TAXONOMIC IDENTITY AND HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF DALEA CYLINDRICEPS (FABACEAE), A SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN IN THE GREAT PLAINS (U.S.A.)

2013·2.7 MB·

by  James H Locklear

TAXONOMIC AND
IDENTITY HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF
DALEA CYLINDRICEPS (FABACEAE), A SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN
THE GREAT
IN PLAINS
(U.S.A.)
James
Locklear
H.
Omaha,
Nebraska 68
08, U.S.A.
1
INTRODUCTION
the western Great Plains of
Daka herb 0 native to
(Figs.
cylindriceps Barneby (Fabaceae) 1 ]
i:
New
Mexico, Okla-
Kansas, Nebraska,
distribution, D. cylindriceps
extent of historical
homa, South and Wyoming. Despite the large its
Dakota, Texas,
and As noted in the recent Flora of Ne-
scattered local.
has been and occurrences are
collected infrequently
throughout wide geographic range.” Dalea
almost its
rare
braska (Kaul “This distinctive species is
et 2011),
al.
which has been docu-
concern in but two of the states in it
all
conservation
cylindriceps tracked as a species of
is
G3G4
(vulnerable).
mented, and ranked by NatureServe (2013) as
is
indicates this species
range of D. cylindriceps
northern part of the
survey by the author in the
Initial field
searched the sites of 22 historical occur-
In 2010,
may population decline. 1
have experienced considerable
Wyo-
Co Nebraska, and
orado,
specimen locality data) in
herbarium
from
rences
of D. (derived
cylindriceps
be noted that D. cylindriceps is a lelatively large
should
4
ming and found populations at only sites. It
existing
cm making
flowering spikes,
18 long)
dm elongate (up to
with distinctively
plant 3-6
(generally [up to 8] tall)
it a noticeable object in the landscape.
>sment by yielding historical in-
conserv,
informs
Analysis of and ecological literature
floristic
In the case ot
associations, etc. j
formation on abundance, ecological
distribution,
C an cm
taxon.
of this
history
nomenclatural
made complex
sis by
is difficult the
conservation sta
of
assessment its
more accurate
for
this species will allow for
i-Bot -
Res. Inst. Texas 7(2): 879 890. 2013

Locklear, Dalea cyl indriceps, a species of conservation
c
Fig. 2. Dalea cylindriceps, Sheridan County, Nebraska. Photo James Locklear.
Bameby monograph on the genu
The taxonomic was reviewed by (1977) in his
history of this species
n
currendy accepted
L., in which he determined that a new binomial was required and proposed the
Bameby.
cylindriceps
1827 from
ribed in
The name taxon Petalostemum macrostachyum Torr.,
earliest published for this is <
America
North Tor-
material collected in 1820 by Edwinjames in present-day Nebraska (see below). In Flora of ,
binomial
name (giving the full
Petalostemon
rey and Gray (1838, 309) altered the rendering of the generic to
p.
synonym. Gray later (1848) dis-
omatum Douglas ex Hook, as a
as and
Petalostemon macrostachyum) listed P.
omata
now recognized as Dalea (Douglas)
tinguished P omatum from macrostachyum, and the former is
P.
&
This ear
and northern Great Basin.
Eaton Wright, a species of the Columbia Plateau
plant of the Pacific
P 19th century botanical literature a
resulted in macrostachyum being treated in certain
Northwest Coulter 1885).
as well as the Great Plains (e.g..
