Taxonomy of Educational Objectives - Classification of Educational Goals - 1. Cognitive domain

217 Pages·1956·12.034 MB·English

by  Benjamin S. Bloom

TAXONOMY
OF
EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
The Classification of Educational Goals
�AXONOt,fY.
OF
EDUCATIONAL OBJECTVIES
/
TheC lassiofEfid cautciaotGnio oanlasl
HANDBOOK1 COGNIITVED OMANI
By
AC ommiotCfto eel lege
anUdn iveErxsaimtiyn ers
BenjaSm.Bi �lnm ,E ditor
UniveorCfsh iitcya go
MaxD .E ngelhart
Duke University
EdwaJr.Fd u rst
Un iveonAfir tkya nsas
WalkHe.Hr i ll
MichSitgaaUtnne i versity
DavRi.Kd r athwohl
SyraUcnuisev enity
LONGMAN
NEWY ORK AND LONDON
TAXONOMY OF EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain
Longman Inc., New York
Associated companies, branches, and representatives
throughout the world.
Copyright © 1954, 1956 by Longman Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
permission of the publisher.
Twenty Sixth Printing 1983 by Longman Inc.
ISBN: 0-582-28010-9 (previously ISBN: 0-679-30209-3)
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 64-12369
Manufactured in the United States of America
To Ralph W. Tyler,
whose ideas on evaluation have been
a constant source of stimulation to
his colleagues in examining, and whose
energy and patience have never failed us.
List of participants who contributed
to the development of the taxonomy
through attending one or more of the
conferences held from 1949 to 1953
Anderson, Gordon V. Gage, N. L.
University of Texas University of Illinois
Bloom, Benjamin S. Harris, Chester W.
University of Chicago University of Wisconsin
Churchill, Ruth Hastings, J. Thomas
Antioch College University of Illinois
Cronbach, L. J. Heil, Louis M.
University of Illinois Brooklyn College
Dahnke, Harold L., Jr. Hill, Walker H,
Michigan State University Michigan State University
Detchen, Lily Horton, Clark W.
Pennsylvania College Dartmouth College
for Women
Krathwohl, David R.
Dressel, Paul L. Michigan State University
Michigan State University
Loree, M. Ray
Dyer, Henry S. Louisiana State University
Educational Testing Service
Mayhew, Louis B,
Ebel, Robert L. Michigan State University
University of Iowa
McGuire, Christine
Engelhart, Max University of Chicago
Chicago Public Schools
McQuitty, John V,
Findley, Warren University of Florida
Educational Testing Service
Morris, John B,
Furst, Edward J, University of Mississippi
University of Michigan
Plumlee, Lynnette
Educational Testing Service
Pace, C. Robert
Syracuse University
Remmers, H. H.
Purdue University
Stern, George G.
Syracuse University
Sutton, Robert B.
Ohio State University
Thiede, Wilson
University of Wisconsin
Travers, Robert M.
Human Resources Research Center
San Antonio, Texas
Tyler, Ralph W.
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
Stanford, California
Warrington, Willard G.
Michigan State University
*Watt, Rex
University of Southern California
*Deceased
CONTENTS
PART I
Introduction and Explanation
Foreword
History
Problems
Organizational principles oun,
Three domains—cognitive, affective, and
psychomotor J
Development of the cognitive domain
Chapter 1: The Nature and Development of the
Taxonomy 10
The taxonomy as a classification device 10
What is to be classified 11
Guiding principles 13
Developing the taxonomy 15
The problem of a hierarchy—classification
versus taxonomy 17
Is the taxonomy a useful tool? 20
Chapter 2: Educational Objectives and Curriculum
Development 25
Knowledge as a taxonomy category 28
What is knowable 31
Justification for the development of knowledge 32
Curricular decisions to be made about knowl-
edge objectives 36
The nature of abilities and skills
Arts or skills + knowledge = abilities 38
Justification for the development of intellectual
abilities and skills 39
Chapter 3: The Problems of Classifying Educational
Objectives and Test Exercises 44
Three levels of definition in each taxonomy
category 44
The classification of objectives 45
Test yourself on the classification of objectives 50
The problems of classifying test exercises 51
Test yourself on the classification of test exer-
cises 54
| Key to the classification of educational objectives 59
PART II
The Taxonomy and [Illustrative Materials
1.00 Knowledge 62
1.10 Knowledge of specifics 63
1.20 Knowledge of ways and means of dealing
with specifics 68
1.30 Knowledge of the universals and abstrac-
tions in a field 75
Testing for Knowledge, and illustrative test items 78
1.10 Knowledge of specifics 79
1,20 Knowledge of ways and means of dealing
with specifics 81
1.30 Knowledge of the universals and abstrac-
tions in a field 86
2.00 Comprehension 89
2.10 Translation 91
2.20 Interpretation 93
2.30 Extrapolation 95
Testing for Comprehension, and illustrative test
items 97
2.10 Translation 99
2.20 Interpretation 109
2.30 Extrapolation 118
3.00 Application 120
The educational implications of objectives in
the application category 122
Testing for Application, and illustrative test items 125
4.00 Analysis
144
4.10 Analysis of elements
145
4.20 Analysis of relationships 146
4.30 Analysis of organizational principles 147
Testing for Analysis, and illustrative test items 149
4,10 Analysis of elements 151
4,20 Analysis of relationships 155
4.30 Analysis of organizational principles 161
5.00 Synthesis 162
Educational significance of Synthesis objectives 166
5.10 Production of a unique communication 168
5.20 Production of a plan, or proposed set of
operations 170
5.30 Derivation of a set of abstract relations 171
Testing for Synthesis, and illustrative test items 173
5.10 Production of a unique communication 177
5.20 : Production of a plan, or proposed set of
operations 180
5.30 Derivation of a set of abstract relations 183
6.00 Evaluation 185
6.10 Judgments in terms of internal evidence 188
6.20 Judgments in terms of external criteria 190
Testing for Evaluation, and illustrative test items 193
6.10 Judgments in terms of internal evidence 196
6.20 Judgments in terms of external criteria 197
Appendix
A condensed version of the Taxonomy of Educa-
tional Objectives 201