tarbela 4

210 Pages·2011·8.28 MB·English

by  World Bank Group

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June 2011

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Pakistan WATER AND POWER DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY
Tarbela 4th Extension Hydropower Project
Environmental and Social Assessment
Contents
Glossary ....................................................................................................................... xii
1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1-1
1.1 Background ............................................................................................ 1-1
1.2 The Proposed Project ............................................................................. 1-1
1.3 The Environmental and Social Assessment ............................................. 1-3
1.4 Composition of Study Team ................................................................... 1-3
2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ................................................... 2-1
2.1 General .................................................................................................. 2-1
2.2 Pakistan.................................................................................................. 2-1
2.2.1 Overview ................................................................................................ 2-1
2.2.2 Environmental Legislation ...................................................................... 2-1
2.2.3 National Environmental Guidelines and Policies ..................................... 2-6
2.2.4 National Environmental Quality Standards ............................................. 2-7
2.2.5 Environment Regulatory Authorities ....................................................... 2-8
2.3 International Treaties and Conventions ................................................... 2-9
2.4 World Bank .......................................................................................... 2-10
2.4.1 Overview .............................................................................................. 2-10
2.4.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines ................................ 2-10
2.4.3 Operational Policies (OPs) of the World Bank ...................................... 2-10
2.4.4 Applicable World Bank Policies ........................................................... 2-12
2.4.5 Compliance Status with Pakistani and World Bank Policies .................. 2-13
3 Project Description ............................................................................................. 3-1
3.1 Tarbela Dam Project Overview .............................................................. 3-1
3.2 Objectives of 4th Extension Project ........................................................ 3-1
3.3 Salient Features ...................................................................................... 3-1
3.4 Project Components ............................................................................... 3-1
3.4.1 Intake Arrangement ................................................................................ 3-4
3.4.2 Penstock Connection to Tunnel 4 ............................................................ 3-6
3.4.3 Proposed Powerhouse ............................................................................. 3-7
3.4.4 Mechanical and Electrical Plant ............................................................ 3-10
3.4.5 Switchyard............................................................................................ 3-12
3.4.6 Transmission Lines ............................................................................... 3-13
3.4.7 Tailrace ................................................................................................ 3-13
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3.5 Other Components ............................................................................... 3-13
3.5.1 Labor Camps ........................................................................................ 3-13
3.5.2 Construction Materials .......................................................................... 3-14
3.5.3 Waste Generation and Disposal ............................................................ 3-15
3.6 Program for Development .................................................................... 3-16
3.6.1 Construction Method of Tunnel 4 Raised Intake ................................... 3-16
3.7 Summary of Project Cost ...................................................................... 3-21
4 Need for Project and Analysis of Alternatives ................................................... 4-1
4.1 Need for Project ..................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 Overview ................................................................................................ 4-1
4.1.2 Regional Context .................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.3 National Context ..................................................................................... 4-2
4.1.4 Demand Trends ...................................................................................... 4-3
4.2 Assessment of Alternatives .................................................................... 4-9
4.2.1 Overview ................................................................................................ 4-9
4.2.2 Without Project Option ........................................................................... 4-9
4.2.3 Site Alternatives ..................................................................................... 4-9
4.2.4 Alternatives for the Powerhouse ............................................................. 4-9
4.2.5 Alternatives for the Switchyard ............................................................. 4-14
4.2.6 Alternatives for the Intake ..................................................................... 4-14
4.2.7 Coffer Dam Option ............................................................................... 4-16
4.2.8 Alternatives for the Type of Cement ..................................................... 4-16
4.2.9 Method of Excavation and Drilling ....................................................... 4-16
5 Stakeholder Consultations .................................................................................. 5-1
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 5-1
5.2 Objectives .............................................................................................. 5-1
5.3 Identification of Stakeholders ................................................................. 5-1
5.3.1 Primary Stakeholders .............................................................................. 5-2
5.3.2 Secondary Stakeholders .......................................................................... 5-2
5.4 Consultation Process .............................................................................. 5-2
5.4.1 Stakeholder Consultation during the Scoping Phase ................................ 5-3
5.4.2 Stakeholder Consultation during Detailed Assessment ............................ 5-3
