Taxonomy and biology of a new species of Zaphanera (Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae) and its association with the widespread death of western myall trees, Acacia papyrocarpa, near Roxby Downs, South Sustralia

14 Pages·2001·4.9 MB·English

by  P T Bailey

Transactions ofllic RttyatSociety ofS. Ausl. (2001), 125(2), R3-96,
TAXONOMYAND BIOLOGY OFANEW SPECIES OFZAPHANERA (IIEM1PTERA:
ALEYRODIDAE) AND ITSASSOCIATION WITH THE WIDESPREAD DEATH OK WESTERN
MYALLTREES,ACACIA PAPYROCARPA, NEAR ROXBY DOWNS, SOUTH AUSTRALIA
by P. T. Bailey\ J. H. Martin1, J. S. Noyhs1 & A. D. Austin
Summary
Hah i y, P. T.5 Makiin, J. H., Novrs. J. S. & At'Siiy A. D. (2001) Taxonomy and biology Ofa new species of
Zapliancra(Hemiptcra;Aleyrodidae)anditsassociationwiththewidespreaddeathofwesternmyall trees,Acatia
luipxrocarpa, nearRoxby Downs, SouthAustralia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Atisl, 125(2) 83-96,30November, 2001.
An outbreak ofwestern myall whitefly, a new species ofZaphancra (Hemiptcra: Aleyrodidae). is associated
with dieback and death ofwestern myall trees. Acaciapapyrocarpa Bcntham. in adesert areaofabout 10,000
km- in South Australia. Both young and mature trees up io several hundred years old are affected. Death of
foliage appears to be related to large numbers of the whitefly feeding on phyllodes. A new species ofthe
parasiloidZarhopaloicics (Ilymcnoptera: Encyrtidae) emerged from whitefly pupae and appears to be the first
encyrlid authenticated as a true parasitoid ofaleyrodids. Possible causes ofthis outbreak arc discussed and
include (1) a temporary parasitoid asynchrony with its host population, (2) the possibility that western myall
whitefly hasbeennewly-introducedtotheareaon anotherplanthostandhasadapted to western myall treesand
(3)that the outbreak is symptomaticofa widespread decline in the health oftrees. All life-history stagesofthe
new speciesof'Zaphancra and the new species ofthe parasitoid Zarhopaloidcsare described.
KEY Words: Zap/iancra, Zarhopaloidcs, Acacia papyrocarpa Bcntham, western myall whitefly, western
myall tree, outbreak, tree death.
Introduction from 250 years (Coleman ctat. 1996') to 350+ years
(Ireland 19972). Foliar growth flushes are produced
Western myall, Acaciapapyrocarpa Bentham, is a by the tree during summer (November to February)
desert adapted Iree of ehenopod shrublands on and appear to be independent of rainfall (Ireland
mm
calcareous soils in the 150-300 (predominantly 997-)
1
winter) rainfall zones of northern Spencer Gulf, This paper describes an outbreak ofan apparently
along the margins of the Nullarbor Plain of South native whitefly species in the genus Zaphancra on
Australia, and in the Eastern Goldficlds ofWestern westernmyall which haskilledtreesovera widearea
Australia. Much ofthisarea is used forgrazingsheep Of north-eastern South Australia. There is no
and cattle for which the trees provide shelter. historical evidence of previous outbreaks of this
Western myall shares the eastern parts of its range species onwestern myall trees anywhere inAustralia
with mulga. Acacia ancara {-'. Muell., to form a (nor ofany other insect capable of killing so many
mixed species woodland. trees so quickly). We arc not aware of previous
Western myall trees arc slow-growing and may reports of any whitefly species causing widespread
reach 5-6 m before becoming recumbent (Lange & death of perennial trees. Both the whitefly and its
Sparrow 1992). Age estimates of mature trees vary encyrtid wasp parasiloid are described as new and
possible reasons for the outbreak are discussed.
' SouthAustralianResearch& Development Institute,tintomnloiw
Section, Waite Campus. GPO Box 197 Adelaide SA 500! Materials and Methods
L-inail: hailey.peter!"(«''sautzov.sa.gov.au
< Department of Hntomologv. The Natural History Museum Taxonomy
Cromwell Road London SW75BD UK.
