Tarihte ve Bugün Şamanizm: Materyaller ve Araştırmalar

123 Pages·1986·30.43 MB·Turkish

by  Abdülkadir İnan

ATATORK KOLTOR, DtL VE TARtH YOKSEK KURUMU
TOR K TAR t H K U RUM U Y'A YIN L A R I
VII. DtZt- Sa. 24b
TARtHTE VE ~UGlJN
§AMANizM
Materyaller ve ArQ§tzrmalar
III. BasIn
ABDULKAD1R lNAN
Metin dl,IDda 7 resim. varchr
Birinci bask. : 1954 TORK TARtH KURUMU BASIMEvt-ANKARA
tkinci bask. : 1972 1 986
O¢ncii bask. : 1986
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lQ1NDEK1LER
,to
Sayfa
I. Tarihte §amanizm .
II. DiinyanmveinsanlarmyaradllL§madairefsaneler 13
III. Tufan efsanesi 22
IV. Diinyarun sonu-klyamet (kalganC;l c;ak) 24
V. Tannlar ve ruhlar 26
VI. ~amanizmdeput-feti§ler 42
VII. Yer-su tannlan' '" '48
i • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . •
, I
VIII. Atc§ ve ocak 66
IX. ~aman-kamve hayatl ,......... 72
'.~
X. ~amanciibbesi, kiilahl ve davulu " .... ... .... 9I
XI. Ayin, toren ve bayraml.ar 97
, XII. ~amandua,ilaM ve afsunlan ................ 120
",.
I~ XIII. Falclhk ve kehanet 151
r~\f
17 XIV. Yada (cada,yat) ta§l ve yagmur tIlslffilan ..... 160
XV. EvJenme ve dogum 166
,r
XVI. Oliim ve oliiler kiiltii ......... 176
I
XVII. Burhanizm (§amanizmi lslah te§ebbiisii) 201
XVIII. Miisliiman Tiirklerde §amanizm kaJmwan 204
Bibliyografya ~ ',' ............ 209
lndeksler "......................... 2I5
"Balbal" terimi iizerine onemli aC;lklama 23I
I. Baslma girmemi§ olan bibliyografyalar 232
Klsaltmalarm aC;lklanmasl 233
I. TARtHTE ~AMANtZM
Eski Tiirk dini ve mitolojisi hakkmda Qin, Isla.m ve Bat!
b~raber ~ok
kaynaklannda epeyee malumat bulunmakla dagl
mk ve klsa olduklarmdan bunlardan faydalanmak c;ok yorueu
~ah§malar istemektedir. Tiirk kavimlerinin. orf, a.det ve inan
malarmda son devirlere kadar muhafaza edilmi§ olan eski dini
tela.kkilerin ve geleneklerin men§elerini ara§tmrken ta Iskit ve
Hun (H'yung-nu) devirlerinin derinliklerine kadar inmek ve
bu baklmdan Orta Asya'Yl ve Dogu Avrupa'Yl bir biitiin olarak
almakieabetmektedir. MeseIa., Tiirk kavimlerinde and veanda
miiesseseleri ve bunlara bagh gelenekler mila.ttan oneeki V - IV.
yiizyIlI;lrda Yunan tarihc;ileri tarafindan tavsifedilen Iskit and
miiessesesinin aym oldugu maliim,dur. Mila.ttan oneeki II. y.ti'Z
yIllarda Qin vakaniivisleri tarafmdan Hunlarda tesbit edilen
Gok-Tann,· giine§, ay', yer-su atalar ve oliiler kiiltii Tiirk ka
vimlerinde, muhtelif kiiltiirlerin tesirleri altmda kalmalanna
ragmen, son devitlere kadar devam cttirilen kiiltlerdir. Bu
kiiltler c;agda§ Altayhlarda ve Yakutlarda mii§ahede edilmi§tir.
Bununla beraber Altay ve Yakut §amanhgJ biitiin halinde eski
Tiirk dini olarak kabul edilemez. Qrik .eski dev:irlerde biiyiik
hakanhklar ve devletler kuran Tiirklerin diinya gorii§leri ve
dini tela.kkileri Altay ve Yakut §amanizmine nazaran c;ok geli§
mi§ ve olgurila§ml§ oldugu anla§llmatadlr. Altay ve Yakut §a
manhglm,elinde bulundurdugu pek mahdut materyallere da
yanarak, tetkik eden rahmetli Ziya Gokalp dahi bununfarkma
varml§ ve eski Tiirkler ic;in toyunizm adml verdigi bir milli din
tasavvur etmi§ti. Fakat "toyunizm" dcdigi din budizmdcn ba§ka
bir §cy degildir. Slrf itibari olarak dahi eski Tiirk dinine "to
yunizm" adl verilemez. Eski Tiirkler, §iiphesizdir ki, §amanist
idiler. Fakat bu §amanizm Altay ve Yakut §amanhgmm bu
lundugu safhayt c;ok arkasmda' blrakml§, geli§mi§ bir durum
daydt. Avelhk ve iptidai ziraatle dar birsahada ya§lyan kiiC;iik
boylarm diinya gorii§leri ve dini tela.kkileriyle biiyiik goc;ebe
hakanhklar kuran, Qin'den Bizans'a ve Iran'a kadar uzanan
~AMANtZM TARtHTE ~AMANtZM
gon)den, §iiphesizdir ki, daha miitekamil olmu§tur. Aym kay·
ulusun diinya gorii§ii ile dini telakkilerinin aym seviyede olma
naKlann bildirdiklerine gore Hunlar bir i§e te§ebbus etmek
smaimkan yoktur.
isterlerse yIldlzlann ve aym durumlanna bakarlardl. BukaYlt
yin kaynaklanmn verdikleri haberlerden anh~§Jldlgma
