Target Volume Delineation for Conformal and Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy PDF
Preview Target Volume Delineation for Conformal and Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy
Medical Radiology Nancy Y. Lee Radiation Oncology Nadeem Riaz L.W. Brady Jiade J. Lu S.E. Combs J.J. Lu Editors Target Volume Delineation for Conformal and Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy 123 Medical Radiology Radiation Oncology Series editors Luther W. Brady Stephanie E. Combs Jiade J. Lu Honorary editors Hans-Peter Heilmann Michael Molls For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/4353 Nancy Y. Lee (cid:129) Nadeem Riaz (cid:129) Jiade J. Lu Editors Target Volume Delineation for Conformal and Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Editors Nancy Y. Lee Jiade J. Lu Department of Radiation Oncology Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Shanghai NY China USA Nadeem Riaz Department of Radiation Oncology Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center NY USA ISSN 0942-5373 ISBN 978-3-319-05725-5 ISBN 978-3-319-05726-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-05726-2 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014957720 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. T he use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Pref ace Historically, radiation oncologists relied on bony landmarks to determine radiation portals and approximate areas that could be at risk for harboring gross and/or microscopic disease. The introduction of cross-axial imaging with CT scans in the 1970s and MRIs in the 1980s allowed us to more precisely visualize areas at risk for disease. The subsequent development of 3D conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) allowed us to take advantage of more precise target defi nitions by sculpting the dose of radiation to avoid critical structures. These advances afforded us the possibility to improve outcomes while simultaneously decreasing toxicity from treatment. However, these more precise techniques of radiotherapy pose a unique set of risks. Conformal radiotherapy requires signifi cantly more attention to target volume delineation (CTV) than was previously needed. For conventional 2D treatments, knowledge of bony l andmarks was suffi cient. Comparatively, the interpretation of cross-axial imaging requires signifi cantly more anatomic knowledge to accurately delineate target volumes (CTV). Further, IMRT can be very unforgiving if used inappropriately. If a region is not included in the target volume (CTV), it will receive a subtherapeutic dose and is at risk for recurrence. R andomized trials over the past decade have demonstrated that conformal techniques can improve outcomes in patients. These trials have also uncovered signifi cant risks from these conformal techniques. In multiple disease sites, the quality of radiotherapy is consistently associated with outcomes. Central review of treatment plans has demonstrated that inadequate target volumes (PTVs and CTVs), leads to inadequate treatment, and subsequently poorer outcomes. Although there are many textbooks in the fi eld, most focus on the natural history of disease and the evidence for radiotherapy, rather than on the technical details required for target delineation. We saw an urgent need for a resource that focuses on how to delineate target v olumes (CTVs) for radiotherapy. The best way to understand what to target is to see cases, and so, each chapter provides slice-by-slice illustrations of target volumes on planning CT scans. We hope this book can serve as the equivalent of the radiologist’s atlas. The text in each chapter is focused on knowledge that is important for accurately delineating target volumes and the reasons behind the volumes. The text is not suffi cient to understand all the important oncologic aspects of a particular cancer, but it is suffi cient to understand the radiotherapy technique for a particular disease. W e hope this will serve as a valuable resource to physicians in the community, residents in training, and others looking to understand the anatomic underpinnings of radiotherapy. New York Nadeem Riaz Shanghai Jiade Lu New York Nancy Lee v Contents Part I Head and Neck Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Nadeem Riaz, Moses Tam, and Nancy Lee Oropharyngeal Carcinoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Jeremy Setton, Ian Poon, Nadeem Riaz, Eli Scher, and Nancy Lee Oral Cavity Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Zachary Kohutek, Keith Unger, Nadeem Riaz, and Nancy Lee Early Stage Larynx Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Zachary S. Zumsteg, Nadeem Riaz, and Nancy Lee Advanced Laryngeal Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Daniel Higginson, Oren Cahlon, and Bhisham Chera Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Benjamin H. Lok, Gaorav P. Gupta, Nadeem Riaz, Sean McBride, and Nancy Y. Lee Carcinoma of the Paranasal Sinuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Daniel E. Spratt and Nancy Y. Lee Major Salivary Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Yiat Horng Leong, Eli Scher, Nancy Lee, and Ivan WK Tham Thyroid Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Paul B. Romesser and Nancy Y. Lee Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Unknown Primary in the Head and Neck. . . . . . . . . 115 John Cuaron, Nadeem Riaz, and Nancy Lee Locally Advanced and High-Risk Cutaneous Malignancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Christopher A. Barker Target Delineation of the Neck in Head and Neck Carcinomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Joanne Zhung, Eli Scher, Nancy Lee, and Ruben Cabanillas Cranial Nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Ryan Lanning, Robert Young, Christopher Barker, and Nancy Lee Part II Breast Early Breast Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Sagar Patel, Brian Napolitano, and Shannon M. MacDonald Locally Advanced Breast Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Alice Ho, Ase Ballangrud, Guang Li, Kate Krause, Chun Siu, and Simon N. Powell vii viii Contents Part III Thorax Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Small Cell Lung Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Daniel Gomez, Peter Balter, and Zhongxing Liao Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiation (SABR) and Postoperative Radiation in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Daniel Gomez, Peter Balter, and Zhongxing Liao Part IV Gastrointestinal Tract Esophageal Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Jason Chia-Hsien Cheng, Feng-Ming Hsu, Abraham J. Wu, and Lisa A. Kachnic Gastric Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Jeremy Tey and Jiade J. Lu Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Paul B. Romesser, Michael R. Folkert, and Karyn A. Goodman Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Jason Chia-Hsien Cheng, Chia-Chun Wang, Inigo San Miguel, and Laura A. Dawson Rectal Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Jose G. Bazan, Albert C. Koong, and Daniel T. Chang Anal Canal Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Jose G. Bazan, Albert C. Koong, and Daniel T. Cang Part V Gynecological Tract Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Daniel R. Simpson, Anthony J. Paravati, Catheryn M. Yashar, Loren K. Mell, and Arno J. Mundt Uterine Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Anthony J. Paravati, Daniel R. Simpson, Catheryn M. Yashar, Loren K. Mell, and Arno J. Mundt Vulvar Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 John A. Vargo and Sushil Beriwal Part VI Genitourinary System Prostate Adenocarcinoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Neil B. Desai and Michael J. Zelefsky Bladder Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Bret Adams, Dayssy A. Diaz, Alan Pollack, and Matthew Abramowitz Testicular Seminoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Sean M. McBride Contents ix Part VII Central Nervous System Benign Intracranial Disease: Benign Tumors of the Central Nervous System, Arteriovenous Malformations, and Trigeminal Neuralgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Rupesh Kotecha, Samuel T. Chao, Erin S. Murphy, and John H. Suh Glioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Kruti Patel and Minesh P. Mehta Palliative Radiation for Brain Metastases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Nicholas S. Boehling, David C. Weksberg, Jiade J. Lu, and Eric L. Chang Part VIII Lymphoma Hodgkin Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Bradford S. Hoppe and Richard T. Hoppe Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Sara Alcorn, Harold Agbahiwe, and Stephanie Terezakis Part IX Pediatrics Pediatric Sarcoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 Arthur K. Liu and Arnold C. Paulino Pediatric Brain Tumors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 Jeffrey Buchsbaum and Arnold C. Paulino Part X Sarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 Colleen Dickie and Brian O’Sullivan Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
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