:<: Department of Applied & Molecular Ecology and Centre for Terminology for whitefly morphology follows that
Kvoliilionary Biology & Biodiversity.Adelaide University Waite ofMartin (1999) and that for the encyrtid parasitoid
1 CCammpI'uMsanP.riDv.a.teIrBiajagm)1,GCl.en&OWsemsotn,dN.SAE5.0<6149.96)Tho lifespanoJ aisbbraeftveiratiNoonyseasre&useHdafyoartin(st1i9t9u4t)i.ons:The following
swuessttaeirnnablmeyalblios(pAhcearcei"a.pParpoycreoecdairnpgas Boefnlthh.e).Fi"lRtahngIenltaernndastioinnala ANIC,Australian National InsectCollection, CSIRO
RangelandCongressSaltLakeCity, Utah, USA23-28-luly. 1995 Entomology, Canberra;
Volume I contributed presentations. 1996. 99-100. (Society for BMNH, The Natural History Museum, London, UK;
Range Management. Denver,Colorado, USA)(unpub.). USNM, US National Museum of Natural History,
Ikiiand, C, (1997). Sustaining the western myall woodlands:
ecology and management. PhD Thesis. Department of Washington, DC;
I'.iivironinental Science and Rangeland Managemenl, Adelaide WINC, Waite Insect and Nematode Collection,
University (unpuhj. Waite Campus, SA.
Ml I'T UAH n ! II MAkllN I S NOM-.SA A. U.AUMIN
I \\c l\r1tfci-VPIi|8 nbbrcviaitom. EtfC USCij hi '>' track but beyond this, lit] special sampling sthenic
parasuoul description: was used. On each tree, 50 phyllodcs were examined
AT- acdcjgus letigih wilh Ihc aid of a hand leir-. ami. if any siagelM of
iItW•-mmasaixiimminuimeeyyeeIwmi^dtthh pwoisuitteifvley. wIferneo pwrheislecnftlicsIhcwerheecfo\uv;nidn ocnounttheedliaves
t l-fl lunicle segments I-6, i.e. the lirsl H> c\.iimned. u nearby tree was sampled. If this v-as
segments after the pedicel positive, thesite was scored as positive The site was
IV - minimum frnnuncriex width SOortid is negative only il no evidence ofIhc whilclly
I WVVIW. - lore wing lenuih was louudtin either live.
I - fare wing Width
(.1. gonoslyius length /a/t/tunvru puftvromtfuu' Martin sp. no,
nw • head width (fios i-4, MY)
1IWL - hind wing leuylli
IIWW hitlll wing width tlfihtypw 4 pupanum, Hillakilma Station U> ' U-
Mi- mid tibia leiij.Mli S, \S0' 17' t\ Soilfh \iisiralia, on phylloiles ill
VIS m.ilar space Unttit papynutir/hi, 2o.iv.20fNMJ II Marrin 74'Ko
ANKt
OC'I. - minimum distance between posterior ocelliis (slide-mounted.
and occipital nwrgin
Ol - oviposiloi length rttmi\f>c\. South Ansiralia (all slide mounted). ')
OOl_ minimum distance between postenoi ocellus i$ J (pupanu). Ifl V V (puparia) same data as
and eve margin holotvpe (ANIC I3MNII. USNM, WIN<t; 3 j
POI - ntininiuni distance between posterior ocelli (puparia). 6 9 '-' (puparia) Rosby Downs township.
SI • scape length 27.iv2000 (J. II Martin) (I3MNIL W!\(T 15
SW - maximum scape width puparia, b thud-mstar larvae. I second-msiar larva,
vicinity ol Ro.xby Dowm, v 1090 (J. /war) AMI
| |
Bioh»gY 29puparia. 6 Lj,puparium mid moults, o tlmduisk)'
The life cycle of western myall \vhitetl\ was larvae. II fitst-instar larvae, vicinity of RoTv
constructed horn ten population samples taken at Downs 20x1009 (1» Uailcy) (BMNII, WINl [: H
approximately monthly intervals dtrrillg September- puparia, 2 L.vpuparium mid-moulls, 4 ihu\binsiat
IAhpcrilpearmiiodIcsDnecferemqbueenrtly19d'uMrin!og MDaeyecAmuhgeurst20o0v(e1r lHaarrvdaey,1 (vRiMcmNiIlLv WoIlNCRJo:xbIyI adDuoltwndssIMI iad,u2l0t009(21,
Whitefly population samples were taken from 20 vicinity «T Roxby Downs. H.u.2000 tl' Barley)
matme trees, individually marked, just outside (HMIMM): I Lypiiparium nud-moull, b thtixl-iiistai
koxby Downs township. At each sampling time, a larvae, ^7 second-instar larvae, 5 first-insiar larvae.
