Taxonomy, habitat choice and distribution of Kimunpsocus flavonimbatus (Rostock, 1879) comb. n. (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Psocidae)

2011·2.3 MB·

by  Gergely Várkonyi

©EntomologicaFennica.16September2011
Taxonomy, habitat choice and distribution
of Kimunpsocus flavonimbatus (Rostock, 1879)
comb. n. (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Psocidae)
GergelyVárkonyi&CharlesLienhard
Várkonyi,G.&Lienhard,C.2011:Taxonomy,habitatchoiceanddistributionof
Kimunpsocusflavonimbatus(Rostock,1879)comb.n.(Psocodea:‘Psocoptera’:
Psocidae).—Entomol.Fennica22:97–105.
ThebarklicePsocusflavonimbatusRostock,1879andPtyctachubsugulensis
Günther, 1982 are assigned to the genus Kimunpsocus Yoshizawa, 2009. The
maleterminaliaofK.flavonimbatusaredescribedforthefirsttimeandcompared
tothecorrespondingstructuresoftheotherknownspeciesofthegenus.Previ-
ously only known from the type locality in Estonia and the municipality of
KuhmoinFinland,K.flavonimbatusisnowreportedfrom13newsitesandasa
newspeciesforfourmunicipalitiesineasternCentralFinland.Analysesofanex-
tensivematerialstronglysuggestthatK.flavonimbatusisahabitat-specialistspe-
cies,confiningitsoccurrencetopristineandsemi-naturalspruce-dominatedfo-
rests.Nonetheless,itsoccurrenceseemstobesporadicevenintheold-growthfo-
rests.Foreststructureofasubsetofoccupiedandunoccupiedsitesisdescribed
andtheconservationbiologyofK.flavonimbatusdiscussed.
G.Várkonyi,FinnishEnvironmentInstitute,FriendshipParkResearchCentre,
Lentiirantie 342B, 88900 Kuhmo, Finland; E-mail: gergely.varkonyi
@ymparisto.fi
C.Lienhard,Muséumd’histoirenaturelle,C.P.6434,CH-1211Genève6,Swit-
zerland;E-mail:[email protected]
Received6April2011,accepted17May2011
1.Taxonomy 1.1.Introduction
Kimunpsocus flavonimbatus (Rostock, 1879) Thisinterestingspecieshasbeenredescribedby
comb.n.(Fig.1) Lienhard&Kanervo(2002),basedonnewlydis-
covered material from Kuhmo, eastern Central
PsocusflavonimbatusRostock,1879:129. Finland.Themaleterminaliacouldnotbeexam-
Amphigerontia flavonimbatas [sic!] ined for that redescription, because all males
(Rostock). Mühlen 1884: 331 (incorrect spell- available were damaged, lacking the abdomen.
ing). Thereforeitwasnotpossibletoassignthespecies
Psocidusflavonimbatus(Rostock).Smithers to one of the modern genera of the family
1967:108;Lienhard&Smithers2002:444. Psocidae.Thus,intheWorldcataloguepublished
Psocus flavonimbatus Rostock. Lienhard & byLienhard&Smithers(2002),itwasassigned
Kanervo2002:59(redescription). tothegenusPsocidusPearman(s.l.),aheteroge-
98 Várkonyi&Lienhard (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.22
Fig.1.AfemaleKimun-
psocusflavonimbatus
fromTeerisuo-Lososuo
MireReserve,Kuhmo,
easternCentralFin-
land.Photo:G.Várko-
nyi
neous group within Psocidae containing many comb. n. for Ptycta chubsugulensis Günther,
species,whichcannotbeallocatedtooneofthe 1982.