P
synonym under macrostachyum
compacta Spreng. as a
added Dalea
Torrey and Gray 690)
later (1840, p.
ac-
and
.Texas
occurs in eastern
097^0 species .hat
ta, Bameby eompochr a separate
as determined by is
dong wkh misappUcatkm of (he speoffcepi-
ampacta,
of D.
cent Arkansas and Oklahoma. Misinterprecation
(Peterson 2000).
surrounding D. cylindriceps
confusion
much nomenclatural
thet, has been at the root of of the
macrostachyum (cor
Torrey’s Petalostemum
Great Plains region (East-
the
botanical
masculine appears in the early lit.
gender of Petalostemon)
&
but subsided after pubhca-
Coulter 1874),
Porter
wood Parry 1870;
Engelmann Gray 1848, 1863;
1893; 1862;
Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 7(2)
(Doane College Natural
compactus (Spreng.) Swezey in 1891 in Nebraska Flowering Plants
tion of Petalostemon
Doane
Goodwin College in
pamphlet written by D. Swezey, professor at Crete,
History Studies No. a 17-page
1),
synonym While proposed
Nebraska. Swezey cited macrostachyus Torr.” as a replaced of his P. compactus. in
“P.
name apparently gained recognition and adoption thanks to the re-
obscure publication, Swezey’s
a relatively
view pamphlet by Nathaniel Lord Britton (1891) published in the widely-circulated Bulletin of the Torrey
of his
Botanical Club.
which Torrey and
was new combination based on D. compacta (Sprengel 1826),
compactus
Swezey’s a
P.
macrostachyum (Torrey 1827) but which Swezey
Gray 690) included in the concept of Petalostemon
(1840,
p.
P
on should be noted that Swezey applied the name compactus to specimens
elevated based prior publication. It
known One herbarium Do-
Two in the of
what such specimens are to the author. is
of in fact D. cylindriceps.
is
Garden
on 1890 near Lewellen in
ane College in Crete, Nebraska, collected by E.E. Sprague (s.n.) 25 July
NY
and
The
County, Nebraska (annotated by Rolfsmeier [1987] as D. cylindriceps). other is at (1259224) ap-
S.
under an
same and distributed
pears be a duplicate of the Sprague collection (with collection date locality)
to
Wemple
andD. compactum”).
by [1961-1965] as
“Herb. ofG.D. Swezey” label (annotated D. lsely [1958] “P.
was Michx. and Dalea
Further clouding the nomenclature of this taxon the reduction of Petalostemon L.
Kuntze, under
to the genus Kuhnistera Lam. by Kuntze (1891), in which he proposed K. compacta (Spreng.)
“ added
synonyms.
which he placed D. compacta and Petalostemon macrostachyum” as Heller later (1896) “Pet-
name what
ostemon compactus Swezey” to the of synonyms under K. compacta. Use of the K. compacta for
al list
occurred in a number of botanical and ecological publications in Great Plains states
clearly D. cylindriceps
is
&
(Hitchcock 1896; Pound Clements 1900; Saunders 1899).
The publications of Per Axel Rydberg were foundational to state and regional treatments of the flora of the
Great Plains in the part of the 20th century. Regarding D. cylindriceps, Rydberg initially (1894, 1895) took
first
up K. compacta for the taxon, citing Petalostemon macrostachyus and D. compacta as synonyms, but subse-
quently adopted Petalostemon compactus (Spreng.) Swezey, first in Flora of Colorado (1906), then in Flora of the
Rocky Mountains and Adjacent Plains (1917) and Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central North America (1932).
Brown adopted
During same period, Britton and (1897) treated this taxon as K. compacta but later (1913)
this
“
compactum
Swezey’s name, rendering Petalostemum (Spreng.) Swezey.”
it
Subsequent treatments of this taxon in the flora of the Great Plains region followed Rydberg in using
works
Swezey’s Petalostemon compactus (often rendered P. compactum). These include floristic and ecological
for the states of Colorado (Harrington 1954; Ramaley 1939), Kansas (Bare 1979; Barkley 1968; Gates 1940),
& &
New
Nebraska Webber Mexico (Wooton Standley Martin Hutchins 1980),
(Petersen 1923; 1892), 1915;
&
Wyoming
Texas (Correll Johnston 1970; Turner 1959), and (Dorn 1977b), as well as other regional literature
&
(Barr 1983; Coulter Nelson 1909; Dorn 1977a; Rogers 1953) including Atlas of the Flora of the Great Plains
(GPFA
1977).