healthy growing shoot was cui from each tree at Roxby Downs township, 25.iv.200(» (}, M. Martin)
approximately 2.5 fti height and individually sioivri (J3MNHJ-
in a paper bag. The samples vveie examined within
two days of collection. On each shoot, five sub- Othc/ rmfhrml:A large amount ofdry material ofall
terminal mature phyllodcs were examined and the larval slages from theabovecollection sites isheld in
numberand stageofwhiteflieswere notedusingx 20 RMNIIandWINC.
magnification under a binocular microscope.
This intensity ol* sampling yielded estimates o\" i't'i'titiutn (Figs 3. 4, 7. K)
mean numbers ol whilclly with the following Shorilv aftei the L.VI 4 moult shining black.
standard errors: lor eggs, 20% Of the mean per almost flat, but wilh increasing maturity becoming
phyllodc. for each ofsecond and third instar larvae, markedly c.onviv .nut developing covering ol sparse
25"'. of mean and lor the pupal stage, 15% ol the greyish meal (lag. 3); entire eephalothorav tailing
mean number per phyllodc. first instar (mobile) away upon emergence or adults £ffig. 3); sc\uall>
mm
aldaurlvtase Hwyeirneg raarroeulnydotbrseeersvweda.s aTlhseo nporteesde.nce of any d0i.m0o6rpmhimc, wmiadlee,puwpiadreisat Io-p42pos1i.5t7e confllouneg,nc0e.SIol'
During the year 2000, ground surveys alongstation loueiluctiual and transverse moulting suturestfig. 7):
Hacks delimited the extent ol the whilclly antenna! apices underlying median partofabdominal
mm
infestation, "frees with symptomalie diebaek were sv^ment ll/tll (.n=L6)', female puparia 1.72 1.0.S
inspected and the presence ofa whitelly noted. Nou x 1.05 LHJ mm. voidest abth>minallv autenmil
wdiplomatic trees were examined in every copse apices terminating between imOdle am) hind legs
encountered along the route, generally allowing at (n=l4); pupariaol both sexes 1.50 I.SO x as loin- flS
slaeamspiliSnkg.mAaltleirceewacahspcohsoistievne1r0ec-o2r0dmheafworae,yrfcrsoummtmhee rwioduen,dedmartgcjefilli ctrieencuul|>aytieiigthn0i1ughmouml, otlyptacbadlolymin6alS
WESTERN MYALLWHITEFLYAND ITS PARASITOID 85
Figs I-b. Life history stages and damage ofwestern myall whitefly.Y.aphancnipitpxroatrpae Martin sp. no\. I. Eggs on a
phyllodeofwestern myall. 2. One secondinstar(on left) and third instarlarvae on aphyllode. 3.Adult femaleemerging
from puparium. 4. Eggs and pupaeencrusting phyllodes. 5. Damage by Z. ptlpytvcafptie. A western myall tree in Roxhy
DownstownshipwithearlysymptomsofdiebaekassociatedwithZ.papyrocarpaconphyllodes(thistreedied six months
later). 6. Dead (left)and dying(right) western myall trees in pastoral landsofSouthAustralia. Scale bars =i).5 mm. 1: I
mm, 2-4: I m. 5, b.
t/«. V-> -)/"
.-^
h'igs7- 8.Zaplumerupapxwcarpue Martin sp. nov., puparium. 7.Complelepuparuim withexpandeddetail ofcapitatesetae
and geminate pore/porette pairs. 8. Dorsal detail of vasiform orifice region (drawn from a teneral puparium).
Scale bar=0.5 mm.
WP.STP.RN MYAI.I.WHITEPLYAND ITS PARASITOID -'
Figs9-11, '/uphaiwrapitpytvctirpcw Martin sp. nov.. inslars I-Ill (not drawn to same scale). 9.Third-instarlarva, dorsum.