genera defined in this family after the redefini- Wehadnowthechancetoexamineaperfectly
tion, in a narrow sense, of Psocus Latreille by preserved male from Finland (Suomussalmi,
Pearman(1932). Murhisalo, beating, 71765:36448, 31.vii.2008,
Lienhard & Kanervo (2002) suggested that leg.P.Kähkönen),whichwascollectedtogether
Psocusflavonimbatuscouldbeclosetooreven withtypicalfemales.AsindicatedbyLienhard&
identical with Ptycta chubsugulensis Günther, Kanervo (2002), the specific identification of
described from Mongolia (Günther 1982). Un- bothsexesiseasyduetotheircharacteristicfore-
fortunately,asonlythemaleholotypeisknownof wing pattern. The general morphology of both
thisspecies,andnointactmaleswereavailableof sexes and the female terminalia have been de-
Psocusflavonimbatus,itwasimpossibletomake scribedindetailbytheseauthors.Themaletermi-
anydetailedcomparisonofthesespecies. naliaareheredescribedforthefirsttime,basedon
ThemorphologyofmaleterminaliaofPtycta the above mentioned specimen. The following
chubsugulensisindicatesthecloserelationshipof measurementsofthismalecompletethedataal-
thisspecieswithKimunpsocustakumaiYoshiza- ready given in the redescription of the species
wa, recently described from northern Japan (Lienhard&Kanervo2002):bodylength(BL)=
(HokkaidoIsland)andconsideredbyYoshizawa 3.2mm;forewinglength(FW)=5.0mm;length
(2009)asthetypespeciesofanewmonotypicge- ofhindfemur(F)=0.95mm;lengthofhindtibia
nus,KimunpsocusYoshizawa.Thereforewepro- (T)=1.85mm;lengthofhindtarsomere1(t1)=
pose here the following new combination: Ki- 600 µm; length of hind tarsomere 2 (t2) = 175
munpsocus chubsugulensis (Günther, 1982) µm;minimumdistancebetweencompoundeyes
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.22 (cid:127) ThebarklouseKimunpsocusflavonimbatus 99
Fig.2.Kimunpsocus
flavonimbatus(Ro-
stock),male.–a.Ter-
minalia(lateralview).
–b.Hypandrium,apical
partofmedianstrap
(anteriorview).
–c.Hypandrium(pos-
teriorview).
dividedbytheantero-posteriordiameterofcom- slightly clubbed seta near its anterior base (see
poundeye,indorsalview(IO/D)=1.2.Thechar- detail of Fig. 3a), trichobothrial field oval, not
actersofmaleterminaliaconfirmthecloserela- subdivided. Hypandrium (Fig. 2a–c) with a
tionshipofthisspecieswithKimunpsocuschub- slightly asymmetrical, strongly sclerotized me-
sugulensiscomb.n.butjustifytheseparationof dianstrapandwithapartlymembranous,partly
the European and the Mongolian forms as two sclerotizedroundedlaterallobeoneachside.The
distinctspecies.Thus,thisEuropeanspecieshas apical part of the median strap antero-ventrally
alsotobeassignedtothegenusKimunpsocus. curved and asymmetrically trilobate, one of its
terminallobesroundedanddenticulate(Fig.2b–
c). Phallosome (Fig. 3c) distally slightly asym-
1.2.Descriptionofmaleterminalia metrical, with a toe-shaped smooth submedian
(Figs.2a–c,3a–d) process,oneachsideindistalhalfwithasclero-
tizedventro-laterallongitudinalband.
Cluniumcharacteristicallyshaped,anteriormar-
gin with a deep medio-dorsal notch (Fig. 3d),
postero-lateralregionslightly concaveinlateral 1.3.Discussion
view (Fig. 2a). Epiproct chair-shaped in lateral
view (Fig. 2a), its basal lobe broad and rugose, Kimunpsocusflavonimbatus(Rostock)isclosely
slightlyprominentmedially(Fig.3b).Paraproct related to the two other members of the genus
(Fig. 3a) lacking laterally projecting basal lobe, KimunpsocusYoshizawa,theMongolianspecies
withapointedapicalhookandawell-differenti- K.chubsugulensis(Günther)comb.n.(=Ptycta
ated subapical prominence, the latter bearing a chubsugulensisGünther,seeSection1.1.)andthe
100 Várkonyi&Lienhard (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.22
Fig.3.Kimunpsocus
flavonimbatus(Ro-
stock),male.–a.Left
paraproct.–b.Epiproct
(posteriorview).