tan anla§hyor ki Hun kam'lan heyet ilminden de haberdar
gore, eski Orta-Asya §amanizminin esaslan Gok-Tann, giine§,.
olmu§lardlr.
ay, yer, su, ata (cedd-i ala), ate§ (ocak) kiiltleri idi.Dini ayin
Hunlardan sonra Orta Asya'da devlet kuran muhtelifsula
ve torenlerin muayyen bir nizam (statu) ~er~evesi i~ine ?hnml§
I.
lelerden bahseden yin kaynaklan bunlann da Gok.Tann'ya,
oldugunu tahmin etmek de miimkiindiir.
yer-suya, giine§e ve aya kurban sunduklanm yazml~lardlr.
Biiyiik devlet kuran §amanistlerin ayin ve torenlerini iCTa
M.o. II. yiizyllda Hunlara tahi olan,sonralan devlet ku
i~in resmi tiiziik viicude getirdiklerini yakm zamandaki Man~u
ran Vu-huanlann dini hakklOda verilen mahlmat Hun dini
tarihinden de biliyoruz. XVI. yiizyllda muhtelif Man~1.i ve
hakklOda verilen malumattan farkslzdlr (Hyacinth, I, 154;
Tonguz gibi Altay uluslan birle§erek yin'i fethettiler. Bu ka
Eberhart, s. 48).
bileler §amanist idiler. 1747 yIlmda §aman ayin ve torenlerini
diizenliyen bir statu imparator tarafmdan ilan edirdi, §ama M.s. In. yiizyllda meydana ~lkan Toba si.ilalesi devrinde
nistler i~in bir tapmak da yaptmldl1 de Hun ki.iltl~ri devam ettirilmi§tir. To-ba'lar "Siyenpi adeti
•
iizerine ilkbaharm ilk aymda Gok-Tannya,dogu tarafmda bu
Qin kaynaklan Hun kiilturiinden bahsederken taplOaklanm
lunan taplOakta atalara kurban keserler; sonbaharm ilk aymda
zikrediyorlar. Bu haberlere gore hakamn karargahmdaki ta
Gok·Tanr'lya kurban ayini yaparlardl, dini ayinlerve kuraan
pmakta her yIlm ba§mda ayin yapIludl. Bu~yine Hunlarm
yirmi dort boyunun ba§buglarl i§tirak ederJerdi. Yllm bC§inci tOrenlerinizamnameye gore icra edilirdi". (Hyacinth, I, 202);
"ecdat mabedi makammda bir ta§ oyarlardl. ~imal yurtlarlO
aymdaLung-<;eng §ehrinde toplamrlar, atalarma, GOk-Tanrl'ya,
yer-su .ruhlanna kurban sunarlardl. Sonbaharda, atlarm iyi dan cenuba go~ ederlerdi, ta§ ev i~ind"e goge, yere, hakamn
soyuna kurban keserlerdi. Kurbandan sonra kaYIn aga~lan
beslendikleri zaman, orman yanmda toplamp etrafI dola§ular,
dikerlerdi. Bunlardan tannhk ve kutlu orman meydana gelirdi"
ahalinin vc hayvan surulerinin saylSlm kontrol ederlerdi. Hakan
(Eberhard,s. 80).
hcr sabah ~adtrlndan~lkarak giine§e ve geceleri aya tapardl.
"Toba devletinin ilk zamanlarlOda kadm §amanlar umu
M.o. i21 inci YIlda cereyan eden bir sava§ta yinliler bir
miyetle devletin dini torenlerinde faaliyette bulunuyorlardl;
Hun prensini yenerek karargahml ellerine ge~irmi§lerdi. Aldlk
langanimetler araslOda bir altm put da vardl. 9in vakaniivi Mesela 339 Ylhnda bir kurban toreninde, tIpkl Sibirya §a
manlan gibi, ellerinde diimbeleklerle (kadlO §amanlar) goriin
sinin verdigi mahlmata gore Hun prensi bu put\mkar§lSmda
mii§lerdir" (Eberhard, s. 43).
Gok·Tann'ya kurban sunard12• Herhalde bu put Altayhlarda ,
ve ba§ka ~agda§ §amanistlerde mii§ahede edilen ongon yahut Orta Asya'da devIet kuran kavimlerinkiiltiir merkezi olan
toz'lere benzer bir sanem olsa gerektir. Altmdan yapIlml§ olan hakan saraylan ve beylerin karargahlan ve bunlarm ~evresinde
Hun putu Altayhlarm deriden yahut ke~eden yaptlgl tOz (on- yerle§en ve go~ eden boylar daima yabancl kiiltiirlerin tesir
lerine maruz bulunuyorlardl. Dogudan Qin mitolojisi ve fel
sefesi, giineyden Hint-Tibet budizmi, batIdan zerdii§tizm ~ok
1 Hyacinth (Bi"urin) Kitay vgrajd. i nravst. sostoyanii, IV, Petersburg
1848, s. 54. . eskidenberi Orta Asya'nm milli kiiltlerine yava§ yava§ tesir
I Hyacinth (Bicurin). Sobraniye svedeniy 0 narodah, obitav,ih v ediyorlar, kendileri de yerli kiiltlerden miiteessir oluyorlardl.
SreneyAzii v drevnievremena. Petersburg 1851. I, 15-16,32;W. Eberhard, Yabancl dinler ~amanizmden bir~ok unsurlar kabul etmekle
Qin'in ,imal kom,ulan. TUrk Tarih Kurumu yaymlarmdan VII. seri No.
halk tabakasl i<;inde muvaffakiyet kazamyorlardl.
9, 1942, s. 76-77. (Metin i"inde Hyacinth ve Eberhard diye gCisteriyorum).
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