10- Secoml-inslar larva, dorsum. 11. First-instar larva. Scale bars -0.5 mm. 9; 0.1 mm. 10, II.
margin; teeth rather irregular but not modified al single outer submarginal pair and 2 subdorsal pairs
Caudal and thoracic tracheal openings at margin; of setae {Fig. 7). but cephalic (submedian) selae
anterior and posterior marginal setae present; dorsal absent; dorsum with longitudinal moulting suture
ehaelotaxy difficult to discern in mature puparia; all reaching puparial margin; transverse moulting
dorsal setae short, capitate; single pair of 8th sutures curving anterolalerally ami reaching margin;
abdominal setae plaeed anterior and slightly lateral abdominal segmentation as shown, ihe
to vasiform orifice; abdomen usually with o ouler intersegmental divisions of abdominal segments
submarginal pairs, ecphalothorax usually with a 11/111 to VI/VU exaggerated, thickened, suture like.
v 1
: PI, HAM.t V. I. II MAKHNJ 5 SUWS&A |),AISMN
.ill t*Mr\ii>v sharply unteriad ami almost reaching iikl fore legs, another on abdominal segments l-lll.
puparial margin; abdominal division VH/Vlll less A\\d brownish median piumentaboh pfcgcnl between
exaggerated but also closely approaching margin, vasilorrn onlkc and abdominal division Vll/Vlll;
submedian pockets witiubly marked depending rtn anterior null posiorior marginal setae presenl; dorsal
degree Hi matuihy; abdominal segment VII mil ehaetoUrvy same as in puparnt. setae shon and bluul
tcduccd ill Icnjjlh medially; abdominal rhachis or very slightly capitate; abdominal iiueiseymental
evident, with lateral arms short (noi to be confused tlivisions ll'JII to VI VII pronounced. c\lcndilie mn,
will! lory; iriietsogmenial divisions); pair of outer subilorsum: submedian abdominal depressions
•uibmcdiati posteriorly directed tuhcick'^ oil distinct, thoracic ct|iusalcn»s marked as in pupuru_
pustiiun edee of each of abdominal segments I-VI suhinedian /.owerhacliisrorm; >ubinarj*in wilh hav ol
abitl with a pair of similar autenoily diiet. u-d ecniiiiate pore porches: letis Ivpical lor third in^hi.
mlx-relesmi Ihe anteriorcduo ol each ofscgmcnls II ralher Iriangulut. lore and middle pairs wilh apiutl
VJI. ofienVappearing as ft pairs of charactcrisiM. l>ads ditccted kiler;id but hind pair directed
darker liuuiVN; submedian abdominal posUMiorly aiilcnnac ve-aii^iak jiluccd anterior t*
depressions present but camouflaged by these bases ol" lote lep-.
tnbcrelcs: cepnalolhoracie equivalents cleat
I
marked by irregular rings ol palei markings; u . ,>,uI-(iimui Ittrvu (| ig£ 2_ Itt)
•aiKmargm with row of liny pores, seen lo [vi I loii^uc oval, outlinesubtly conflicted anlcnoi «o
ui'minaic pore/porettc pairs only in tcncral Icrog incso-mctatlioiTicie division, which is only
-.peemiens, similar pores seen m .small gonips illlCfScgniCJTWl division cvtendini.- inlti Mihdorsum;
;uliiKent In suhinedian depressions, vasilorm tniln 1. culicie mostly pale bul w ilh sitnic dusky
eonUue. shrilly elevated poMeritkuerally. fully pipnionlorinn on rhactnsfonn suhirieilian aicii: si/e
occupied by operculum which obscures lingula m 0,o0-0.7l) mm x 0.->7-03o mm in U| uiairin
"cneial s|>c«. inirnS lingttla a>. ShAWjj in H.«:. S, wiiboui (LoaT.i;l\ erennlatC- anterior and postciioi uiaicniril
apical setae tchuiaclets \)i' vasifoirn orifice >elac presenl. lar^c with respcel lo bn.wiy si/e. d'.usid
essentially tbc same throughout lurvdl .stages>: cluietotayv itpparenlly as in pupanum and ilujd