–c.Phallosome(ven-
tralview).–d.Clunium
(dorsalview,spread
out).
JapaneseK.takumaiYoshizawa.Maleterminalia tinctly trilobate epiproct lobe (see Yoshizawa
areverysimilarinallthreespecies,inparticular 2009:Fig.2B).Themedianstrapofthehypan-
their characteristically shaped phallosomes are driumofK.takumaiisprobablyverysimilartoK.
almostidentical(hereshowninventralview,see flavonimbatus(accordingtothesomewhatsche-
Fig.3c;sameviewinFig.2EbyYoshizawa2009; maticFig.2DinYoshizawa2009).
depictedindorsalviewbyGünther1982:Fig.5). Theforewingpatternisessentiallythesamein
However,themaleofK.chubsugulensiscanbe allthreespecies,butofvaryingintensity(proba-
distinguishedfromthemaleofK.flavonimbatus blyalsowithconsiderableintraspecificvariabil-
bytheshapeoftheantero-ventrallycurvedapical ity): highly contrasted pattern as depicted by
partofthemedianstrapofthehypandrium:itis Lienhard & Kanervo (2002: Fig. 1a, b) for K.
simpleinK.chubsugulensis(seeGünther1982: flavonimbatus; medium contrast in Yoshizawa
Fig.4)andtrilobateinK.flavonimbatus(Fig.2b– (2009:Fig.1)forK.takumai;weaklycontrasted
c).Thisstrikingdifferencecouldbeconfirmedby pattern in Günther (1982: Fig. 2) for K. chub-
theexaminationoftheholotypeofPtyctachub- sugulensis.Thefemaleofthelatterspeciesisnot
sugulensis (mounted on three microscopical known,inthetwootherspeciesthemorphology
slidesbyK.K.Günther,depositedintheZoologi- offemaleterminaliaisverysimilar(Lienhard&
calInstituteoftheRussianAcademyofSciences, Kanervo2002:Fig.1g,i;Yoshizawa2009:Fig.
St.Petersburg),whiletheremainingterminaliaof 3A, B). However, Lienhard & Kanervo (2002:
this specimen (i.e. clunium, epiproct, paraproct, Fig.1h)illustrateaweaklysclerotized,asymmet-
phallosome)arethesameasdescribedabovefor rically structured spermapore region (internal
K. flavonimbatus. The JapaneseK. takumai can plate)forK.flavonimbatus;inK.takumaithein-
be distinguished from these species by its dis- ternalplateis“withoutobvioussclerotizationnor
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.22 (cid:127) ThebarklouseKimunpsocusflavonimbatus 101
Fig.4.DistributionofKimunpsocusflavonimbatusineasternCentralFinland.Thesmallsquaresymbolsdenote
the1-km2squareswherethespecieshasbeenrecordedduring1997–2008.Thinblacklinesdelineatemunici-
palities,ofwhichKuhmoisshowninitsentirety.Thetwomostcentralsquares,isolatedfromlargesemi-natural
forestareas,denoteremnantpopulationsofK.flavonimbatusthathavegoneextinctduringthepastdecadedue
toforestrymeasures.
pigmentation” (Yoshizawa 2009: 153). In this East of Ussuriysk, Kamenushka village,
contextitmaybeofinteresttomentionasingle 19.vi.1992, leg. S. Kurbatov), deposited in the
female from Eastern Russia (Primorski Kray, collection of the Geneva Natural History Mu-
102 Várkonyi&Lienhard (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.22
seum and tentatively assigned to K. 27.vii.–11.viii.2006 and 18.vii.–14.viii.2008.
