts 85
Installing and Assigning IP Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Manual IP Address Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
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Contents ix
Installing TCP/IP on Windows XP and 2003 . . . . . . . . 86
Installing TCP/IP on Windows 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Installing TCP/IP on Windows NT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Installing TCP/IP on Windows 95/98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) . . . . . 99
Obtaining an IP Address from a DHCP Server . . . . . . . . 100
DHCP Discover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
DHCP Offer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
DHCP Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
DHCP Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
DHCP Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
DHCP IP Address Renewal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Reserving DHCP IP Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Setting the Lease Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Setting DHCP Scopes and Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Chapter 8 Introduction to Subnet Masks 115
What Is a Subnet Mask? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Network and Host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Identifying a Local or Remote Network . . . . . . . . . . 119
Standard Subnet Masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Class A Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Class B Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Class C Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Chapter 9 Using Custom Subnet Masks 127
Custom Subnet Masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Creating Additional Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Subnetting Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Creating a Custom Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Class A Subnet Masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Class B Subnet Masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Class C Subnet Masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Chapter 10 Supernetting and CIDR 155
IP Address Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Limitations of the Classful System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
The Trouble with Class B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
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x Contents
Supernetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Chapter 11 Name Resolution 165
Understanding Name Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
What Is Host Name Resolution? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
What Is NetBIOS Name Resolution? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
NetBIOS Name Resolution vs. Host
Name Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Understanding Host Name Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Local Host (HOSTNAME) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
The HOSTS file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Domain Name System (DNS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
NetBIOS Name Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) . . . . . . . . 177
Broadcast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
The LMHOSTS file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
The Host Name Resolution Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Understanding NetBIOS Name Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . 183
The NetBIOS Name Resolution Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Chapter 12 Domain Name System (DNS) 189
What Is DNS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
DNS on the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Name Resolution Using DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Querying a DNS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Querying Name Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Completing Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Understanding Recursive and Iterative Queries . . . . . 195
Maintaining a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Maintaining a DNS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Primary Name Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Secondary Name Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
DNS Zone Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Caching-Only Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Record Types in DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
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Contents xi
Chapter 13 Dynamic DNS 205
What Is Dynamic DNS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Configure Windows 2000 and 2003 Server
for Dynamic Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Dynamic DNS on the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Benefits of Dynamic DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Chapter 14 Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) 217
NetBIOS Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
NetBIOS Name Resolution Process
without WINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
NetBIOS Name Resolution Process with WINS . . . . . 222
WINS Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Chapter 15 IP Version 6 231
The Need for a New Version of TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
IPv6 Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
IPv4 Addresses and IPv6 Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Harry—The Next Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
The New Hexadecimal IPv6 Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Double-Colon Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
IPv6 Special Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
IPv6 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Improvements of IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
The Transition Plan to IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 243
Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
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xii Contents
Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Chapter 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Chapter 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Chapter 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Chapter 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Appendix B Acronym Expansion Guide 263
Glossary 267
Index 275