vasilorm oiificc aboui 0.06 mm long ill male. 0.07 tnslar. but only 2 pans o| tlmracic and suvjU pan nf
mm ih female, inset from posterior pupaiial margin stibmccliaii Kill abdominal sclae distinct itt all
l-v J.H-3-,1 \ its own length m male. *.?-4»| *l i*1 >peeiiucn-.: ofhci indiMduals with (\ p.ios ot"
female: caudal furrow dellned by shallow ridge lo subdorsal abdominal aikl third llioractc pair ol sclal
either side hut without markings, eyespot markings liases always visible but scias- themselves vaiiablv
ilr^ni. On venter anieiutac dimorphic as discussed oi \M)\, developed; lew geminate pore poretlc pans
ibo\e. base*- placed latctul to loo.- legs; l«g3 CliCtl po-.i.Mi ,niHind |H-iiphcr\ of rh.-ehts; lci;s
wilh apical adhesion pad: multJlc and hind Logs each MihlrianiJ.idar. apical pads distinct: aiilcim.ie
wilh liny basal seta anil spine: ventral abdominal vestigial, anterior to lore legs, lateral lo nasal
ittJUiG placedslightly anteriorlodorsal Kth abdominal (unletiorl pan ofn^tol apparatus
fi.ii ; caudal i\\k\ thoracic tracheal folds present,
dnaarrkreorw,op\aolicdrtmbaair)kiandgjsa:cenwtheeinioveelnelaemriseppuanrcatlueadteIdrobym I WPxulhe,WMUfU-(0W.W10(Imium- I 1s 1 HlilQ nun (n 10).
the dorsum, suhmedian aiea teen to he much pale! inarrm with 10 poirs or finiier-like ptulriisMnv.
than siibmaiuiu/subdorsum ia ijiaraciei typical ioi smooth benvcen them, caeb marginal protrusion
bcaiiuc sd;i. iiiUi.-iMM anil posteiioi-inost s i,
i
lieii^ Uaiji, and ban-like; remainder shori. sbv'ulv
ftiwl nMth fan*! tl i^ £ PI capitate; between tbc anterior-most 2 pairs oi
l-.longate oval outline subtly coiisltictcd slightly protrusion-borne selac is a pair arising Tnan tltc
anterior io Jraifl meso-metuthorncic division (easily sinoyfll martun. presumed lo betheanteriormasemal
mistaken lor cphalothoraeic-abdomiual division hut setae: ott this basis, poslcnor marumal setae absenl
i
hind leys clearly underlie apparenl lust abdominal as in second wu\ third instars. itiosl pronouiued
•uvinciit). at which point coarse marginal iiileisL-emeiital di\ ision is beiweeu meso- ami
t fLiiiJabons arc sunicwhat fmerin sonic mdis iduals: inctatborax: doiMim wilh 4 pairs ol ceplialollioi.iLi^
thml-ttisiai esm.ui (Observed to fold at this mesu and 7 pairs of abdominal subdorsal capitate setae:
metulhoiacK dn 'mou; sexual dimorphism uppaieni vL-iiirallv. appendages rellccl mobility of this >laue.
individuals failing hlto ranee 1.04-1.0') mm Lt/rfe, caih lei> with single arbeailatiou between cova lemur
4V-0.5i mm wide (presumed male) or 1.IK-I.27 .uui tibia tarsus; co\a discernible; Uusus not disbiul
mm Iqjlg, (J'.5fi-Jj hi mm wide (presumed i'emale)- nil lYom libia bul distal scymcnl vt' leg with apparenl
J 00-2.1.^ x as long as wide(nHM: cuticle pale, but single clow-like apc.\ and disbnel clublicil subaptcal
with median pitrmenied patch overlying mouihpaits dieitule. cacb oulenoa will) '\ distinct scgmuils.
WESTERN MYALLWIIITLFLY AND ITS PARASITOID 89
^imm
sc^
13 m&
% >
16 17
Figs 12-17. /-ttplniHcru {>ap\mcuriHic Martin sp. nov., adult characters. 12. Mule antennal segment 111. I3- Male antennal
segment IV. with single convoluted sensorium shown. 14. Female antennal segments 11I-V1I. 15. Lateral view of male
genital segment. 16, Lateral view ol male aedeagus. 17. Dorsal view of male abdomen, with expanded detail ol'
operculum and lingula.