Swezey
The taxonomic identity and nomenclatural problems associated with compactus (Spreng.) re-
P.
Wemple
and
ceived further consideration clarification in the 1970s. In his revision of the genus Petalstemon,
“
(1970) recognized Petalostemon compactum (Spreng.) Swezey,” treating both P macrostachyum and D. com-
monograph on from the
pacta as synonyms. But, in his the genus Dalea, Barneby (1977) separated D. compacta
P
taxon originally described as macrostachyum, which excluded the type of D. compacta from his concept of
P.
macrostachyum, making the latter the oldest available name for the species. Since Barneby was reducing the
mac-
genus Petalostemon to Dalea, he needed to transfer P. macrostachyum to Dalea, but there was already a D.
“unwelcome new was adopted in
rostachya Moric., necessitating the epithet” of Dalea
cylindriceps. cylindriceps
Flora of the Great Plains (GPFA 1986) and has since been used in most treatments of the flora of the region
&
nomen-
(Dorn 2001; Kaul et 2011; Turner et 2003; Van Bruggen 1985; Weber Wittmann 2012). Correct
al. al.
and synonymy
clature for this species is provided below.
New
Dalea cylindriceps Barneby, Mem. York Bot. Gard. 27:227. 1977. Expedition. Dr.
Type: United States: “Long's 1st
South Platte River in Lincoln County, Nebraska, 22-23 Jun 1820.
883
Discovery and Type
Locality
The type specimen of what would eventually be recognized as D. cylindriceps was collected by Edwin James
while traveling with the Stephen H. Long Expedition of 1820. In his enumeration of the botany of the expedi-
tion, Torrey (1827) stated the locality ofJames’ collection of Petalostemum macrostachyum as “About the forks of
NY
No known
the Platte.” date or locality information is provided on the holotype (the only specimen) at (Fig.
only the statement, “Long’s Expedition. Dr. James.” James did not mention this species in either his pub-
1st
3),
&
(Goodman Lawson
lished account of the expedition (James 1823) or in his personal diary 1995).
The North and South Platte rivers (“the forks of the Platte”) join to form the Platte River in Lincoln Coun-
From
Nebraska, just east of the city of North Platte. here westward to Ogallala, Nebraska (a distance of ca.
ty,
70 km), the main channels of the North and South Platte rivers run within a few (5-6) kilometers of each other
km
until they begin to diverge about 18 east of Ogallala, the North Platte to the northwest and the South Platte
between North
to the southwest. Thus, “About the forks of the Platte” could be a general description of the area
&
(Goodman Lawson
Platte and Ogallala, which the expedition traversed 22-25 June 1820 1995).
North
But this phrase appears to refer to a more limited geographic area. After reaching the junction of the
North
and South on 22 June 1820, the expedition continued west along the north side of the Platte
Platte Platte
heading southwest, making camp on the north side of the South
River a few miles then crossed the river
for
Long Goodman and Lawson
Platte River. In their reconstruction of the route and itinerary of the Expedition,
km) North
camp 22 6-7 miles (10-12 west of the city of Platte,
place the location of the ofJune at
(1995, 15)
p.
community of Hershey, Nebraska.
which would bVjust to the east of the present-day
km)
On the morning of June 23, the party traveled about two miles (3.3 upstream then crossed to the
The would have been in the vicinity of Hershey. James (1823, p. 468)
south South crossing
side of the Platte.
when our attention was arrested by the beautiful
states that the party “had no sooner crossed the [South] Platte
&
N
A. Gray). In a footnote to his discussion
Torr.
(« O. coronopifolia
white primrose (Oenothera pinnatijida. .)”
were collected “about the forks of the Platte.”
other species that
of the Oenothera, James several
lists
byJames as “about the forks of the Platte” is tied to the locality of
Thus, appears that the area referred to
it
on The
Nebraska 23 June 1820. type of
Lincoln County,
present-day
South River in
this crossing of the Platte
and
towns Hershey Sutherland
somewhere between the of
was along the river
D. cylindriceps likely collected
&
(Goodman Lawson
camp
ofJune 23
km of the expedition’s
being the vicinity
(ca. 12 to the west), the latter
made on 05 August 1989 (D. Suther-
supported by a collection of D. cylindriceps
1995, p 16) This conclusion is
south of Hershey.