flavonimbatusbecauseofthepresenceofahighly Beatingwasperformedinearly morningswhen
contrasted wing pattern and of the above men- theambienttemperaturewaslowenoughtopre-
tioned asymmetrical structure of the internal ventbarklicefromflyingawayfromthebeating
plate.Intheabsenceofinformationonthefemale sheetputunderthesprucebranches.Thoughthe
of K. chubsugulensis and on details concerning number ofindividuals sampled was recorded in
thestructureoftheinternalplateofK.takumai, eachsite,onlytheinformationonthepresenceor
this specific identification remains tentative. absenceofthefocalspecieswasusedintheana-
However,thegenusKimunpsocusappearstobe lyses.
an eastern Palaearctic element, reaching north- Thestudyareaincludedtheentiremunicipal-
easternEuropewithK.flavonimbatus. ity of Kuhmo and adjacent areas as follows:
southernpartsofSuomussalmiandHyrynsalmi,
eastern parts of Ristijärvi and Sotkamo (region
2.Habitatchoiceanddistribution Kainuu),north-easternValtimo,aswellasnorth-
ern parts of Nurmes and Lieksa (region North
2.1.Introduction Karelia)(Fig.4).
To address the basic habitat requirements of
Kimunpsocusflavonimbatus(Rostock)wasorig- K. flavonimbatus, we first compared its inci-
inallydescribedonthebasisofasingleindividual dences in semi-natural vs. managed mature
foundnearLakePeipus,easternEstonia,in1878 spruce-dominatedforestsusingallavailabledata,
(Rostock1879).Itwasnotuntil1997thatthespe- collected using various methods between 1997
cieswasrediscoveredinKuhmo,easternCentral and2008,attwospatialscales.Atthescaleofin-
Finland(seeLienhard&Kanervo2002).During dividualstudysites,beatingsites,siteswithwin-
the following decade, a total of 42 specimens dowtraps,asinglesitewithalighttrapandasin-
were obtained from semi-natural spruce-domi- glesitewhereK.flavonimbatuswasrearedfroma
natedforestsinKuhmo(seeKanervo&Várkonyi sampleofwoodblock,wereconsideredassamp-
2007). Since K. flavonimbatus was never col- ling units (for details see Kanervo & Várkonyi
lectedinanyotherhabitatnorinanyotherregion 2007andFig.1within).Atacoarser‘landscape’
in Finland, Kanervo & Várkonyi (2007) sug- scale,a1-km2gridwasputonthemapshowing
gested that this species is associated with old- all sampling sites, and sites sharing a grid cell
growth forests and restricted to the easternmost were combined as follows: if K. flavonimbatus
part of the country. Nonetheless, these authors occurredinanyofthesiteswithinacell,thecell
alsoaddressedtheneedforfurtherstudy. was considered as occupied. At both spatial
Inthisstudy,ouraimwastoexplorethedistri- scales,ifasitewasrepeatedlysampledindiffer-
bution pattern and habitat preferences of K. entyears,asingleoccurrencedetectedinanyyear
flavonimbatus by extensive sampling in both rendered the site occupied. The incidence of K.
semi-naturalandmanagedmaturespruce-domi- flavonimbatus in semi-natural vs. managed fo-
natedhabitats.Thesamplingareawasextended restswasanalysedusingFisher’sexacttest(e.g.
toadjacentmunicipalitiesofKuhmointhenorth, Sokal&Rohlf1995).Thistestissuggestedtobe
westandsouth.Additionally,weaimedatmea- usedinModelI2×2tablesifthecountnumbers
suring and comparing the forest structure of a inanycellarelowerthanfive(Rantaetal.1997).
subsetofoccupiedandunoccupiedstudysites. Foreststructurewasmeasuredwithina10-m-
radiuscirclearound44studysitesin2008.Dueto
the relative rarity of mature managed spruce-
2.2.Materialandmethods dominated forests in the study area, only five
studysitesoutofthe44representedthistypeof
Kimunpsocusflavonimbatuswassearchedforon habitat,whiletheremaining39sitesweresemi-
lowbranchesofNorwayspruce(Piceaabies(L.) natural spruce-dominated forests. However, the
Karsten)bythebeatingmethod(e.g.Sutherland rarityofK.flavonimbatus,foundonlyin12outof
1996)duringthepeakflightperiodofthespecies, 44sites,warrantedustocomparetheforeststruc-
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.22 (cid:127) ThebarklouseKimunpsocusflavonimbatus 103
Table1.HabitatchoiceofKimunpsocusflavonimbatusineasternCentralFinlandwithsignificanceofFisher’s
exacttests(2-sided).Forexplanationsofthespatialscalesemployed,seeSection2.2.