)
IHJ p i hah i •> t ii it/vkTinJ.J s Nini.sx \. I), AdSTIN
l in urn limgiiitf .nut eueudmg postcrinilv ki base develop aligned alttn- the nuftuw, ^ibi ylihdrii til
ol middle !.:- rustnil base ;iim| \ciitr,|! illxlOIHlll 'I ph, Ihides ol' the wc-icni mv;d! Ii sv;is milialK
•viae line ,u least ;is lonti :is \itsilotin onhce, suspeeled lluil Ihe new specie-, imuhl he ' Wjrfoni 01
/ mvi r. deNelopuii' ereatei i-mv,cm(v and a hhh<;
1 M<l'.|iPfehoI)mo«1 W "i i£ pedii i I wgled suck ucknuii£nUntiCmepunplt.iiiaHlowoeuvtleirn,e iclllorscemronxe.iitiilMnnnsiilHiie*lhiintys
llui egg iiscll ulrTfcntl touches the pbyllode miiI fCC Ukllc;iKul SCVCttll Oilier < ollsislOlll, JwiuUcrs \\w\
laid un 10 plivlln.lr '-.nrlnces. olicn interspersed Willi separate these |\\<. la\a. I lie Diosl siMkm;j
ItlrVil! '-K-'. eh.traclerislic ol' the pupana ol /. pitfiytXHW^ui' ••
the evlteme loiwan.bi mviiu' ol (he IranHVl
UhtHiiml \?k ? '-'- 15 17) muiiltuig taituies jikI abdominal intcrsegnietilal
mm'
1,73-1,87 long {including paiamcrcs). 11• i iiojw ii in to V vi. ;i feonirc ikm «ccn In i
lUUCUIiae O.X\ 0.'>0 Mini ultimate tnStml segment other esamined membei- i>| Ihe genus, -pvlielhei
(J loi'i 0.125 mm <n °o wings typical Far described oi i»o1 I'uparia ufJt (Htfl\1iarttr(nhl liirther
MeynnliiUfc, Willi Main votyi effort! and Mud wing dillcr horn those of'/- ntgffr 111 only possessing diree
unhninched.wings implemented; abdomen bearing-I pans id eephalotlioiaeic HCtflO OfWlM^rfl IWO p»l<]
pans uJ tfvul was glands, about (I 7041.90 mm lung displaced fiiltf subdensum I/. hI'.hi has m>,
Ipjy Pi parawervs, aeduffgus, opereulwn and Lcphalothomwii ptfir& 'ill submarginal), m nol
llllgLlIti ,, . dhtstraK-d ilujs IS-17): entire abdomen possc-.Miii: B MibmarL'inal pan id setae mi iibdominal
imtenor Ui ycnital segment, vory liuely spmulosc i ,!meiu III (preseni in / /j/i.'<r)and in having i\ short
;:|i|u mhi«j greyish under lower mugnjtitiUlMm; lateral rhaelii.-. aim isstmig lo>m the<uitei b:isa! rdgc
antennae with only 4 visible segments, segment III cil" eaeli abdominal anlenoily-directed lul>eicle
usually dislinctlv angled m its hasal third and wilh iiiinhis completely undeveloped in /. ufgw)
-angle, circulni. CflifltC sensorium pro\imad ol iln . Pupana oi /, niyur have \cr> small, but ihstuict.
; lbt)W"(l% IHi Ihc 2 flagellarsegments each Ml suhivicdijn ;(Uloiriih:.| (JcprcSSIOPS mitt w;i>' bctv,I till
mueli coinoluted hnl apparently single. sensorinm the intersegmental di\ r-aons. whereas LllC
looping repeatedly aouind llic segment (bigs 12. 13), drpirsMons in /. pupvrotnrfhiv are dilTieull Ul i C
given Ihe greater deselupment of the siibmedian
l(///// /<7//(//e frigs 5, 14) jlidttminal tubeielcs, Ihircbuistiii litis ac id /.
-7K- Ml nrm long, antennae 0.62-0.75 mm. (WpyiWt1t'fHl*> aie ClongatC-neal (mole broadly
uliIimale1 tostral segment 0.10-0.13 mm ( n H): wing rectangular in /. uiy.crl w ith eharaelenslic
charades as in malty abdomen hearing only 2 pan-. submeiliaii pigmentation (completely p-^ in /
ofoval wax elands, about 0, 10 mm long; abdominal ; . / ) and elongate submedian iibdommal
Silrfbce vcr> buck spmulosc. as in male, autciin n " .l.'in.-^simis (eiivnlar in /. Itffpr) and wnh H
segmented, IV <uk\ V much shorterthan remainderol pionouneed submedian rhaelns ICOWplCtel) (ibscnl
flagellarsegments; usually Willi segment VII healing inZ ntgei
2 iCiOUOllS SCllriOria Che Ijjsinl oik buiug the longest). lo date, Ihe adults oi'/. pilpWWUIfhiti a"c the only
segment VI wilh vn\: sinuous BCflSOlill Kl SCgMCHI imagos known lor am species ufZttjjhtMpra. I'm-.