South Riverjust
NEB, NY) along the Platte
land 6802 with Rolfsmeier at
S.
......
Accounts
Historical
. and ecological htera-
the early flonstic
history of D. cylindriceps,
Armed nomenclatural
with knowledge of the
summary
specie* The following is a of notable
references to this
was searched for
tore of the Great Plains
^
ndl
”^
aooss the cc
traveling
many botanical collectors
by of the early
was encountered
Aug^
Ihllea cylindriceps m
Fendfa 1846
(Toney 18CT
1820
Edwin James in
MOs.
The includes
Great
Plains in the list
and Harbour (with Charles C.
and Elihu Hall
(Engehnann 1862), J.P.
Hayden 1857
(Gray Ferdinand in
1848),
was
typically
^^fretoatandance
cylindriceps
D.
indicated,
is
& Ramaley Rogets 1953) Tins ts tn spue of fact that
1939;
Clements 1900;
Pound
ized, etc (Hitchcock 1896;
comments Pound and
of
the
when as reflected in
present,
landscape
the
the object in
species a noticeable
is
ccmpacm)
K. as
described D. cylindriceps (as
where they
Nebraska,
Clements The Phytageogmphy of
(1900) in

:
885
most
“the remarkable species of this genus in our stems, which
flora. Its are densely leafy, are often a meter high
and are very conspicuous on account of the long decimeter) nodding
(a spikes of white or yellowish flowers .”
may
Dalea cylindriceps have been more abundant
prior to settlement and agricultural development within
“
Eastwood
its range. (1893) included Petalostemon macrostachyus Torr” in A Popular Bora Denver, Colorado
of
,
book aimed
her at “students” and “beginners” and therefore focused on the showier or more common elements
Eastwood
of the flora. stated the species occurred in “North Denver.” There are a number of D.
cylindriceps
herbarium specimens collected in the late 1800s from what is today the Denver metropolitan area northward
toward Fort but
Collins, the native vegetation of this area has been largely displaced by suburban and ex-urban
development.
The
following references provide early accounts of the ecological associations of D. cylindriceps
Colorado: “Sand (Ramaley
Prairie” 1939, p. 14 as P. compactus). In his ecological study of the sandhill vegeta-
tion of northeastern Colorado, Ramaley recognized four plant communities occurring upland sandy
in
soils (Loose Sand and Blow-out; Sand-hills-Mixed; Sand-Sage; Sand he P compactus only
Prairie); listed
under Sand Prairie, where he placed it on the list of “Other species,” indicating relative infrequency.
P
Kansas: “Prairie” (Gray 1848, 33 as macrostachyum Gray enumerated plants collected by Augustus
p.
).
New
Fendler in the vicinity of Santa Fe, Mexico, which he reached in 1846 after traveling from Louis
St.
along the Santa Fe Trail. Gray reported the locality of the collection as “18 miles west of Lower Springs,
Wagon
Cimarron [River].” Lower Spring (also called Bed Spring) was a site along the Cimarron Cutoff of
A
the Santa Fe Trail located on the Cimarron River in what is today Grant County, Kansas. location along
the 18 miles west of Lower Spring would be in present-day Morton County, Kansas in the vicinity of
trail
number
the Cimarron National Grasslands, where a of recent collections of D. cylindriceps have been
Kansas: “Ulysses, Grant County... on sandy knolls along the South Fork of the Cimarron [River]. Rare.”
Thompson
on by
(Hitchcock 1896, 543 as K. compacta Hitchcock reported the plants collected C.H.
p.
).
in southwestern Kansas in 1893.
