Target Sites for Herbicide Action PDF
Preview Target Sites for Herbicide Action
Target Sites for Herbicide Action TOPICS IN APPLIED CHEMISTRY Series Editors: Alan R. Katritzky, FRS Kenan Professor of Chemistry University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Gebran J. Sabongi Laboratory Manager, Encapsulation Technology Center 3M, St. Paul, Minnesota BIOCATALYSTS FOR INDUSTRY Edited by Jonathan S. Dordick CHEMICAL TRIGGERING Reactions of Potential Utility in Industrial Processes Gebran J. Sabongi THE CHEMISTRY AND APPLICATION OF DYES Edited by David R. Waring and Geoffrey Hallas HIGH-TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC COLORANTS Peter Gregory INFRARED ABSORBING DYES Edited by Masaru Matsuoka STRUCTURAL ADHESIVES Edited by S. R. Hartshorn TARGET SITES FOR HERBICIDE ACTION Edited by Ralph C. Kirkwood A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. Target Sites for Herbicide Action Edited by Ralph C. Kirkwood University of Strathclyde Glasgow, United Kingdom Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC Llbrary of Congress catalog1ng-ln-Publ1catlon Data Target sttes for herbtetde act ton I edtted by Ralph C. Ktrkwood. p. CII. -- <Toptes In applted eheatstryl' Ineludes btbltographteal referenees and Index. ISBN 978-1-4899-2435-3 ISBN 978-1-4899-2433-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-2433-9 1. Weeds--Phystology. 2. Plants, Effeet of herbtetdes ono 3. Herbtetdes. 4. Weeds--Control. 1: Ktrkwood, R. C. (Ralph C.l II. Sertes. S861 1 • T36 1991 632' • 954--de20 91-22530 CIP ISBN 978-1-4899-2435-3 © 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1991 Ali rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors Peter M. Bramley • Department of Biochemistry, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, United Kingdom Richard H. Bromilow • Department of Insecticides and Fungicides, AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom Keith Chamberlain • Department of Insecticides and Fungicides, AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom John R. Coggins • Department of Biochemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G 12 8QQ, United Kingdom Alan D. Dodge • School of Biological Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7 A Y, United Kingdom John L. Harwood • Department of Biochemistry, University of Wales College of Cardiff, Cardiff CFl 1ST, United Kingdom Kriton K. Hatzios • Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0330 Ralph C. Kirkwood • Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 ONR, United Kingdom v vi Contributors Christopher R. Leake • Environmental Sciences Department, Schering Agrochemicals Ltd., Chesterford Park Research Station, Saffron Walden, Essex CBlO lXL, United Kingdom; present address: NOR-AM Research Center, Pikeville, North Carolina 27863 David M. Mousdale • Department of Biochemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom W. John Owen • DowElanco Ltd., Letcombe Laboratory, Letcombe Regis, Wantage, Oxon OX12 9JT, United Kingdom Ken E. Pallett • Department of Plant Biochemistry, Rhone-Poulenc Agriculture, Ongar, Essex CMS OHW, United Kingdom Preface The development of chemicals to selectively control the growth of weeds has been a fascinating success story which has unfolded largely during the last four decades. The dramatic growth of herbicide research that followed the wartime discoveries of the auxin-type herbicides (phenoxyalkanoic acids) resulted in a whole range of compounds and mixtures which are used to eliminate broad-or narrow-leaved weeds from agricultural, horticul tural, or forestry crops. Today, the safe use of this armament of compounds requires our understanding of their mode of action, metabolism, and environmental persistence. The most recently developed herbicides are highly effective inhibitors of specific enzyme systems, and formulation may be an important factor determining their efficient delivery at specific target sites. In this book, the major target sites of herbicide action are discussed in Chapters 1-5, with particular reference to photosynthesis; amino acid, lipid, and carotenoid synthesis; and other primary target sites. The effects of synergists or antagonists as modifiers of herbicide action are described in Chapter 6. The importance of efficient target site delivery as a fundamental factor in herbicide activity and selectivity is generally recognized. Delivery of a potentially lethal dose of active ingredient may depend on a whole range of factors including the efficiency of application, retention, absorption, translocation, immobilization, and detoxification. These aspects are con sidered in the remaining chapters, with particular reference to the pathways and mechanisms involved in the uptake, translocation, and metabolism of soil- and foliage-applied herbicides. vii viii Preface Most, if not all, of the compounds mentioned in this volume have arisen through the systematic screening of novel chemicals and the identi fication of active lead compounds. The subsequent development of more active analogues and suitable formulation/ delivery systems illustrates the ingenuity and expertise of the R & D chemists/biologists involved in the launch of a new herbicide. While this approach has been eminently success ful, there is a view that, ideally, novel compounds should be tailored to fit specific enzyme receptor sites. This aim will be achieved only with improved understanding of the molecular architecture of the site(s) and the molecular requirements for transport into and within the plant. The approach taken in this book should serve to illuminate the problems and possible solutions. It is hoped that this volume will be of interest and value to those concerned with scientific agriculture and horticulture, including growers, government advisors, representatives of the agrochemical industry, and researchers in herbicide activity, mode of action, or environmental fate. It should also be useful to those undergraduates and postgraduates concerned with plant biochemistry and physiology, since the study of herbicide action has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms these chemicals inhibit. Ralph C. Kirkwood Glasgow, United Kingdom Contents 1. Photosynthesis Alan D. Dodge 1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2. The General Structure of the Chloroplast and the Electron Transport System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3. The Organization of Photosystem II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 1.3.1. Detailed Structure of the D1 Protein and the Herbicide Binding Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3.2. The Consequences of Electron Transport Inhibition . . . 9 1.3.3. Modifying the D1 Protein and Engineering Herbicide Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4. The Organization of Photosystem I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.4.1. Herbicides Interacting with Photosystem I............ 12 1.4.2. Radical-Induced Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.4.3. Tolerance to Photosystem I Herbicides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.5. Chloroplast Antioxidative Protective Systems............... 15 1.6. Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.6.1. Inhibitors of the Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction (Calvin) Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.6.2. Inhibitors of Photorespiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.6.3. Inhibitors of C Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4 1. 7. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 ix
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