III \silh a subapu.nl sensorinm ol inegular oulline noeouelusions can yet bedrawn as to \\hetheiMm. yl
but not elongate. Ihe several unusual adull characlcrs ileseiihetl above
are generic or specific, t erlauiK, Ihe presence ol
k'fVMOktgJi only two pairs of abduininal wa\ glands m llie
Nametl allei us host plant, Acuctti {uifynu'topt\ fcnifllcs is nol usual in the Aleyrodmae and the
11 cguminosac Muuosoidcae). the western myall. eharaeleiistie COT)VOlilted tVtfcnmil sensoiin ol both
(Vi)lti which it takes both its specific name ami sexes arc similarly rcmarkuble.
sugeesled common name, western invalt whiiclly.
Ujit tytiv oj /aphauera pilpyi'oCfllfQC
InMHtntHU rciutin/t\ftif>\ \Ve>lciu myall white!ly had t\so dislmet
Amongst die lour desenhed Australian bpci ic m-iiL-iaiunis \>cr vear during the study (fig, IK). An
/afihiith'n^ the pupana ol"/.. fftipymavptw sp. now autumn-WMitei :jeneialion jJomniCJWOd svilh eggs
,ippi-;M v I.IM--.1 to ''- "/,fft,',(MasU'll)and nearly key as laid in late behruary and a spring-summergeneration
-.iieh iji Vhiitm x ( 904i kev. /ttftlhtm /u siartecl I'rom eggs laid in Oeltiber. Ihe eggs hatch
/•i//'irf.'r;/r/'nv shares wilh /, nigg) Q IflCk "' into mobile first instar larvae thai could sometimes
snbmeilian ulandularimlchcs, presence ol stibmedian be -.ecu dispersing on \>\\\Modes The sedeniarv
PUIFS ul' LIblUting .ibduminal lubercles anj second and Ihud instar luivae 11 ig. 2) developed
\ccpiionallv pionouneed inteisegmenlal divisiimb moreslowlv in u interthan in (he summer The tourlh
i
II III io VI VII Tilt! pupana \\{ /., [WpyrQtWymv mstai hnvue ( pupae') wen- i.onspniioir. nn
Wl Nil KN LMVM.I Will I 1.1 L\ AND IIS I'AKAMMMI) M
Ihiiuin ution oj nuitnvrik
Irees on which / i>it/)\rt>tttrf><i<i were recorded are
I contained in ;ti> area <d appo>\imntcly (0.000 l-n-
north and north-west ol Roxby Downs (I ie. I'M
11ccs showing symptoms o*f diebaek and death
associated wilh western myall whitclly populations
wcie found throughout thearea. t Hitside this area, no
e\ idence (ifany whitclly species could he found on
any I, paityTaiwyu tree
: Within the aica ol infestation, mutga trees ( \
£ •i>h,"</u) were MMnetimes found in dose association
with western myall, in some cases with touching
CpliagC These molgll trees were- evnmincd but /
I pttpvriHtit-fun1 was newer iccorded. However, anolhei
(undoscrjbed) spccicji or Z^uUh^O wtw
occasionally lound on Ihem.
Damttgp
Field observations confirmed the association of/
pa/nrtHitffiu- with diebaek and death ol'trees. Ilrst
reported by Ireland tn 1WH (uupuK). OF several
hundred trees examined during the study, those with
diebaek symptoms wcie always associated with he
I
presence id' western myall whiteHy. Symptoms on
mature trees included initial yellowing ofpliyllodc-.