5.4.3 Consultation with Institutional Stakeholders ........................................... 5-4
5.4.4 Consultation with Community Representatives ....................................... 5-4
5.4.5 Grass Roots Consultation ........................................................................ 5-5
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5.4.6 Consultation Workshops ......................................................................... 5-5
5.5 Gender Consultations ............................................................................. 5-6
5.6 Consultations during Project Execution .................................................. 5-7
5.7 Information Disclosure ........................................................................... 5-7
6 Environmental and Social Baseline .................................................................... 6-1
6.1 Overview ............................................................................................... 6-1
6.2 Physical Environment ............................................................................ 6-1
6.2.1 Physiography .......................................................................................... 6-1
6.2.2 Land Use ................................................................................................ 6-3
6.2.3 Climate ................................................................................................... 6-5
6.2.4 Temperature ........................................................................................... 6-5
6.2.5 Rainfall ................................................................................................... 6-5
6.2.6 Humidity ................................................................................................ 6-5
6.2.7 Evaporation ............................................................................................ 6-6
6.2.8 Geology .................................................................................................. 6-6
6.2.9 Seismology ............................................................................................. 6-7
6.2.10 Soil ......................................................................................................... 6-8
6.2.11 Soil Analysis .......................................................................................... 6-9
6.2.12 Rock Stability and Landslides ................................................................. 6-9
6.2.13 Sedimentation ....................................................................................... 6-11
6.2.14 Hydrology ............................................................................................ 6-11
6.2.15 Flooding ............................................................................................... 6-15
6.2.16 Surface Water Quality .......................................................................... 6-15
6.2.17 Ground Water Quality .......................................................................... 6-16
6.2.18 Air Quality ........................................................................................... 6-16
6.2.19 Noise .................................................................................................... 6-17
6.2.20 Traffic and Transport ............................................................................ 6-17
6.3 Biological Environment ....................................................................... 6-18
6.3.1 Wetlands and biodiversity ..................................................................... 6-18
6.3.2 Significance of Tarbela Reservoir for Bird Migration ........................... 6-18
6.3.3 Significance of Ghazi-Barotha Lake ..................................................... 6-21
6.3.4 Protected Areas/ Game Reserves ........................................................... 6-21
6.3.5 Hunting and Other Threats .................................................................... 6-21
6.3.6 Nature Conservation ............................................................................. 6-21
6.3.7 Terrestrial Flora .................................................................................... 6-22
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6.3.8 Terrestrial Fauna ................................................................................... 6-23
6.3.9 Fish and Fisheries ................................................................................. 6-26
6.4 Social-economic Baseline..................................................................... 6-28
6.4.1 Overview .............................................................................................. 6-28
6.4.2 Administrative Setup ............................................................................ 6-28
6.4.3 Demography and Population ................................................................. 6-28
6.4.4 Economic Conditions ............................................................................ 6-30
6.4.5 Social Infrastructure and Services ......................................................... 6-32
6.4.6 Grazing ................................................................................................. 6-39
6.4.7 Cultural Heritage .................................................................................. 6-39
6.4.8 Tourism and Recreation ........................................................................ 6-40
6.4.9 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Social
Organizations ....................................................................................... 6-40
6.4.10 Poverty Status ....................................................................................... 6-40
6.4.11 Gender Issues in the Project Area ......................................................... 6-41
6.4.12 Tarbela Legacy ..................................................................................... 6-44
7 Other Relevant Non-project Related Issues ....................................................... 7-1
7.1 Risk of Earthquakes ............................................................................... 7-1
7.2 Risk of Flooding .................................................................................... 7-1
7.3 Climate Change ...................................................................................... 7-2
8 Significant Environmental Impacts of the Project and their Mitigations......... 8-1
8.1 General .................................................................................................. 8-1
8.2 Impacts during Pre-construction Stage.................................................... 8-1
8.2.1 Land Acquisition and Land Use Change ................................................. 8-1
8.2.2 Preparation of Facilities for Contractor(s) and Labor Force ..................... 8-1
8.2.3 Hindrance and Damages during Mobilization and Transport
of Materials ............................................................................................ 8-3
8.3 Impacts during Construction Stage ......................................................... 8-3