Spatialscale Semi-naturalsites Managedsites P
present absent present absent
Individualsites 29 88 0 16 0.022
1-km2gridcells 22 45 0 12 0.017
Table2.Foreststructurein10-m-radiuscirclesaroundoccupiedandunoccupiedsitesofKimunpsocus
flavonimbatusineasternCentralFinland.Allvariablevaluesareexpressedasmean±SD.
N Numberoflivingtrees Standarea Stumps
Spruce Birch Pine Total (m2/ha)
Occupied 12 24.5±7.3 2.9±3.1 2.5±5.0 30.2±9.8 28.1±4.8 0±0
Unoccupied 32 23.8±7.0 1.7±1.7 0.5±0.9 26.2±6.7 28.1±4.6 1.7±4.4
tureofoccupiedandapparentlyunoccupiedsites. associated with the semi-natural spruce-domi-
In each study site, werecorded thenumber and natedforestsatbothspatialscales(Table1).
diameter (measured at 1.3 m height) of living Owing to (i) the general scarcity of mature
trunksforeachtreespeciesoccurringinthestudy managed spruce-dominated forests in the study
area, i.e. Norway spruce, Silver birch (Betula area,(ii)theapparentrarityofK.flavonimbatus
pendula Roth), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), eveninsemi-naturalsitesand(iii)theriskoffalse
Europeanaspen(PopulustremulaL.),Greyalder zerosintheincidencedata,wedidnotattemptto
(Alnus incana (L.) Moench) and Goat willow analyse the differences of forest structure be-
(SalixcapreaL.).Wealsorecordedthenumberof tweenoccupiedandunoccupiedsites.Instead,we
man-madestumpsfoundinthecircularplotsand rather aimed at describing the basic statistics of
estimatedthebasalareaofthetreesintheforest themeasuredvariables(Table2).Thestructureof
standsusingarelascope. the forest stands surrounding the sampling sites
was, on the average, fairly similar in occupied
and unoccupied sites. The only notable differ-
2.3.Results enceswerefoundinthenumbersoflivingpines
andofman-madestumps.
Thesurveysconductedin2006and2008yielded
atotalof23K.flavonimbatusspecimens.Kimun-
psocusflavonimbatuswasdiscoveredin13new 2.4.Discussion
sites (cf. Kanervo & Várkonyi 2007) and re-
cordedasanewspeciestothemunicipalitiesof Oneofthemaingoalsofthepresentstudywasto
Suomussalmi, Hyrynsalmi and Sotkamo in clarify the basic habitat requirements of K.
Kainuu,andtoValtimoinNorthKarelia(Fig.4). flavonimbatus.OurdatastronglysuggestthatK.
Atotalof133sites,ofwhich16and117sites flavonimbatusisahabitatspecialistspecies,con-
represented managed mature and semi-natural finingitsoccurrencetopristineandsemi-natural
spruceforests,respectively,wereincludedinthe spruce-dominated forests. This hypothesis was
habitat-choice analyses. Consistent with earlier originally put forward by Kanervo & Várkonyi
results(Kanervo&Várkonyi2007),notasingle (2007), but only our extensive survey in both
K.flavonimbatuswasfoundinthemanagedsites. (semi-)naturalandmanagedspruceforestsmade
TheoccurrenceofK.flavonimbatuswasclearly itpossibletotestthehypothesis.