Nebraska: “Sand along the Loup fork and Niobrara [rivers]” (Engelmann 1862, p. 189 as P. macrostachy-
hills
ium Engelmann enumerated plants collected by Ferdinand Hayden in the Elkhom, Loup, Platte,
[sic]).
and Niobrara river valleys of present-day Nebraska during an expedition led by Lieutenant G.K. Warren
of the U.S. Topographical Engineers in 1857.
&
county (Pound Clements 1900, 250 as K.
Nebraska: “Localized in the sand-hills of Scotts Bluff (sic)” p.
on herbarium material
Pound and Clements based their account of this species col-
compacta). likely
NY
NEB on 04 August
1259216, 1259217) 1891.
by PA. Rydberg Rydberg 177085, 177088;
lected 61;
(
number “Petalostemon macrostachyus Torr.” in his journal (manuscript at
Rydberg identified his 61 as
NEB), noting the locality as “On the sandhills north of the Platte River, Scotts Bluff Co.”
Kuhn
Kaul
Such early references, as well as those found in more recent literature (Hazlett 2004; et al. 2011; et
&
&
Sutherland Rolfsmeier 1989), indi-
Steinauer 2010;
Rolfsmeier
al. 2011; Neid et 2007; Reif et al. 2009;
al.
common
sand and sand dunes are
Eolian sheets
with sandy habitat.
cate a strong association of D. cylindriceps
New
Oklahoma, Mexico, and
Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas,
notably in
landforms western Great Plains,
in the
by
& dune are mostly stabilized vegetation.
Texas (Muhs Holliday 1995). At present, these fields
herbarium
with examination of speci-
coupled
and ecological literature
Review of Great Plains floristic
com-
with plant
frequently associated
mens indicate that D. cylindriceps is
and survey,
the author’s initial field
Occur-
a dominant or distinctive element.
(Artemisia is
munities which shrub sand sagebrush filifolia)
in the
and southwest Kansas are associated
Colorado
Nebraska, eastern (Fig. 4),
southwest
rences of D. cylindriceps in
with
interspersed tailor
moderately dense layer oiA.filifolia
with communities comprised ofasparse to
steppe
sod
with geography, precipitation, texture, etc.
varying
component grass species
mid-height
the
grasses,
&
Frequently
Rolfsmeier Steinauer 2010).
Ramaley
1939;
Neid 2007;
(Kuchler 1974 Lauver 1999; et al.
et al
communities occur on sands and loamy sands as-
sometimes extensive
these
referred to as “sandsage prairie,”
sociated with dune systems.
eolian
journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 7(2)
886
Dalea cylindriceps has been collected (to a lesser exte
deposits of streams and colluvium derived from sandstone outcrops and escarpments
il
jus plant communities that develop in such habitat occur as small patches or bands
<
The association of D. cylindriceps with sandsage prairie could be a factor in the apparent decline of this
species. Throughout the Great Plains, extensive tracts of sandsage prairie have either been converted to irri-
Sexson
1983).
Future Research
Kansas Ronald McGregor
University of botanist L. (1986) asserted nearly 30 years ago that D. cylindriceps
“needs more careful study ” and his statement holds true yet today. Additional research needed to more fully
is
assess the conservation status of D. cylindriceps. Survey of historical occurrences throughout the range of the
species is needed to determine the number of existing occurrences and to develop a more detailed ecological
As a
profile that includes habitat requirements, edaphic factors, disturbance factors, associated species, etc.
more precise understanding of the ecology of D. cylindriceps gained, workers can be more strategic in
is field
arch
for additional occurrences.
needed
Research into the life history traits (phenology, reproductive ecology, etc.) of D. cylindriceps is t<
how
nine these shape demography and population trends. This species appears to be a short-lived or evei
887
monocarpic herbaceous (Bameby
perennial 1977; Kaul et al. 2011). McGregor (1986) noted that on dunes and
areas of loose sand, D. cylindriceps “sometimes flowers the first year and frequently expires at the end of the
second or third season,” yet is often a longer-lived perennial in more stable sandy areas.