8.3.1 Reduced Irrigation Releases due to closure of Tunnel 4 and Tunnel 3 ..... 8-3
8.3.2 Reduced Power Generation ..................................................................... 8-4
8.3.3 Impacts on Surface Water Quality........................................................... 8-4
8.3.4 Impact of Noise on Workers and Residential Areas ................................. 8-5
8.3.5 Risk of Landslides and Collapse of Slope during Construction ................ 8-6
8.3.6 Hindrance and Road Damage by Transport of Materials over Land ......... 8-7
8.3.7 Disturbance of Fauna and Quality of Habitat by Increased
Human Activities ................................................................................... 8-8
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8.3.8 Soil and Water Pollution by Solid and Hazardous Wastes and Waste
effluents from Labor Camps and Construction Yards ............................. 8-8
8.3.9 Impacts of Emissions of Gasses and Dust on Air Quality ........................ 8-9
8.3.10 Impacts Due to the Use of Borrow and Disposal Areas ........................... 8-9
8.3.11 Removal of Natural Vegetation ............................................................. 8-10
8.4 Impacts during Operation and Maintenance .......................................... 8-10
8.4.1 Risks of Landslides during Extreme Weather Conditions ...................... 8-10
8.4.2 Operational Noise from New Power Station .......................................... 8-10
8.4.3 Bird Collision with Transmission Cables .............................................. 8-11
8.4.4 Increased Maintenance Activities .......................................................... 8-11
8.4.5 Reduced Power Generation during Closure of Low Level
Intake Tunnel 3 and 4 ........................................................................... 8-11
9 Potential Social Impacts and their Mitigations .................................................. 9-1
9.1 General .................................................................................................. 9-1
9.2 Impacts during Pre-Construction Stage ................................................... 9-1
9.3 Impacts and Opportunities during Construction Stage ............................ 9-3
9.3.1 Employment Opportunities during Construction ..................................... 9-3
9.3.2 Construction Workers’ Rights ................................................................. 9-4
9.3.3 Prevention of Social Conflicts and Environmental Degradation:
Development of Workers’ Code of Conduct ........................................... 9-5
9.3.4 Increased Health and Safety Risks .......................................................... 9-5
9.3.5 Construction Disturbances and Possible Conflicts with
Local Population .................................................................................... 9-7
9.4 Social Assistance Program ..................................................................... 9-8
9.4.1 Social Assistance Activities .................................................................... 9-8
9.4.2 Addressing the Social Legacy of Previous Projects ................................. 9-9
10 Environmental and Social Management Plan ................................................. 10-1
10.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 10-1
10.2 Objectives of ESMP ............................................................................. 10-1
10.3 ESMP Components .............................................................................. 10-1
10.4 Organizational Responsibilities ............................................................ 10-2
10.4.1 Inclusion of ESMP in Contract Documents ........................................... 10-2
10.4.2 Implementation Responsibility.............................................................. 10-2
10.4.3 Construction: Establishment of Environmental and Social
Management Unit ................................................................................. 10-3
10.4.4 Operation: The WAPDA Environment Cell .......................................... 10-3
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10.4.5 Consultant’s Environment and Social Monitor ...................................... 10-4
10.4.6 Contractor’s Environment and Social Supervisor(s) .............................. 10-4
10.4.7 Communication .................................................................................... 10-5
10.5 Management and Monitoring Activities ................................................ 10-5
10.5.1 Structure of the Mitigation Plans ........................................................... 10-5
10.5.2 Compliance Monitoring ...................................................................... 10-21
10.5.3 Monitoring Predicted Effects .............................................................. 10-21
10.5.4 Internal Audits .................................................................................... 10-25
10.5.5 External Audits (Third Party Validation) ............................................ 10-25
10.5.6 Management Reviews ......................................................................... 10-25
10.6 Training and Awareness ..................................................................... 10-25
10.7 Record Keeping ................................................................................. 10-26
10.7.1 Monitoring Records ............................................................................ 10-27
10.7.2 Complaints Records ............................................................................ 10-27
10.7.3 Information Sources ............................................................................ 10-28
10.7.4 Non-Compliance Report ..................................................................... 10-28
10.7.5 Monthly Internal Reports .................................................................... 10-28
10.8 Grievance Mechanism ........................................................................ 10-28
10.8.1 Grievance Logging ............................................................................. 10-29
10.9 Cost Estimates for Environmental Management and Monitoring ........ 10-30

Annexes
Annex A: List of Flora and Fauna
Annex B: Environmental Code of Practice
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List of Table
Table 2.1: Triggering the World Bank Policies .................................................. 2-12
Table 2.2: Compliance of Project with GoP Legislation and World Bank
Safeguard Policies .............................................................................. 2-13
Table 3.1: Salient Features of the Project ............................................................. 3-3
Table 3.2: Estimated cost of the project .............................................................. 3-21
Table 4.1: Predicted Growth in Electrical Demand (DISCO-Wise
Load Forecast (MW)) ........................................................................... 4-4
Table 4.2: Existing Installed Capacity of PEPCO System as of 30 June 2010 .... 4-6
Table 4.3: Current Generating Capacity and Shortfall in Pakistan .................... 4-9