104 Várkonyi&Lienhard (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.22
Found in one-fourth (24.8%) of the old- LososuoMireReserve,wheremostFinnishindi-
growthsites,K.flavonimbatusseemstoberela- vidualshavebeencollectedfrom.Whileitseems
tivelyrareeveninthesemi-naturalforests.Some to be clear that K. flavonimbatus is confined to
ofitsobservedraritymayaccountforfalsezeros, pristineandnatural-likespruce-dominatedboreal
i.e.undetectedoccurrencesinthesampledsites. forests,itislikelythatfurtherpopulationsineast-
Suchsamplingerrormayarisefromthesampling ernmostFinlandandinNorthwestRussiawillbe
methodemployed.Beatingcanonlybeusedfor discovered.Nonetheless,giventherapidandex-
samplingfromthelowerbranchesoftreesand,on tensivelossandfragmentationofold-growthfo-
theotherhand,thereisastochasticriskthatarare rests in this region during the past 60 years, it
specieswillnotbesampledduetotheshortdura- seemslikely thattheFinnishpopulationwillbe
tionofthesamplingevent.Windowtraps,inturn, decliningeveninprotectedareasduetodelayed
were operated for the entire flight season of K. population dynamic responses to habitat loss
flavonimbatus, which dramatically lowered the (alsoseeFig.4).
risk of undetected occurrences. Nonetheless, In the current Red List of Finnish Species
even in south-western Kuhmo, where window (Kanervo & Söderman 2010), the conservation
traps were used extensively, K. flavonimbatus status of K. flavonimbatus (as Psocidus flavo-
wasonlyfoundin9outof35(Teerisuo-Lososuo nimbatus) was assessed as Near Threatened.
MireReserve)and2outof21(Jauhovaara)1-ha Kanervo&Söderman(2010)suggestedthatthe
areas, each containing four window traps (see causeofthreatfacingthisspeciesis“reductionof
Kanervo&Várkonyi2007).Thereforewecon- old-growthforestsandthedecreasingnumberof
clude that the observed rarity K. flavonimbatus large trees” (category Mv). While acknowledg-
doesmainlyaccountforarealpatternofsporadic ingthis,westresstheimportanceofunderstand-
occurrence,ratherthanforasamplingeffect. ing the underlining population dynamic pro-
Thoughthesmall-scalehabitatrequirements cessesforthesuccessfulconservationofthisrare
ofK.flavonimbatuscouldbespecifiedusingthe psocidspecies.
presentdata(Table2),foreststructurecouldnot
beusedtoexplaintheoccurrenceofthespecies. Acknowledgements.Thisworkmuchbenefittedfromour
Themajority(32outofthe44)ofthesites,where earliercollaborationwithJussiKanervo(Turku,Finland).
WethankDr.VictorA.Krivokhatsky(ZoologicalInstitute,
forestmeasurementswereperformed,wasunoc-
St.Petersburg,Russia)forarrangingtheloanoftheholo-
cupied and only 5 out of these situated in man-
typeofPtyctachubsugulensis.WeareindebtedtoPauli
agedforests.Thus,mostofbothoccupiedandun- Kähkönen (Friendship Park Research Centre, Kuhmo,
occupied sites represented semi-natural forests Finland) who conducted much of the field survey of
and,obviously,therewasnoreasontoexpectma- Kimunpsocus flavonimbatus. We thank Mikko Viinanen
andJuhaKyllönenfortheirhelpduringfieldwork,and
jor differences in the forest structure of those.
PirjoAppelgrenforherhelpinpreparingFig.4(allFriend-
Nevertheless,wenoticedthatinsomeoftheoc-
shipParkResearchCentre).Dr.PetriMartikainen(Univer-
cupiedsites,thenumberofpinetreeswasconsid- sityofEasternFinland)kindlysharedwithushisunpub-
erablyhigherthanonaverage,andtheirbasalarea lished records of K. flavonimbatus. We also thank two
exceeded the basal area of spruce. This is the anonymous referees for their valuable comments on an
earlierdraftofthemanuscript.
usual case in mesic semi-natural forests, where
themaintreeagecohortiscomposedbyspruce
andbirch,scatteredwithsomeoldandlargepines
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