on small areas o! lire live, followed b\ death Off"
I ig. IN. tJeneraiinii'. n) Atplnttifni tuipxiiHttr/nn Martin foliageon bianelies (Fig. 5) and then death ofWood)
sp. nov. -Vlulu amcrpc from pupae during laic summer branches (fig. (>|. Once dead patches appeal on
and '.pnn-' onp tifuivi imd lay eggs oniddlei. li- tn mature or young trees, dealh ofthe whole tree ma\
which develop the autumn whiter and spring-summer occur within one year. As a rough estimate, areas ol
'vner.iia-nr- ol l.uvae iholiomi. Second inMat hirvac urc foliage wnh an average of3-3 pupae per pliyllode
&hown sCiaded and ihirti insmrs in hi.ick. wcie likely to die.
phyllodes, where large numhers often appeared to /AirhopitIutiles imaxeiutr Noves sp. no\,
encrust die phyllodc O'ig- 4). Tins stage was closely (FIGS 20-27)
associated with leaf, shoot and branch death- N!o
Imucydcw exudate wasobserved associatedwith any Ifo/flv/w: ". Roxby Downs, South Australia, W
islUtfQ ol whitclly development, nor were ants closely Atipiutttt'iu l>ill)\><ti iltpiW, Oil Altlitit fi/lpYfth,///>,/
associated with whitclly larvae. Adults (fig, 31 lived 22.x.ll>00, J./war(AM( ).
for only one oi two days when allowed to emerge in
the laboratory at 24: ( and provided with moisture- I'liniKpcs: South Australia; fi V i . 10 '. same
I he februar> 2001) sample was taken immediately dataashololypc(AMC\ MMNII, \VIN(').
following rain and the adults were observed living in
small clouds immeduilely ElbOvc shoois on lives. / ctfhik'
liming at generations and life history stages can length 143-1.40 mm (1.40 mm in hotolype).
baeccoiu(nHtigthhleypeesritoidmabteedtwefernomc^Figl.ayinIgS.s,Ttahekianugluimnnt-o aFrreoan:tovfearcel,exgepnalaee oarnadnuot-eymcpllloews, cpoanlceorlorinoitofeelIlnanr
wtittergeneration lakes approximately sever) months slightly paler; occiput black bordered pale orange
and the spring-summergeneration five months. Lggs yellow: radicle and most ofscape coiicoloroiis wilh
appear to baton over a period ofno more than four lace, but outer face ofscape with hroud. dark brown
weeks. Duration o\' the second inslar is about 6-3 dorsal stripe extendingalong most ofdorsal margin.
weeks in March April and 4-6 weeks hi September- pedicel with basal two thirds dorsally and laterally
fVwcmheT. Duration of the third mstar is about 20 dark brown, almost black, ventrally and at apes
weeks in April-September and eight weeks in dusky, pale orange; llagellum tesiaeeous brown.
November-December. Duration ofthe pupal stage is proximal segments darker; anteriorhalfo\'pronotum
lour weeks in September but up to eight weeks in black, posteriorhalftranslucent pale, yellow or while
January-February. and clothed in iratislueenl while selae; mesosculum
RT. BAILHY. .1 H. MARTIN, J. S. NOYES & A. D. AUSTIN
6 •
Cooper Pedy
• Whitefly present
p Whitefly absent
Habitations
— —
Approx limit of distribution
Commonwealth Hi BjM£ Kalina 100 km
30
i
Mujgathing / •••. I
/
o \
o Moi/nt \
\
VMann. •
%
Tarcoola
8" Roxby^3#o PAndamooka
Downs
o
Glendambp / o
3
\ . i
O o
Pimba
°
Port
Augusta
c
ron Knob
Middleback _j 1
y"^ 1
15 \
Fig. I1). Surveys i)\'western myall trees on which western myall whilel'ly. /.apluuicra papyroatrpae Martin sp. now. was
detected between November |9V9 and .lulv, 2000, The northern edge ofthe outbreak was not delimited.
shining, metallic blue-green in anterior two-thirds, translucent, white setae; metanotum medially
yellow in posterior one-third and along lateral yellow, laterally black; prepeetus translucent white,
margins, extreme posterior margin black; axillae anteriorly dark brown; mesopleuron with small
yellow; seutellum mostly shining, metallic blue- yellow spot below tegula but generally metallic
green mixed, posteriorly purple, apex and lateral green, bluish posteriorly, slightly purplish dorsally;
margins posteriorly yellow; tegula white with brown presternum metallic green; fore leg with coxa and
apical spot; dorsum of thorax clothed in dense. femur yellow, tibia yellow mixed dusky and