Table 4.4: Criteria of the Alternative Site Locations ......................................... 4-11
Table 5.1: Main Activities during Consultation Process ...................................... 5-2
Table 6.1: Land Use Pattern of districts Haripur and Swabi .............................. 6-4
Table 6.2: Average Monthly Relative Humidity (%) ........................................... 6-6
Table 6.3: Soil Analysis of Project Area ............................................................. 6-10
Table 6.4: Mean Monthly Flow Releases from Tarbela Reservoir (Mm3) ........ 6-12
Table 6.5: Historical Irrigation Releases from Tunnel 4 (Mm3) ........................ 6-13
Table 6.6: Historical Irrigation Releases from Tunnel 5 (Mm3) ........................ 6-14
Table 6.7: Surface Water Quality of Project Area ............................................. 6-15
Table 6.8: Standards Adopted by WAPDA ........................................................ 6-16
Table 6.9: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results .......................................... 6-17
Table 6.10: Baseline Noise Monitoring Results .................................................... 6-17
Table 6.11: Average Daily Traffic in the Project Area ........................................ 6-19
Table 6.12: Game Reserves in Haripur district .................................................... 6-21
Table 6.13: Ghazi Area Forest Statement ............................................................. 6-22
Table 6.14: Faunal Species at the Various Project Areas Surveyed .................... 6-25
Table 6.15: Tarbela Dam Reservoir Characteristics ............................................ 6-27
Table 6.16: Estimated Numbers of Households and Population in
Project Area........................................................................................ 6-28
Table 6.17: Livestock in the Swabi and Haripur district ..................................... 6-31
Table 6.18: Health Facilities in the Swabi and Haripur Districts ........................ 6-32
Table 6.19: Availability of Health Facilities in the Project Area ......................... 6-35
Table 6.20: Educational Facilities in the Swabi and Haripur Districts ............... 6-35
Table 6.21: Education Facilities available in the Project Area ............................ 6-36
Table 6.22: Source of Drinking Water by Locality (%) ....................................... 6-38
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Table 6.23: Level of Formal Education of Literate Female Respondents ........... 6-41
Table 6.24: Occupational Status of Women Respondents ................................... 6-42
Table 6.25: Health Facilities Availed by Women in Last Year ............................ 6-42
Table 6.26: Most Common Diseases Prevailing in the Project Area ................... 6-43
Table 6.27: Pressing Needs of Women .................................................................. 6-43
Table 6.28: Women’s Preference for Skill Development ..................................... 6-44
Table 10.1: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan –
Construction (and Decommissioning) ............................................... 10-6
Table 10.2: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan –
Operation .......................................................................................... 10-20
Table 10.3: Monitoring of Predicted Effects....................................................... 10-23
Table 10.4: Environmental and Social Trainings ............................................... 10-26
Table 10.5: Grievance Classification Criteria .................................................... 10-29
Table 10.6: Cost Estimates for Management and Monitoring Activities .......... 10-31

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List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Tarbela Location Map ......................................................................... 1-2
Figure 2.1: Pakistan EIA Process ........................................................................... 2-3
Figure 3.1: Satellite View of Tarbela Dam ............................................................. 3-2
Figure 3.2: Hydro Scheme Schematic .................................................................... 3-4
Figure 3.3: Option 2 Section (a) .............................................................................. 3-5
Figure 3.4: Geologic Section along Centre-line of Tunnel 4 .................................. 3-6
Figure 3.5: General View of the Wye Branch Manifold Arrangement ................. 3-8
Figure 3.6: Hatched Area Showing Existing Space Available for
Construction of the Project .................................................................. 3-9
Figure 3.7: Plan View of Excavation Area for Three Turbine Option ................ 3-10
Figure 3.8: Transversal Section View of Powerhouse through Unit Axis ........... 3-11
Figure 3.9: Longitudinal Section View of Powerhouse with Three
450 MW Units ..................................................................................... 3-11
Figure 3.10: Excavation Sequence for Tunnel 4 Raised Intake ............................. 3-17
Figure 3.11: Construction Program of Intake Option 2 ........................................ 3-18
Figure 3.12: Tentative Construction Program (Downstream Area) ..................... 3-20
Figure 4.1: Breakdown of Hydropower Projects Within the Indus
River Basin ........................................................................................... 4-1
Figure 4.2: Pakistan Energy Consumption per Capita.......................................... 4-2
Figure 4.3: Predicted Increase in System demand and Generating
Capability ............................................................................................. 4-7
Figure 4.4: Powerhouse Locations Considered .................................................... 4-10
Figure 4.5: Powerhouse Locations Considered .................................................... 4-10
Figure 4.6: Layout of a Rotated 3 Unit Powerhouse
(Erection Bay on Hillside) .................................................................. 4-13
Figure 4.7: Plan View of Intake Excavation Area for Tunnel 4 and
Possible Location for Tunnel 3 Intake ............................................... 4-16
Figure 4.8: Coffer Dam Plan ................................................................................. 4-17
Figure 6.1: The Project Area and Sampling / Survey Locations ........................... 6-2
Figure 6.2: Disposal Areas for Surplus Excavation Material ................................ 6-3
Figure 6.3: Haripur district Land Use Pattern ...................................................... 6-4
Figure 6.4: Swabi district Land Use Pattern .......................................................... 6-4
Figure 6.5: 5 Year Average Monthly Temperatures (oC) in the
Project Area (2006-10) ......................................................................... 6-5
Figure 6.6: Mean Monthly Rainfall (2006-2010) in the Project Area ................... 6-6
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