Many
plant species associated with sandy habitat are specialized to a particular ecological niche or stage
of recovery related to natural disturbance, and research needed determine such
is to if is the case for D. cylin-
Sandsage dynamic
driceps. prairie is a naturally plant community, with species composition, patterns of vege-
tation, and percent canopy cover changing over time in response to fluctuations in precipitation (Collins et al
1987; Farrar 1993b; Kelso et al. 2007; Ramaley 1939; Rondeau 2003, 2013). Such recurring natural disturbance
could result in fluctuations in the presence and abundance of D. cylindriceps over time.
Monitoring studies of existing populations of D. cylindriceps are needed to answer these and other ques-
tions of history, demography, and population trends. Further study of D. cylindriceps would be of value not
life
only for the conservation and management of this species, but also holds promise for a better understanding of
the ecology and dynamics of sandsage prairie, a plant community that is of conservation concern throughout
most of its distribution in the western Great Plains (NatureServe 2013). Given its close association, D. cylindri-
ceps could serve as an indicator species of high quality occurrences of sandsage prairie and of habitat integrity
and
health.
A Common Name Bameby
Dalea
for cylindriceps
and
The misleading common name “Andean prairie-clover” has been applied to D. cylindriceps is currently in
use by NatureServe and other databases listing plants of conservation concern. Dalea cylindriceps is not
(2013)
and common name may have had origin in the binomial D. macrostachya Moric.,
a plant of the Andes, this its
now
which macrostachyum Tore, the validly published name for what is recognized as D.
is similar to P. first
&
Dalea macrostachya a replaced synonym for D. coerulea (L.f.) Shinz Thell. var. longispicata
cylindriceps. is
Bameby, which occurs in the Andean region of South America (Bameby 1977).
(Ulbr.)
common names have been adopted for D. cylindriceps that point to the dense, elongate spike-
Several other
These include “dense-flowered
morphological feature of this species.
which
like inflorescence a distinctive
is
(GPFA and
&
“massive spike prairie-clover” 1986),
Brown Saunders 1899),
1897;
prairie clover” (Britton
&
Conard The two names reflect Bar-
Stubbendieck 1989). latter
(Kaul 2011;
“large-spike prairie-clover” et al.
massive spike.”
neby’s (1977) etymology of cylindriceps: “of the
proposed here based on the close association of D. cylin-
The common name “sandsage prairie-clover” is
communities in which sand sagebrush (A. filifolia) is a domi-
driceps with sandsage prairie and similar plant
nant
or element.
distinctive
acknowledgments
David Sutherland, profes-
who provided assistance with this research.
would individuals
I like to think several
genus
forthcoming treatment of the
Omaha and author of the
Nebraska
sor emeritus the University of at
at
my
information
pertinent
and brought to attention
manuscript
reviewed the
Dalea for Flora North America,
of
ami professor en.ert.us, respec-
professor
Rob Wikel, associate
and
NEB. Brad Elder
in the Rydberg diary
at
Goodwm
Swezey
on publications of D.
die
information
pnrvkfed
Doane Nebraska),
tively, College (Crete,
at
and research professor with the
Kaul, curator
Robert
Doane College.
and access to his botanical collections at ^1891
photocopy
of
provide
Nebraska,
Unhersity of
Charles Bessey Hetbarium (NEB) of the
E.
«SOfl
Hams Herbanum
rihgh.
of the
director
Rolfsmeier, i
Steven
pamphlet, Nebraska Flowering Plants.
and
on die ecology of D. cylmdnccps also
observations
shared his
Nebraska),
Chadron (Chadron,
State College
reviewed
the manuscript.
Lawrence, Kansas.
of Kansas,
s Press
. .
Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas
7(2)
Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Barr, C.A. 1983. Jewels of the Plains. University of Press,
Mem. New -891
977. Daleae imagines. York Bot. Gard. 27:1
Barneby, R.C.
1
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